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Copyright 2013 Edizioni II Punto dIncontro
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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE

NIKOLA TESLA, OF NEW YORK N. Y.

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR ELECTRICAL CONVERSION AND DISTRIBUTION

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 462,418 dated November 3, 1891.
Application filed February 4, 1891. Serial No. 380,182.
(No model)
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that I, NIKOLA TESLA a subject of the Emperor of Austria, from Smiljan, Lika,
border country of AustriaHungary, residing at New York, in the country and State of New York,
have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Methods of and Apparatus for Electrical
Conversion and Dietribntion, of which the following is a specification, reference being had to
the drawings accompanying and forming a part of the same.
This invention is an improvementin methods of and apparatus for electrical conversion,
designed for the better and more economical distribution and application of electrical energy for
general useful purposes.
My invention is based on certain electrical phenomena which have been observed by eminent
scientists and recognized as due to laws which have been in a measure demonstrated, but which,
so far as I am aware, have not hitherto been utilized or applied with any practically useful
results.
Stated briefly these phonomena are as followns First, if a condenser or conductor possessing
capacity be charged
from a suitable generator and discharged through a circuit, the discharge under certain
conditions will be of an intermittent or oscillatory character; second, if two points in an electric
circuit through which a current rapidly rising and falling in strength is made to flow be
connected with the plates or armatures of a condenser, a variation in the currents strength in the

entire circuit or in a portion of the same only may be produced; third; the amount or character of
such variation in the currents strength is dependent upon the condenser capacity, the
selfmduction and resistance of the circuit or its sections, and the period or time rate of change of
the current. It may be observed, however, that these seveml factors the capacity, the
selfinduction, resistance, and periodare all related in a manner well understood by electricians;
but to render such conversion as may be effected by condensers practically available and useful
it is desirable, chiefly on account of the increased ontput and efficiency and reduced cost of the
apparatus, to produce eurrentimpulses cucceeding each other with very great rapidity, or in other
words, to render the duration of each impulse, alternation, or oscillation of the current extremely
small. To the many difliculties in the way of effecting this mechanically, as by means of rotating
switches or interrupters, is perhaps due the failure to realize practically, at least to any marked
degree, the advantages of which such a system is capable. To obviate these difficulties, I have in
my present invention taken advantage of the fact above referred to, and which has been long
recognized, that if a condenser or a conductor possessing capacity be charged from a suitable
source and be discharged through a circuit the discharge under certain conditions, dependent on
the capacity of the condenser or conductor, the selfmduction and resistance of the discharging
circuit, and the rate of supply and decay of the electrical energy, may be effected intermittently
or in the form of oscillations of extremely small period.
Briefly stated in general terms, the plan which I pursue in carrying out my invention is as
follows:
I employ a generator, preferably, of very high tension and capable of yielding eitherdirect or
alternating currents. This generator I connect up with a condenser or conductor of some capacity
and discharge the accumulated electrical energy disruptively through an airspace or otherwise
into a working circuit containing translating devices and, when required, condensers. These
discharges may be of the same direction or alternating and intermittent, succeeding each other
more or less rapidly or oscillating to and fro with extreme rapidity. In the working circuit, by
reason of the condenser action, the current impulses or discharges of high tension and small
volume are converted into currents of lower tension and greater volume. The production and
application of a current of such rapid oscillations or alternations (the number may be many
millions per second) secures, among others, the following exceptional advantages: First, the
capacity of the condensers for a given output is much diminished; second, the efficiency , of the
condensers is in creased and the tendency to become heated reduced, and, third, the range of
conversion is enlarged.
; I have thus succdeded in produciug a system or method of on radically different from what has
been done heretoforefirst with respect to the number of impulses alternations or oscillations of
curent per unit of time, and, second, with respect to the manner in which the impulses are
obtained. To express this result, I define the working current as one of an excessively imall
period or of an excessively large number of inpulses or alternations or oscillations per unit of
time, by which I mean not , thousand or even twenty or thirty thousand per second,
but times that numbers, and one which is made intermittent, alternating, or oscillating of
itsell without the employment hr Biehanical devices.
I now proceed to an explanation somewhat more in detail of the nature, of my invention,
referring to the accompanying drawings.
The two figures are diagrams, each representing a generatingcircuit, a working circuit, means
for producing an intermittent or oscillating discharge, and condensers arranged or combined as

contemplated by my invention.
In Figure 1, A represents a generator of high tension; B, the conductors which lead out from
the same. To these conductors are connected the Conductors C of a working circuit containing
translating devices, such as incandescent lamps or motors G. In one or both conductors B is a
break D, the two ends being separated by an airspace or a film of insulation, through which a
disruptive discharge takes place. F is a condenser, the plates of which are connected to the
generatingcircuit. If this circuit possess itself sufficient capacity, the condenser F may be
dispensed with.
In Fig. 2 the generatingcircuit B contains a condenser F and discharges through the airgaps
D into the working circuit G, to any two points of which is connected a condenser E. The
condenser E is used to modify the current in any part of the working circuit, such as L.
It may conduce to a better understanding of the invention to consider more in detail the
conditions existing in such a system as is illustrated in Fig. 1. Let it he assumed, therefore, that in
the system there shown the rate of supply of the electrical energy, the capacity, selfmduction, and
the resistance of the circuits are so related that a disruptive, intermittent, or oscillating discharge
occurs at D. Assume that the firstnamed takes place. This will evidently occur when the rate of
supply from the generator is not adequate to the capacity of the generator, conductors B and
condenser F. Each time the condenser F is charged to such an extent, that the potential or
accumulated charge overcomes the dielectric strength of the insulatingspace at D the condenser
is discharged. It is then recharged from the generator A, and this process is repeated in more or
less rapid succession. The discharges will follow each other the more rapidly the more nearly
the rate of supply from the generator equals the rate at which the circuit including the genertor is
capable of taking up and getting rid of the energy. Since the resistance and selfinduction of the
working circuit C and the rapidity of the successive discharges may be varied at will, the current
strength in the working and generating circuit may bear to one another any desired relation.
To understand the action of the local condenser E in Fig.2, let a single discharge be first
considered. This discharge has two paths offered - one to the condenser E, the other through the
part L of the working circuit C. The part. L, however, by virtue of its selfinduction, ofiers a
strong opposition to such a. sudden discharge, while the condenser, on the other hand, ofiers no
such opposition. The result is that practically no current passes at first through the branch L, but
presumably opposite electricities rush to the condensercoatings, this storing for the moment
electrical energy in the condenser. Time is gained by this means, and the condenser then
discharges through the branch L, this process being repeated for each discharge occurring at D.
The amount of electrical energy stored in the condenser at each charge is dependent upon the
capacity of the condenser and the potential of this plates. It is evident, therefore, that the quicker
the discharges succeed each other the smaller for a given output need be the capacity of the
condenser and the greater is also the efficiency of the condenser. This is confirmed by practical
results.
The discharges occurring at D, as stated, may be of the same direction or may be alternating,
and in the former case the devices contained in the working circuitmay be traversed by currents
of the same or altematelyopposite direction. It may be observed, however that each intermittent
discharge occurring at D may consist of a number of oscillations in the Working circuit or
branch L.
A periodicallyoscillating discharge will occur at D in Fig. 1 When the quantities concerned
bear a certain relation expressed in wellknown formulae and ascertained by simple experiment.
In this case it is demonstrated in theory and practice that the ratio of the strength of the current in

the working to that the generating circuits is the greater the greater the selfmduction, and the
smaller the resistance of the working circuit the smaller the period of oscillation.
I do not limit myself to the use of any specific forms of the apparatus described in connection
with this invention nor to the precise arrangement of the system with respect to its details herein
shown. In the drawings retumwires are shown in the circuit but it will be understood that in any
case the ground may be conveniently used in lieu of the retum-wire.
What 1 claim is
1.
The method of electrical conversion herein described, which consists in charging a
condenser or conductor possessing capacity and maintaining a succession of intermittent or
oscillating disruptive discharges of said conductor into a working circuit containing
translating devices.
2.
In a system of electrical conversion, the combination of a generator or source of
electricity and a line of generating circuit containing condenser or possessing capacity, and
a working circuit operatively connected with the generatingcircuit through one or more
airgaps or breaks in the conducting medium, the electrical conditions being so adjusted that
an intermittent or oscillating disruptive discharge from the generating into the working
circuit will be maintained, as set forth.
NIKOLA TESLA.
Witnesses:
ROBT. F. GAYLORD,
PARKER W. PAGE.

(No Moddel.)

N. TESLA.
METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR ELECTRICAL CONVERSION AND DISTRIBUTION
No. 462,418 Patentented Nov. 3,1891.


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,
, + - > +
. ,
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D. Cirillo, V Iorio, op. cit.
.

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Thomas Valone, Elecctrogratics Systems: Reports on a New Propulsion

3.
4.
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6.
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2.
3.
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 VI
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Joe Bullard, Waiting for Agnes, USA, 2004.
Edward Leedskalnin, op. cit.


A.S.S.E. ( )
2008: http://www.youtube.com/watch7v-Y 68C89EEFw.
Vera Montalbano, Conduttori e superconduttori, no
, 2011: http://www3.unisi.it/fisica/laureescient/stage2011 /dispense/
montalbano_superconduttori .pdf.
, 60- 63% , 9-12% , 2028% 5 5,5%.
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: http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=832qz3slM-s ( ,
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nei
villaggi,
II
Sole24ore,
12 2009, http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/ SoleOnLine4/dossier/Economia%20e%20Lav
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Improve Soil Health and Leaf Production at Tea Plantation in Sri Lanka, International biochar
initiative, 2013: http://www. biochar- international. org/profiles/Sri JLanka.

VIII
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, ,
, http://www.dima.uniromal.it/dma/users/ladmmfsea/ 1
%20 storia%20di%20stirling.pdf.

- ,
:
www.kockums.se;

: http://www.sesusa.org/ submarine.pdf.
Precer Group, Signalhomsgatan 124, Karlstad, , http://www.precer.se/.
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Solar
Stirling
Dish
Efficency
Record
of
32%
set, 17 2013, http://cleantechnica.com/2013/01/17/new- solar-stirling-dishefficiency-record-of-3 2- set/.
Sterling D. Allan, Worlds Largest Solar Installation to Use Stirling Engine
Technology, USA, 11 2005, http://pesn.eom/2005/08/l l/9600147_Edison_Stirling_
largest_solar.
pdf
: http://www.emattei-urbino. it/meccanica/docs/2081.pdf.

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) 17 2012, http://www.larepublica.pe/17-04-2012/inventor- necesitaapoyo-para-representar-al-peru.




,

: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkWFV c4hFUE.
Antonio Larizza, Leonardo, il meccanico-inventore di Varese: con il suo sistema Vauto
consuma
la
meta,
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: http://www.youtubc. com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=rCUOenleJT g#!.
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MagCap Engineering, LLC Announces Free Unlimited Energy Source Developed that
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.
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20070279014 12 2007 . ,
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www.patentbuddy.com/Patent/20070279014;jsessionid-8BEC
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Luigi De Marchi, Vincenzo Valenzi, Wilhelm Reich, Macro Edizioni, Diegaro di Cesena,
2007.
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Wilhelm Reich, Esperimenti bionici sullorigine della vita, Sugarco, Varese, 1994.
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N. Totton, E. Edmondson, Nuovi sviluppi della terapia di Wilhelm Reich, Red Edizioni,
Milano, 2007.
Mauro Grespini, Da Appignano un idea rivoluzionaria per la cura delle malattie
oncologiche, II Resto del Carlino, 31 2009.
www.cellulacancerosa.it.
Denis Brian, Einstein: A life, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, 1996, p. 3; Wilhelm
Reich, Laffaire Einstein, Orgone Institute Press, New York, 1953.
Wilhelm Reich, op. cit., pp. 65-66.
Roberto Maglione, Wilhelm Reich e la modificazione del clima, Maglione Roberto
Editore, 2004.
Roberto Magione, op cit.; Luigi De Marchi, Vincenzo Valenzi, op. cit.
Myron Sharaf, Fury on Earth: A Biography of Wilhelm Reich, Capo Press,
Cambridge, , 1994, pp. 379- 380.
Roberto Maglione, op. cit.; Carlo Albini, Creazione e castigo. La grande congiura contro
W Reich, Tre Editori, Roma, 1997 .
Luigi De Marchi, Vincenzo Valenzi, op. cit.
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(Nevada), USA, 2007.
Ryan
Bernard,
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Reich
Trial,
Great
American
trials,
2002, http://www.encyclopedia.com/topicAVilhelm_ Reich.aspx.
James DeMeo, The Orgone Accumulator Handbook, Natural Energy Works, Canada,
1992.
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Notes
[1 ]
= 1A/1V = 1A2/1W = 1 s3A2kg ' 2 = 1 \

S/m ( ):

Table of Contents
9
I - 11
71
? 88
90
94
95
III - - 101
- 125
127
134
? 136
149
150
167
175
1989 . 178
182
208
210
! 218
V - 232
236
237
238
249
262
265
268
VII - 272
273
276
276
283
VIII - 289
291
292
IX - 296
297
299
XI - 310
320
320

1
1