Aymen Nadeem

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Subcontinent

1. Muhammad bin Qasim's Invasion of Sind (712)- Muhammad bin Qasim

was born in 695 AD, Muhammad was smart and had various skills. Qasim was
appointed governor of Persia when he was just in his teens. He conquered
Sindh and Punjab. Muhammad bin Qasim against the ruler of Sindh, Raja
Dahir, this was due to the fact that Raja Dahir had given refuge to numerous
Zorostrian Princes who had fled the Islamic conquest of Iran. Mohummad Bin
Qasim's army was defeated in his first thee attempts. The Muslim army
conquered the northwestern part of Indus Valley from Kashmir to the Arabian
Sea. The arrival of the Arab Muslims to the provinces of Sindh and Punjab,
along with subsequent Muslim dynasties, set the stage for the religious
boundaries of South Asia that would lead to the development of the modern
state of Pakistan as well as forming the foundation for Islamic rule that
quickly spread across much of South Asia. Following the rule of various
Islamic.
First battle of Panipat (1526)- the first battle of Panipat (21 April 1526) was
a major victory for Babur over Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi, won during his
fifth and final expedition into Hindustan, and that helped establish the Mogul
EmpireBabur's fifth expedition began late in 1525, at a time when his control
of the Punjab was under threat. His former ally, Alam Khan, the uncle of
Ibrahim, had returned to Lahore from Kabul earlier in the year, and had
promptly allied himself with Babur's enemy Daulat Khan, the former governor
of Lahore for Ibrahim, and also briefly an ally of Babur. At about the same
time that Babur left Kabul the new allies attacked Delhi, where they suffered a
crushing defeat. Daulat Khan was forced to submit to Babur after promising to
resist him, while Alam Khan returned to Babur's side during the march on
Delhi.
Second Battle of Panipat (1556)- The Second Battle of Panipat took place on
5th November 1556, between the Mughal Forces of Akbar and the army of
Hemu. Mughal Forces ultimately won the war; Bairam Khan with Akbar
advanced through Thaneswar to the plain of Panipat, where thirty years earlier,
Akbars grandfather, Babur had routed and slain Ibrahim Lodi. Himu lost his
park of artillery in a preliminary engagement yet he faced his adversary with
15,000 war-elephants and a vast number of troops far superior in number to
those of Akbar.
Battle of Plassey- Though it was more of a skirmish than a battle, the British
victory under Robert Clive at Plassey in Bengal was a crucial event in the
history of India. The young Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ad-daula, had taken
Calcutta from the East India Company with a huge army in June 1756, when
the notorious Black Hole episode occurred. It was not until August that the

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news reached the Company in Madras and not until October that Clive, now
thirty-two years-old, left for Calcutta at the head of a mixed European-Indian
force of some 2,500 men. He drove Sirajs army out early in January 1757.
Third battle of Panipat- The battle started in the wee hours on January 14,
1761. Towards the start of the battle the Marathas pushed back the Rohillas,
who were on the Afghan side. But the tide of the battle soon turned against the
Marathas and by the end of the day they were killed, taken prisoner or fled.
There were several reasons for this. The Afghan forces and their allies were
larger in number and better trained than the Marathas. Despite the Marathas
possession of good guns, the Afghans artillery was more effective. However,
more than military and tactical reasons, it was the perhaps the inability of the
Marathas to get the Rajputs, Sikhs and Jats on their side that proved to be their
undoing. The Marathas also spent time and resources in protecting Hindu
pilgrims and other non-combatants who were caught in the siege.
Pakistan India 1st War- The first war between India and Pakistan began in
October 1947 and ended in December 1948. The origins of the first war
between India and Pakistan can be traced to the final status of Kashmir
following the establishment of an independent India and Pakistan on August
15, 1947. British policy held that the various princely states would have to
accede to either Pakistan or India based on geographic location and on
demographics. While the final status of many of the states was easily
concluded, Kashmir and two other states presented special problem.Kashmir
was strategically located between India and Pakistan and though it was led by
a Hindu Maharaja, Muslims made up the majority of the population. Sikhs and
Hindus made up the other major ethnicities though they were a minority
compared to the Muslim population. Though required to choose between the
India and Pakistan the Maharaja was unable to decide which state to join.Both
states applied a significant degree of pressure to sway Kashmir's government.
Pakistan felt that as it was the established state for Muslims in South Asia that
Kashmir should accede to it rather than India. Unfortunatley, though Kashmir
was majority Muslim, the majority of the population of Kashmir (inluding a
majority within the Muslim population) did not support joining Pakistan and
instead wished to join India or for independence from the two states.
Pakistan India 2nd War- the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, also known as the
Second Kashmir War, was the culmination of a series of skirmishes that
occurred between April 1965 and September 1965 between India and Pakistan.
The war was the second fought between India and Pakistan over the region of
Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947. The war lasted five weeks,
resulted in thousands of casualties on both sides and ended in a United Nations

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(UN) mandated ceasefire. It is generally accepted that the war began following
the failure of Pakistan's "Operation Gibraltar" which was designed to infiltrate
and invade Jammu and Kashmir Much of the war was fought by the countries'
land forces in the region of Kashmir and along the International Border (IB)
between India and Pakistan. The war also involved a limited participation
from the countries' respective air forces. This war saw the largest amassing of
troops in Kashmir, a number that was overshadowed only during the 20012002 military standoff between India and Pakistan during which over a million
troops were placed in combat positions in the region. Many details of this war,
like those of most Indo-Pakistani Wars, remain unclear and riddled with media
biases

3rd Pakistan India War- The third war between India and Pakistan took place
between November 22 and December 17, 1971. The origins of the third IndoPakistani conflict (1971) were different from the previous conflicts. The
Pakistani failed to accommodate demands for autonomy in East Pakistan in
1970 led to secessionist demands in 1971. In March 1971, Pakistan's armed
forces launched a fierce campaign to suppress the resistance movement that
had emerged but encountered unexpected mass defections among East
Pakistani soldiers and police. The Pakistani forces regrouped and reasserted
their authority over most of East Pakistan by May.

Battle of Siachen (1984)- The Siachen Conflict, sometimes referred to as the

Siachen War, is a military conflict between India and Pakistan over the
disputed Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir. A cease-fire went into effect in
2003. The conflict began in 1984 with India's successful Operation Meghdoot
during which it gained control of the Siachen Glacier (unoccupied and
undemarcated area). India has established control over all of the 70 kilometres
(43 mi) long Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the
three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacierSia
La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys
immediately west of the Saltoro, India gained more than 1,000 square miles
(3,000 km2) of territory because of its military operations in Siachen
According to some estimates, 97% of the casualties in Siachen have been due
to weather and altitude, rather than actual fighting.[6] In 2012, an avalanche
hit Pakistan's Gayari military base, killing 129 soldiers and 11 civilians,

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Battle of Kargil (1999)- The 1999 Kargil War took place between May 8,
when Pakistani forces and Kashmiri militants were detected atop the Kargil
ridges and July 14 when both sides had essentially ceased their military
operations. It is believed that the planning for the operation, by Pakistan, may
have occurred about as early as the autumn of 1998.The spring and summer
incursion of Pakistan-backed armed forces into territory on the Indian side of
the line of control around Kargil in the state of Jammu and Kashmir and the
Indian military campaign to repel the intrusion left 524 Indian soldiers dead
and 1,363 wounded, according to December 1 statistics by Defense Minister
George Fernandes. Earlier Government figures stated that 696 Pakistani
soldiers were killed. A senior Pakistani police official estimated that
approximately 40 civilians were killed on the Pakistani side of the line of
control.By 30 June 1999 Indian forces were prepared for a major high-altitude
offensive against Pakistani posts along the border in the disputed Kashmir
region. Over the previous six weeks India had moved five infantry divisions,
five independent brigades and 44 battalions of paramilitary troops to Kashmir.
The total Indian troop strength in the region had reached 730,000. The buildup included the deployment of around 60 frontline aircraft.