ABSTRACT

Study of flow through orifice is very important in many fields of Civil

Engineering. Installation of an orifice is exclusively for the purpose of measuring the
discharge in the stream. Orifice made of metallic plates are generally provided in narrow
channels (particularly in laboratory channel) or in tank in order to measure the rate of
flow of liquid. Orifices are used in laboratory to measure the coefficient of discharge,
coefficient of velocity and coefficient of contraction. Knowing the coefficient of
discharge of a particular geometric shape in the laboratory, the actual discharge can be
easily determined, since actual discharge is equal to theoretical discharge multiplied by
coefficient of discharge. The actual discharge is less because real fluid flow effects, e.g.
boundary layer formation near the wall and eddy formation due to the effect of frictional
resistance, viscosity and surface tension. In this project, work had been done on circular,
rectangular and square orifice keeping the area constant, and varying head of water in the
different orifices and then discharge is noted. Coefficient of discharge is obtained by
plotting the actual discharge vs theoretical discharge.