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7791 Giao Trinh An Toan Dien V
7791 Giao Trinh An Toan Dien V
7791 Giao Trinh An Toan Dien V
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CHNG MT
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c. Tai nn lao ng
Tai nn lao ng l tai nn khng may xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng, gn
lin vi vic thc hin cng vic hoc nhim v lao ng lm tn thng cho bt k
b phn, chc nng no ca ngi lao ng, hoc gy t vong. Nhim c t ngt
cng l tai nn lao ng.
Nhng tiu chun c trng cho tai nn lao ng l:
S c gy tn thng v tc ng t bn ngoi.
S c t ngt.
S c khng bnh thng.
Hot ng an ton
Nghin cu, nh gi cc tc ng ch yu ca cc yu t mi
trng lao ng n con ngi.
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d. Chiu sng.
Chiu sng hp l khng nhng gp phn lm tng nng sut lao ng m cn
hn ch cc tai nn lao ng, gim cc bnh v mt.
e. Phng x.
Nguyn t phng x l nhng nguyn t c ht nhn nguyn t pht ra cc tia c
kh nng ion ho vt cht, cc tia gi l tia phng x. Hin ti ngi ta bit
c khong 50 nguyn t phng x v 1000 ng v phng x nhn to. Ht nhn
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t phng x c th pht ra nhng tia phng x nh tia ,,
tia Rnghen, tia ntron,nhng tia ny mt thng khng nhn thy c, pht ra
do s bin i bn trong ht nhn nguyn t .
Lm vic vi cc cht phng x c th b nhim x. Nhim x cp tnh thng
xy ra sau vi gi hoc vi ngy khi ton than nhim x 1 liu lng nht nh (trn
200Rem).Khi b nhim x cp tnh thng c nhng triu chng nh :
- Da b bng, ty ch tia phng x chiu vo.
- Chc nng thn kinh trung ng b ri lon.
- Gy, st cn, cht dn cht mn trong tnh trng suy nhc
Trng hp nhim x cp tnh thng t gp trong sn xut v nghin cu m
ch yu xy ra trong cc v n v kh ht nhn v tai nn cc l phn ng nguyn
t.
Nhim x mn tnh xy ra khi liu lng t hn (nh hn 200 Rem) nhng trong
mt thi gian di v thng c cc triu chng sau :
- Thn kinh b suy nhc.
- Ri lon cc chc nng to mu.
- C hin tng c nhn mt, ung th da, ung th xng.
- Cn lu l cc c quan cm gic ca ngi khng th pht hin c cc
tc ng ca phng x ln c th, ch khi no c hu qu mi bit c.
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+ Nguy him v n, chy, p sut cao (sn xut pho hoa, v kh,l hi )
+ Lm vic trn cao, vt ri t trn cao xung (xy dng).
1.4.2 Nguyn nhn gy chn thng .
a) Nhm cc nguyn nhn k thut.
- Qu trnh cng ngh cha ng cc yu t nguy him, c hi: c cc b phn
chuyn ng,bi, ting n
- Thit k, kt cu khng m bo, khng thch hp vi c im sinh l ca
ngi s dng; bn km; thiu cc tn hiu, c cu bo hiu, ngn nga qu ti
nh van an ton, phanh hm, chiu sng khng thch hp; n, rung vt qu mc
cho php ,
- Khng thc c kh ho, t ng ho nhng khu lao ng nng nhc, nguy
him .
- Khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng ng cc qui tc k thut an ton nh
cc thit b p lc khng c kim nghim trc khi a vo s dnh, thiu hoc s
dng khng ng cc phng tin bo v c nhn.
b) Nhm cc nguyn nhn v qun l, t chc.
- T chc, sp xp ch lm vic khng hp l, t th thao tc kh khn.
- T chc tuyn dng, phn cng, hun luyn, gio dc khng ng, khng t
yu cu.
1.4.3 Cc bin php v phng tin k thut an ton c bn.
a) Bin php an ton i vi bn thn ngi lao ng .
-
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nh sng, mu sc.
m thanh : ci chung
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ng h, dng c o lng.
Yu cu i vi tn hiu an ton :
-
D nhn bit.
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Trang b phng tin c nhn phi c sn xut theo tiu chun cht lng
nh nc, vic cp pht, s dng phi theo qui nh ca php lut. Ngi s dng lao
ng phi tin hnh kim tra cht lng phng tin bo v c nhn trc khi cp
pht v kim tra nh k theo tiu chun khi a vo s dng.
h) Thc hin kim nghim d phng thit b.
Kim nghim bn, tin cy ca my mc, thit b, cng trnh, cc b phn
ca chng l bin php an ton nht thit trc khi a chng vo s dng.Mc ch
ca kim nghim d phng l nh gi cht lng ca thit b v cc mt tnh nng ,
bn, tin cy quyt nh c a thit b vo s dng hay khng. Kim nghim
d phng c tin hnh nh k, hoc sau nhng k sa cha, bo dng.
13
CHNG 2
14
C1
C2
R1
R2
Trong :
R1: in tr tc dng ca da
R2: in tr ca tng cc b phn bn trong c th ngi
C: in dung ca da v lp tht di da
V thnh phn in dung rt b nn trong tnh ton thng b qua.
in tr ca ngi lun lun thay i trong mt phm vi rt ln t vi chc
ngn n 600. Trong tnh ton thng ly
Rng(1011)
14
gi tr trung bnh l 1000. Khi da b m hoc
khi tip xc vi nc hoc do m hi u lm
12
cho in tr ngi gim xung.
10
in tr ca ngi ph thuc vo p
lc v din tch tip xc. p lc v din tch
tip xc cng tng th in tr ngi cng
gim. S thay i ny rt d nhn thy trong
vng p lc nh hn 1kG/cm2 (hnh 2.1).
8
6
1
kG/cm
2
in tr ngi ph thuc in p t
vo v ngoi hin tng in phn cn c hin
tng chc thng. Khi in p t vo 250V lc
ny lp da ngoi cng mt ht tc dng nn in
tr ngi gim xung rt thp.
15
1.103
0,015s
30
25
20
0,015s
35
15
10
3s
3s
5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 V
8 - 10
20 - 25
50 - 80
90 - 100
Tc dng ca dng in
mt chiu
Khng c cm gic g
Khng c cm gic g
au nh kim chm cm thy
nng
Qua bng 2-1 ta thy dng in xoay chiu nguy him hn dng mt chiu v:
B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng
16
a.
100
60
20
t(s)
b.
17
GIT:
Ta xt xem khi tn s thay i th tai nn xy ra nng hay nh
Theo l lun thng thng th khi tn s f tng ln th tng tr c th ngi
gim xung v in khng ca da ngi do in dung to ra: ... dn n dng in
tng cng nguy him. Tuy nhin qua thc t v nghin cu ngi ta thy rng tn s
nguy him nht l t (50 - 60)Hz. Nu tn s ln hn tn s ny th mc nguy
him gim cn nu tn s b hn th mc nguy him cng gim.
C th gii thch nh sau: Lc t dng in mt chiu vo t bo, cc phn t
trong t bo b phn thnh nhng ion khc du v b ht ra mng t bo. Nh vy
phn t b phn cc ho, cc chc nng sinh vt ho hc ca t bo b ph hoi n
mc nht nh. By gi nu t ngun in xoay chiu vo th ion cng chy theo
hai chiu khc nhau ra pha ngoi ca mng t bo. Nhng khi dng in i chiu
th chuyn ng ca ion cng ngc li. Vi tn s no ca dng in, tc ca
ion ln trong mt chu k chy c hai ln b rng ca t bo th trng hp
ny mc kch thch ln nht, chc nng sinh vt - ho hc ca t bo b ph hoi
nhiu nht. Nu dng in c tn s cao th khi dng in i chiu th ion cha kp
p vo mng t bo.
Khi nghin cu tc hi ca dng in mt chiu i vi ngi thy rng
trng hp mt chiu in tr ca ngi ln hn xoay chiu. iu ny c th gii
thch l mt chiu c in dung v s phn cc tng ln. Nghin cu thy rng khi
dng in mt chiu ln hn 80mA mi nh hng n tim v c quan h hp ca
con ngi.
2.7. HIN TNG DNG IN I TRONG T
Khi cch in ca thit b in b chc thng s c dng in chm t, dng
in ny i vo t trc tip hay qua mt cu trc no .
V phng din an ton m ni th dng in chm t thay i c bn trng
thi ca mng in (in p gia dy dn v t thay i xut hin cc th hiu khc
nhau gia cc im trn mt t gn ch chm t). Dng in i vo t s to nn
im chm t mt vng dng in r trong t v in p trong vng ny phn b
theo mt quy lut nht nh. n gin nghin cu hin tng ny ta gii thch
dng in chm t i vo t qua mt cc kim loi hnh bn cu. t th thun nht
v c in tr sut l (tnh bng Ohm.cm). Nh th c th xem nh dng in i t
tm hnh bn knh cu ta ra theo ng bn knh.
Trn c s l thuyt tng t ta c th xem trng ca dng in i trong t
ging dng trng trong tnh in, ngha l tp hp ca nhng ng sc v ng
ng th ca chng ging nhau.
i lng c bn trong in trng ca mi trng dn in l mt dng
in J. Vect ny hng theo hng ca vecto cng in trng.
B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng
18
Id
.dX
2 X 2
in p ti mt im A no y cng tc l hiu s in th gia im A v
im v cng xa ( th ca im v cng xa c th xem nh bng 0) bng :
dng in l :
I d dx
I
U A = dU =
= d
2 xA x 2 2 X A
XA
Hay :
UA = Ud .
Xd
XA
UA =
K
XA
19
in th t (in th ti b mt in cc)
t R d =
: gi l in tr
2 .r0
20
U=I .R
1
R
Hnh 2.6: