Chapter 4 DECIMALS

4.1
Decimals and Fractions
1. A decimal is a fraction with a
denominator of 10 or a power of 10.
2. To convert a fraction into a decimal,
divide the numerator by the
denominator.
3. To change a decimal into a fraction.
Divide it by the power of 10 such as 10,
100, 1 000,..
Example:
i)

2
0 .4
5

0.4 is read as zero point four

ii)

3.08 3

8
100

3.08 is read as three point zero eight

4.2

Place Value and Digit Value

1.
Tens units Decimal tenths hundredths
point
1
2
.
4
5
12.45 = 10 + 2 + 0.4 +0.05
= 10 + 2 +

4
5

10 100

2. The decimal places are the places

occupied by the digit after the decimal
point.

Example:
i) 7.9
1 digit to the right of the decimal
point
Therefore, 7.9 has 1 decimal point.
ii) 7.94
2 digits to the right of the decimal
point
Therefore, 7.94 has 2 decimal points.
iii) 7.948
3 digits to the right of the decimal
point
Therefore, 7.948 has 3 decimal
points.
4.3

4.4

Multiplication and Division of

Decimals
To multiply decimals
(a) Multiply the decimals in the same way as
whole numbers.
(b) The number of decimal places in the
answer is equal to the sum of decimal
places in the individual decimals.
Example :
i)
3.45 x 1.7 = 5.865
3.45
1.7
2415
345
5.865

Addition and Subtraction of

Decimals

To add or subtract decimals, arrange the

digits of the same place value in the same
vertical column.
Example:
27.064 +1.3 + 0.91 = 29.274
27 . 064
1. 3
+ 0 . 91
29 . 274

ii)

( 2 d.p.)
( 1 d.p.)
( 3 d.p.)

6.9 0.03 =

6.9
690

0.03
3

= 230
4.5
Combined Operations
In performing the combined operations of
decimals, we follow the same rule as
those for whole nuir
(a) Work out the expressions in brackets.
(b) Do multiplication and division from left
to right.
(c) Do addition and subtraction from left to
right.
Example:
6x ( 4.1 2.12 ) 0.8
= 6 x 1.98 0.8
= 11.88 / 0.8
= 14.85

Chapter 5 PERCENTAGES (%)

Example:

5.1 Percentages
1. Percentage is a fraction out of 100.
2. Change a fraction into a percentage,
multiply it by 100%.
Example:

3
x 100% = 75%
4

2. To find the percentage one number is of

another, change both quantities to the
same unit, form a fraction and multiply
by 100%
Example:

3. To change a decimal into a percentage,

multiply by 100%.
Example: 0.29 x 100% = 29%
4. To change a percentage into fraction,
divide by 100% and reduce to its lowest
terms.
30
100
3
=1
10

Example:1.30% = 1

5. To change a percentage into a decimal,

divide by 100%.
Example: 16% =

16
100

= 0.16

Perform computations
1. To find the percentage of a quantity, change
into fraction and multiply by the quantity.

30% of 400
30
=
x 400
100
= 120

3 of 10
3
=
x 100%
10
= 30%

3. To find a number given the percentage,

first find the value of
1 % then find the value of 100% of the
number.
Example:
Given 10% of a number = 50
50
1% of a number 50 =
10
50
The number =
x 100
10
= 500
4. To find the percentage increase or

decrease
Percentage change =
change in value
original value

x 100%

5. Increase may be dividend, commission,

simple interest or profit.

Increase
= % increase x original value
Final value
= Original value + increase
Example :
300 is increased by 20 %
Value of increase =
20
x300 = 60
100

Final value = 300 +60

= 360
6. Decrease may be discount or loss.

Decrease
= % decrease x original value
Final value
= Original value - decrease
Example:
Selling price = RM 500
Discount
= 30%
Decrease =

30
xRM 500
100

= RM 150
Selling price = 500 150
=RM 350