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Introduction To EQ Resistant Design of RC Structures PDF
Introduction To EQ Resistant Design of RC Structures PDF
Page 1 of 56
1. Introduction:
Earthquake results from the sudden movement of the tectonic plates in the earths
crust, figure 01. The movement takes place at the fault lines, and the energy released
is transmitted through the earth in the form of waves, figure 02, that cause ground
motion many miles from the epicentre, figure 03. Regions adjacent to active fault
lines are the most prone to experience earthquakes. As experienced by structures,
earthquakes consist of random horizontal and vertical movements of the earths
surface. As the ground moves, inertia tends to keep structures in place, figures 04,
resulting in the imposition of displacements and forces that can have catastrophic
results, figure 05. The purpose of seismic design is to proportion structures so that
they can withstand the displacements and the forces induced by the ground motion.
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Historically, seismic design has emphasized the effects of horizontal ground motion,
because the horizontal components of an earthquake usually exceed the vertical
component and because structures are usually much stiffer and stronger in response to
vertical loads than they are in response to horizontal loads. Experience has shown that
the horizontal components are the most destructive.
For structural design, the intensity of an earthquake is usually described in terms of
the ground acceleration as a fraction of the acceleration of gravity, i.e., 0.1, 0.2, or
0.3g. Although peak acceleration is an important design parameter, the frequency
characteristics and duration of an earthquake are also important; the closer the
frequency of the earthquake motion is to the natural frequency of a structure and the
longer the duration of the earthquake, the greater the potential for damage.
Based on elastic behaviour, structures subjected to a major earthquake would be
required to undergo large displacements. However, recent design practices require
that structures be designed for only a fraction of the forces associated with those
displacements. The relatively low design forces are justified by the observations that
the buildings designed for low forces have behaved satisfactorily and that structures
dissipate significant energy as the material yield and behave in-elastically.
This nonlinear behaviour, however, usually translates into increased displacements,
which may result in major non-structural damage and require significant ductility.
Displacements may also be of such a magnitude that the strength of the structure is
affected by stability considerations.
Designers of structures that may be subjected to earthquakes, therefore, are faced with
a choice: (a) providing adequate stiffness and strength to limit the response of
structures to the elastic range or (b) providing lower-strength structures, with
presumably lower initial costs, that have the ability to withstand large inelastic
deformations while maintaining their load-carrying capability.
2. Structural Response:
The safety of a structure subjected to seismic loading rests on the designers
understanding of the response of the structure to ground motion. For many years, the
goal of earthquake design has been to construct buildings that will withstand
Page 5 of 56
Storey Height
0
Displacement
(b)
(a)
(c)
Figure 07: Modal shapes for a three storey building (a) first mode; (b) second mode;
(c) third mode.
Page 6 of 56
The first mode, figure 07a, usually provides the greatest contribution to lateral
displacement. The taller a structure, the more susceptible it is to the effects of
higher modes of vibration, which are generally additive to the effects of the lower
modes and tend to have the greatest influence on the upper stories. Under any
circumstances, the longer the duration of an earthquake, the greater the potential
of damage.
The configuration of a structure also has a major effect on its response to an
earthquake. Structures with a discontinuity in stiffness or geometry can be
subjected to undesirably high displacements or forces. For example, the
discontinuance of shear walls, infill walls or even cladding at a particular story
level, will have the result of concentrating the displacement in the open, or soft,
story, figure 08, 09. The high displacement will, in turn, require a large amount of
ductility if the structure is not to fail. Such a design is not recommended, and the
stiffening members should be continued to the foundation.
Figure 08: Upper storeys of open ground storey move together as single block.
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Figure 09: Ground storey of reinforced concrete building left open to facilitate
parking.
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such as masonry infill walls, are not considered in the design, unexpected and
often undesirable results can occur.
Finally, any discussion of structural considerations would be incomplete without
emphasizing the need to provide adequate separation between structures. Lateral
displacements can result in structures coming in contact during an earthquake,
resulting in major damage due to hammering, figure 13. Spacing requirements to
ensure that adjacent structures do not come into contact as a result of earthquake
induced motion are specified in relevant codes.
Figure 11: Buildings with one of their overall sizes much larger or much smaller
than the other two.
Page 9 of 56
b. Member Considerations:
Members designed for seismic loading must perform in a ductile fashion and
dissipate energy in a manner that does not compromise the strength of the
structure. Both the overall design and the structural details must be considered to
meet this goal.
The principal method of ensuring ductility in members subject to shear and
bending is to provide confinement for the concrete. This is accomplished through
the use of closed hoops or spiral reinforcement, which enclose the core of the
beams and columns. When confinement is provided, beams and columns can
undergo nonlinear cyclic bending while maintaining their flexural strength and
Page 10 of 56
MC1
M-
M+
MC2
(a)
(b)
Figure 14: Frame subjected to lateral loading (a) deflected shape; T(b)
Moments
3
acting onVbeam-column joint.
M-
M-
C3
V3
T1
C2
3. Seismic loading
criteria:
V
V1
In Pakistan, the design lcriteria for earthquake loading are based on design procedures
presented in
V
chapter
M- M5,
lndivision
V2
T4
document.
The total design seismic force imposed by an earthquake on the structure at its Vbase
is
3
T1
referred to as base shear V in the UBC. The UBC-97 calculates the base shear from
C2
Vu
Page 11 of 56
Vu T1 + C2 - V3
(d)
the total structure weight and then appropriates the base shear in accordance with
dynamic theory. The design seismic force can be determined based on the UBC-97
static lateral force procedure [sec. 1630.2, UBC-97 or Sec. 5.30.2, BCP 2007] and/or
the dynamic lateral force procedure [sec. 1631, UBC-97 or sec. 5.31, BCP-2007].
The static lateral force procedures (section 1630 of the UBC-97) may be used for the
following structures:
1. All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone 1 and in Occupancy
Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2.
2. Regular structures under 240 feet (73152 mm) in height with lateral force
resistance provided by systems listed in Table 16-N, except where section
1629.8.4, Item 4, applies.
3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet (19812 mm) in height.
4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion
where both portions of the structure considered separately can be classified as
being regular, the average story stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10 times
the average story stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire
structure is not greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper portion considered
as a separate structure fixed at the base.
The dynamic lateral force procedure of section 1631 shall be used for all other
structures including the following:
1. Structures 240 feet (73152 mm) or more in height, except as permitted by Section
1629.8.3, Item 1.
2. Structures having a stiffness, weight or geometric vertical irregularity of Type 1, 2
or 3, as defined in Table 16-L, or structures having irregular features not
described in Table 16-L or 16-M, except as permitted by Section 1630.4.2.
3. Structures over five stories or 65 feet (19812 mm) in height in Seismic Zones 3
and 4 not having the same structural system throughout their height except as
permitted by Section 1630.4.2.
4. Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil Profile Type SF, which have a
period greater than 0.7 second. The analysis shall include the effects of the soils at
the site and shall conform to Section 1631.2, Item 4.
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Page 13 of 56
The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:
V = 0.11CaIW
In addition for seismic zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than the
following:
V = (0.8ZNI/R) W
N = near source factor (Table 16-T of UBC-97 given below in Table 3)
Z = Seismic zone factor (Table 16-I of UBC-97 given below in Table 4)
Note: Table for soil profile type is given in appendix A of this document.
Z = 0.15
0.12
0.15
0.25
0.32
0.50
Z = 0.3
0.24
0.30
0.45
0.54
0.84
Z = 0.4
0.32Nv
0.40Nv
0.56Nv
0.64Nv
0.96Nv
Site Specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients for Soil Profile
Type SF.
Soil Profile
Type
SA
SB
SC
SD
SE
SF
1
Z = 0.075
0.06
0.08
0.13
0.18
0.26
Z = 0.15
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.22
0.30
Z = 0.2
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.34
See Footnote 1
Z = 0.3
0.24
0.30
0.33
0.36
0.36
Z = 0.4
0.32Na
0.40Na
0.40Na
0.44Na
0.36Na
Site Specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients for Soil Profile
Type SF.
2 km
2.0
1.6
5 km
1.6
1.2
10 km
1.2
1.0
15 km
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Zone
0.075
0.20
0.30
0.40
Page 14 of 56
2 km
1.5
1.3
10 km
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Maximum Moment
Magnitude, M
Slip Rate, SR
(mm/year)
M 7.0
SR 5
M 7.0
M < 7.0
M 6.5
SR < 5
SR > 2
SR < 2
M < 6.5
SR 2
Page 15 of 56
Structural period: The value of T shall be determined from one of the following
methods:
a. Method A: For all buildings, the value T may be approximated from the
following formula:
T = Ct (hn)3/4
Where,
Ct = 0.035 (0.0853) for steel moment-resisting frames.
Ct = 0.030 (0.0731) for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames
and eccentrically braced frames.
Ct = 0.020 (0.0488) for all other buildings.
hn = Actual height (feet or meters) of the building above the base to the
nth level.
Alternatively, the value of Ct for structures with concrete or masonry shear
walls may be taken as 0.1/Ac (For SI: 0.0743/Ac for Ac in m2).
The value of Ac shall be determined from the following formula:
Ac = Ae[0.2 + (De/hn)2]
The value of De/hn used in formula above shall not exceed 0.9.
Where,
Ac = the combined effective area, in square feet (m2), of the shear
walls in the first story of the structure.
Ae = the minimum cross-sectional area in any horizontal plane in the
first story, in square feet (m2) of a shear wall.
De = the length, in feet (m), of a shear wall in the first story in the
direction parallel to the applied forces.
b. Method B: The fundamental period T may be calculated using the
structural properties and deformational characteristics of the resisting
elements in a properly substantiated analysis. The analysis shall be in
accordance with the requirements of Section 1630.1.2. The value of T from
Method B shall not exceed a value 30 percent greater than the value of T
obtained from Method A in Seismic Zone 4, and 40 percent in Seismic Zones
1, 2 and 3.
Page 16 of 56
Where,
wi = that portion of W located at or assigned to Level i.
i = horizontal displacement at Level i relative to the base due to
applied lateral forces, f.
g = acceleration due to gravity.
fi = lateral force at Level i.
The values of fi represent any lateral force distributed approximately in
accordance with the principles of Formulas (30-13), (30-14) and (30-15) in
UBC-97 or any other rational distribution. The elastic deflections, i, shall be
calculated using the applied lateral forces, fi.
Example: Calculate the base shear and storey forces of a five storey building
given in figure 16. The structure is constructed on stiff soil which comes under
soil type SD of table 16-J of UBC-97. The structure is located in zone 3.
w5 = 700 kip
w4 = 800 kip
w3 = 800 kip
60'-0"
w2 = 800 kip
w1 = 800 kip
12'-0"
Page 17 of 56
Solution:
i) Base shear: According to static lateral force procedure the total design base
shear in a given direction can be determined from the following formula:
V = (CI/RT) W
From table 16-R, C = 0.54
From table 16-K, I = 1.00, standard occupancy structures.
From table 16-N, R = 8.5, Concrete SMRF (will be discussed later).
T = Ct (hn)3/4 = 0.030 (60)3/4 = 0.646 sec.
W = w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 = 4 800 + 700 = 3900 kip
Therefore,
V = {(0.54 1.00)/ (8.5 0.646)} 3900 = 383 kip
The total design base need not exceed the following:
V = (2.5CaI/R) W
From table 16-Q, Ca = 0.36
Therefore,
V = (2.5CaI/R) W = {(2.5 0.36 1.00)/ (8.5)} 3900 = 413 kip
The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:
V = 0.11CaIW
V = 0.11CaIW = 0.11 0.36 1.00 3900 = 154.44 kip
Therefore, V = 383 kip
ii) Vertical distribution of base shear to storey:
The joint force at a level x of the structure is given as:
Fx = (V Ft)xhx/ihi {i ranges from 1 to n, where n = number of stories}
Ft = Additional force that is applied to the top level (i.e., the roof) in addition to
the Fx force at that level.
Ft = 0.07TV {for T > 0.7 sec}
Ft = 0 {for T 0.7 sec}
ihi = 80012+80024+80036+80048+70060 = 138000 kip
Therefore for the case under consideration, Force for storey 1 is:
F1 = (383 0) 800 12/ {(138000)} = 27 kip
Storey forces for other stories are given in table 6 below.
Page 18 of 56
hx (ft)
5
4
3
2
1
60
48
36
24
12
wx
(kip)
700
800
800
800
800
wxhx (ft-kip)
wxhx /(wihi)
Fx (kip)
42000
0.304
117
38400
0.278
107
28800
0.209
80
19200
0.139
53
9600
0.070
27
wihi = 138000 Check Fx =V = 383 kip OK
w5 = 700 kip
F5 = 117 kip
w4 = 800 kip
F4 = 107 kip
w3 = 800 kip
F3 = 80 kip
60'-0"
w2 = 800 kip
F2 = 53 kip
w1 = 800 kip
F1 = 27 kip
12'-0"
V = 383 kip
Figure 17: Base shear and storey forces.
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Under gravity loads, tension in the beams is at the bottom surface of the beam in the
central location and is at the top surface at the ends. On the other hand, earthquake
Page 20 of 56
loading causes tension on the beam and column faces at locations different from those
under gravity loading (figure 18c); the relative levels of this tension (in technical
terms, bending moment) generated in members are shown in figure 18d. The level of
bending moment due to earthquake loading depends on severity of shaking and can
exceed that due to gravity loading. Thus, under strong earthquake shaking, the beam
ends can develop tension on either of the top and bottom faces. Since concrete cannot
carry this tension, steel bars are required on both faces of beams to resist reversals of
bending moment. Similarly, steel bars are required on all faces of columns too.
To ensure adequate ductility and toughness under inelastic rotation, ACI Code
21.2.4 sets a minimum concrete strength of 3000 psi.
The ACI Code 21.2.5 allows the use of Grades 40 and 60 reinforcement meeting
the requirements of ASTM A615, provided that the actual yield strength does not
exceed the specified yield by more than 18 ksi and that the actual tensile strength
exceeds the actual yield strength by at least 25 percent.
Page 21 of 56
To ensure adequate anchorage, a seismic hook [with a bend not less than 135 and
a 6 times bar diameter (but not less than 3 in.) extension that engages the
longitudinal reinforcement and projects into the interior of the stirrup or hoop] is
used on stirrups, hoops and crossties, figure 20.
Hoops are closed ties that can be made up of several reinforcing elements, each
having seismic hooks at both ends, or continuously wound ties with seismic hooks
at both ends, figure 20.
A crosstie is a reinforcing bar with a seismic hook at one end and a hook with not
less than a 90 bend and at least a 6 bar diameter extension at the other end. The
hooks or crossties must engage peripheral longitudinal reinforcing bars, figure 20.
Page 22 of 56
Closed Hoops
A web width of neither less than 10 nor more than the support width plus
three-quarters of the flexural member depth on either side of the support.
(bw 10), bw width of support + depth of beam + depth of beam,
figure 21.
Width of beam
3
4
depth of beam
Support (Column)
b. Flexural Reinforcement:
Page 23 of 56
The positive moment capacity at the face of columns must be at least onehalf of the negative moment strength at the same location, figure 22.
Minimum two reinforcing bars top and bottom, throughout the member.
max 0.025.
c. Lap splices:
Not within twice the member depth 2h, from the face of a joint or at other
locations where flexural yielding is expected.
Page 24 of 56
d. Transverse reinforcement:
Transverse reinforcement in the form of hoops, figure 24 must be used over a
length equal to twice the member depth measured from the face of the
supporting member toward mid span at both ends, as per calculation, but
fulfilling following conditions, figure 25.
(i)
The first hoop must be located not more than 2 in from the face of the
supporting member.
(ii)
Max spacing of the hoops over the length must not exceed:
a. of effective depth of beam,
b. 8 times dia of smallest longitudinal steel,
c. 24 dia of hoop bar
d. 12 in.
Page 25 of 56
Shorter to longer side ratio 0.4.i.e. 12/12, 12/18, 12/24 OK; but 12/36 not
O.K.
b. Flexural reinforcement:
0.01 g 0.06
c. Lap splices:
Page 26 of 56
Page 27 of 56
d. Transverse reinforcement:
the depth D of the member at the joint face or at the section where
flexural yielding is likely to occur.
(ii)
(iii) 18 in.
(ii)
(iii) 4 + (14 hx) /3; but not more than 6 inch and not less than 4 inch.
Where hx = maximum horizontal spacing (inches) of hoop or crosstie
legs on all faces of the column.
Page 28 of 56
In interior joints, the beam bars (both top and bottom) need to go through
the joint without any cut in the joint region. Also, these bars must be placed
within the column bars and with no bends, figure 32.
Page 29 of 56
Figure 28: Beam column joints are critical parts of a building. Push pull forces on
joint cause (a) loss of grip on beam bars in joint region; (b) distortion of joints. These
result in irreparable damage in joints under strong seismic shaking.
Figure 29: Closed loop steel ties in beam-column joints. Such ties with 135o hook
resist the ill effects of distortion of joints.
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Figure 30: Providing horizontal ties in the joint --- three stage procedure is required.
Page 31 of 56
Figure 32: Anchorage of beam bars in interior joint. Diagram (a) and (b) show cross
sectional views in plan of a joint region.
Page 32 of 56
The positive moment capacity at the face of columns must be at least onethird of the negative moment strength at the same location, fig. 33.
Min two reinforcing bars top and bottom, throughout the member.
Figure 33: Location and amount of longitudinal steel bars in beams. These resist tension
due to flexure.
5.3.2. Provision for columns:
a. Sizes: No special requirement (Just as ordinary column requirement).
b. Flexural steel: No special requirement (Just as ordinary column requirement).
c. Lap: No special requirement (Just as ordinary column requirement).
d. Transverse steel: For columns, within length lo from the joint face, the tie
spacing, in accordance with ACI Code 21.12.5.2 may not exceed:
Page 33 of 56
IMRF are not allowed in regions of high seismic risk (zone 3 and 4), however,
SMRF are allowed in regions of moderate seismic risk.
Unlike regions of high seismic risk, two way slab system without beams are
allowed in regions of moderate seismic risk (zone 2a, 2b), ACI 21.12.6.
Shear Wall is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall. It is
sometimes referred to as vertical diaphragm or structural wall. To ensure adequate
ductility, ACI 21.7.2 requires that structural walls have minimum shear reinforcement
ratios in both longitudinal and transverse directions and n of 0.0025 and a maximum
reinforcement spacing of 18. For details on shear walls, please refer to Seismic design of
reinforced concrete and masonry structures by Priestley, page 362.
Page 34 of 56
6. Load combinations:
Broadly speaking, there are two types of codes in practice for design of structures.
The codes like UBC, IBC etc. provide guidelines on the overall performance of
structural systems, which also include procedures for determination of wind and
seismic demand on structures. Other codes such as ACI, AISC provide material
specific recommendations on the design of structures. Therefore designers use first
type of codes for evaluating seismic forces and second type for design and detailing
of earthquake resistant structures. Occasionally the two codes combined in this way
may not be compatible. To avoid any mismatch resulting from such merger, every
code explicitly mentions its counterpart code or codes. For example UBC 97 in its
chapter 19 on concrete reproduces the complete code of ACI 318-95, and wherein it
categorically states that UBC 97 shall be used in conjunction with ACI 318-95 for
design of all reinforced concrete structures. Similarly IBC 2000 is compatible with
ACI 318-02/05 and not with ACI 318-95/99 due to many reasons but mainly due to
difference in load amplification and strength reduction factors.
The chapter 7 of BCP SP-2007 can be used for earthquake resistant design of RC
structures using load combination and Strength Reduction Factors of chapter 5 of
BCP (UBC 97 load combinations).The chapter is compatible with ACI 318-05.
Table 8: UBC-97 Load combinations and strength reduction factors (section 1612.2.1)
Load Combinations
1.4D
0.9 (flexure)
1.2D + 1.6L
0.85 (Shear)
0.70 (Tied )
0.75 (Spiral)
The amalgamation of the codes shall be done carefully when softwares such as
SAP2000 or ETABS are used for analysis and design of structures. Though these
softwares allow the use of UBC 97 for calculation of earthquake forces and ACI for
design, when ACI 318-02/05 is selected for design, the software automatically loads
the combination of ACI against the recommendation of BCP which uses the
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.drqaisarali.com)
Page 35 of 56
Page 36 of 56
Design Pb: Design the structure given in figure 35 as SMRF. The structure is located in
seismic zone 4 of UBC-97. The seismic source in the locality is such that magnitude of
earthquake and slip rate may exceed 7.0 and 5.0 respectively. The closest distance of
structure to the known seismic source is greater than 15 km. The soil type is stiff. The
structure is 10 high. Concrete compressive strength = 3 ksi, steel yield strength = 40 ksi
and Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 3000 ksi.
20'
R.C.C
Column
Slab
Beam
15'
PLAN
7'
10'
20'
15'
ELEVATION
Data Given:
Material properties:
Concrete: fc = 3000 psi.
Reinforcement: fy = 40,000 psi.
Loads:
Live load = 30 psf
Superimposed dead load = 3 mud layer.
Page 37 of 56
Solution:
Step No 1: Sizes.
1. Columns:
As mentioned in section 5.2.2 of this document, the shortest dimension of column
shall not be less than 12, therefore assume 12 12 column.
2. Beam:
Assuming beam cross-sectional dimensions = 12 24.
According to ACI 9.5.2.1, table 9.5 (a):
Minimum thickness of simply supported beam = hmin = l/16
l = clear span (ln) + depth of member (beam) [ACI 8.7]
l = 20 (12/12) + (24/12) = 21
Depth (h) = (21/16) (0.4 + 40000/100000) 12
= 12.6 (this is minimum requirement by ACI 9.5.2.1).
Therefore, for h = 24; d = h 3 = 21
Checks on limitation of section dimensions:
ln/d = 14 12/21 = 8 > 4 (ACI 21.3.1.2 satisfied)
Width/ depth = 12/24 = 0.5 > 0.3 (ACI 21.3.1.3 satisfied)
Width = 12 > 10, O.K.
Take 12 24 deep beams.
3. Slab:
lb/la = 20/15 = 1.33 < 2 two way slab
hmin = perimeter/180 = 2 (20 + 15) 12/180 = 4.66 in
Assume hf = 6
Page 38 of 56
Step No 2: Loading.
1. Gravity loads:
a. Slab:
Service dead load of/on slab = (6/12)0.15+ (3/12)0.12=0.105 ksf or 105 psf
Service Live load over slab = 30 psf = 0.03 ksf
b. Beam:
B1
RCC Column
B2
B2
RCC Beam
15'-0"
Tributary area of
slab on beam
45
20'-0"
B1
Page 39 of 56
c. Column: All columns in the system are biaxial. The service loads on column
will come from analysis of the frame.
2. Earthquake Load:
Static Lateral force procedure: Also referred to as equivalent static lateral force
procedure.
The total design base shear is:
V = (CI/RT) W
Where, for the case under consideration,
I = 1.00 {Standard occupancy structures, table 16-K of UBC-97}
R = 8.5 {for SMRF, table 16-N of UBC-97}
C = 0.64N {seismic zone 4/soil type SD, Table 16-Q of UBC-97}
N = 1.0 (For seismic source type A 15 km, Table 16-T of UBC-97)
Therefore, C = 0.64
T = Ct (hn)3/4
Where,
Ct = 0.030 (for reinforced concrete structures)
hn = total height of the structure = 10
Therefore, T = 0.030 (10)3/4 = 0.169 sec
Total seismic weight of the structure (W) is:
W = wslab + wbeams + wcolumns + wmud
= [(6/12)1520+(220+215)(12/12)(24/12)+4(12/12)(12/12)10]0.15
+(3/12) 15200.12 = 58.5 kip
Therefore,
V = (CI/RT) W = {(0.64 x 1.00)/ (8.5 x 0.169)} x 58.5 = 26.06 kip
The total design base need not exceed the following:
V = (2.5CaI/R) W
= (2.5 0.44Na 1.00/8.5) 58.5 = (2.5 0.44 1.00/8.5) 58.5 = 7.57 k
Ca = Seismic coefficient = 0.44Na (Soil type SD/zone 4, table 16-Q, UBC-97)
Na = near source factor = 1.00 (Table 16-S of UBC-97)
Page 40 of 56
The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:
V = 0.11CaIW = 0.11 0.44 1.00 58.5 = 2.83 kip
In addition for seismic zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than the
following:
V = (0.8ZNI/R) W = (0.8 0.4 1.00 1.00/8.5) 58.5 = 2.20 kip
Therefore design base shear is V = 7.57 kip
The base shear shall be converted to storey forces in order to be used in the
analysis. As the structure is single storey, the storey forces assigned to storey level
in each direction will be as follows:
Figure 37: Base shear converted to storey forces in two mutually orthogonal
directions of structure.
Load Combinations:
Page 41 of 56
Step No 3: Analysis.
Any structural analysis method may be used to analyze the frames shown above.
However, for the sake of clarity, only one of the frames will be analyzed manually
using moment distribution method while the rest of the frames will be analyzed by
finite element method based software (SAP2000).
Analysis for service dead load
Analysis is performed using Moment distribution method. Only analysis of N-S frame
(15 ft wide) is presented here.
Page 42 of 56
Page 43 of 56
D
DC
43200
1
0
0
-14.03
14.03
-5.91
5.91
-3.04
3.04
-1.51
1.51
-0.76
0.76
-0.38
0.38
-0.19
0.19
-0.09
0.09
-0.05
0.05
-0.02
0.02
-0.01
0.01
0.00
These values are compared with FE method based software SAP2000, shown in
figure 38.
Page 44 of 56
The remaining analysis (for service load) of N-S frame and E-W frame is done in
SAP2000 and complete analysis results are given in tables 10 and 11 respectively.
Table 10: Service values of load effects for N-S frame (15 ft) of the structure.
Moment (kip-in)
Member Axial (kip) Shear (kip)
Positive (mid) (supports) (supports)
Dead
AB
BC
CD
5.61
0.31
5.61
0.31
5.61
0.31
n/r
215
n/r
0
- 36
36
36
- 36
0
Live
AB
BC
CD
0.84
0
0.84
0
0.84
0
n/r
32.45
n/r
0
-5.52
5.52
5.52
-5.52
0
EQ
AB
BC
CD
2.53
-1.89
-2.53
1.89
2.53
1.8
n/r
0
n/r
0
227.57
-227.57
-227.57
-227.57
0
Page 45 of 56
Table 11: Service values of load effects for E-W frame (20 ft) of the structure.
Moment (kip-in)
Member Axial (kip) Shear (kip)
Positive (mid) (supports) (supports)
Dead
EF
FG
GH
6.9
0.62
6.9
0.62
6.9
0.62
n/r
339
n/r
0
-75
75
75
-75
0
Live
EF
FG
GH
1.41
Nil
1.41
Nil
1.41
Nil
n/r
69.31
n/r
0
-15.29
15.29
15.29
-15.29
0
EQ
EF
FG
GH
1.89
-1.89
-1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
n/r
0
n/r
0
227.61
-227.61
-227.61
-227.61
0
The factored values according to the calculated load combinations for all frame members
(beams and columns) are summarized in tables 12 through 15.
Table 12: Factored axial forces and shear forces in N-S frame (15 ft).
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L
1.56D + 0.55L + 1.1Eh
1.56D + 0.55L - 1.1Eh
1.08D + 0.55L + 1.1Eh
1.08D + 0.55L - 1.1Eh
1.23D + 1.1Eh
1.23D - 1.1Eh
0.75D + 1.1Eh
0.75D + 1.1Eh
Max +
Max -
Page 46 of 56
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L
1.56D + 0.55L + 1.1Eh
1.56D + 0.55L - 1.1Eh
1.08D + 0.55L + 1.1Eh
1.08D + 0.55L - 1.1Eh
1.23D + 1.1Eh
1.23D - 1.1Eh
0.75D + 1.1Eh
0.75D + 1.1Eh
Max +
Max -
AB
Support
B
50.40
52.03
-191.13
309.52
-208.41
292.24
-206.05
294.61
-223.33
-223.33
309.52
-223.33
BC
CD
Support Support
C
D
-50.40
0
-52.03
0
-309.52
0
191.13
0
-292.24
0
208.41
0
-294.61
0
206.05
0
-277.33
0
-277.33
0
208.41
0
-309.52
0
Table 14: Factored axial forces and shear forces in E-W frame (20 ft).
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L
1.56D + 0.55L + 1.1Eh
1.56D + 0.55L - 1.1Eh
1.08D + 0.55L + 1.1Eh
1.08D + 0.55L - 1.1Eh
1.23D + 1.1Eh
1.23D - 1.1Eh
0.75D + 1.1Eh
0.75D + 1.1Eh
Max +
Max -
Axial Force
EF
FG
GH
9.66
0
9.66
10.536
0
10.536
13.6185
0
9.4605
9.4605
0
13.6185
10.3065
0
6.1485
6.1485
0
10.3065
10.566
0
6.408
6.408
0
10.566
7.254
0
3.096
7.254
0
3.096
0
13.6185
13.6185
0
0
3.096
EF
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Shear Force
FG
9.66
10.536
13.6185
9.4605
10.3065
6.1485
10.566
6.408
7.254
7.254
13.6185
0
GH
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 47 of 56
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L
1.56D + 0.55L + 1.1Eh
1.56D + 0.55L - 1.1Eh
1.08D + 0.55L + 1.1Eh
1.08D + 0.55L - 1.1Eh
1.23D + 1.1Eh
1.23D - 1.1Eh
0.75D + 1.1Eh
0.75D + 1.1Eh
Max +
Max -
EF
Support
F
105
114.464
-124.96
375.781
-160.96
339.781
-158.12
342.621
-194.12
-194.12
375.781
-194.12
FG
GH
Support Support
G
H
-105
0
-114.46
0
-375.78
0
124.962
0
-339.78
0
160.962
0
-342.62
0
158.121
0
-306.62
0
-306.62
0
160.962
0
-375.78
0
Step No 4: Design.
From the above analysis results, the beams and columns are designed for the
following demands.
Table 16: Maximum demand on members.
Beams
BC
FG
Axial
Force
(kips)
0
0
Columns
AB, CD
EF, GH
12
13.618
Shear
Force
(kip)
12
13.6185
0
0
Bending moment
(in-kip)
+
353
309
566.96
375
309
375
223
194
From above data, the moment demand of 566.96 corresponds to 0.76 in2, quite below
the Asmin mark of 1.26 in2. This means that all moment demands will give steel area
less than Asmin.
Page 48 of 56
i) Design of Beams:
Beam
# of bars
Positive
bars
E-W
Beam
0.47
0.41
5.12
1.36
1.26
#5
N-S
Beam
0.76
0.50
5.12
1.26
1.26
#5
Negative
bars
5
(curtailing
3 bars)
5
(curtailing
3 bars)
Beam
E-W Beam
N-S Beam
Page 49 of 56
Minimum two reinforcing bars top and bottom, throughout the member, O.K.
max 0.025:
max = 5 0.30/ (12 21) = 0.0059 < 0.025, O.K.
At any section, the
Lap splices:
Not to be provided within 2h = 2 24 = 48, from the face of the joint or at other
locations where flexural yielding is expected.
Page 50 of 56
Transverse reinforcement:
The first hoop shall be located at a distance of 2 from the face of the supporting
member.
Max spacing of the hoops over the length must not exceed least of:
a. d = 21 = 5.25
b. 8db = 8 5/8 = 5
c. 24dhoop bar = 24 3/8 = 9
d. 12
Therefore, maximum spacing of hoops over a region of 48 from both ends of
beam 5. Finally, using spacing of 5.
0.01 g 0.06:
Therefore, for 8 #5 bars,
As/bh = 8 0.30/ (12 12) = 0.0166, O.K.
Lap splices:
Transverse reinforcement:
Page 51 of 56
(ii)
Beam-column joints:
The transverse reinforcement used in columns shall be continued through the joint
in accordance with ACI 21.5.2.
The development length of beam bars in columns with 90 hooks is not to be less
than largest of:
a. 8db = 8 5/8 = 5
b. 6
c. ldh = fydb/(65 fc) = 40000 (5/8)/ {65 (3000)} = 7
Therefore, development length = 7
Page 52 of 56
Step No 5: Drafting.
A 5 #5 bars
2 #5 bars
5 #5 bars
C
A
#3 ties
@3" c/c
C
#3, 2 legged stirrups
@ 10.5" c/c
8 #5 bars
E
Lap splice
3'-0"
5 #5 bars
Development length of
beam bars in columns = 10" > 7"
Development length
of column bars in
beam = 22" > 7"
2"
5 #5 bars
#3 ties
@3" c/c
Page 53 of 56
2 #5
Bars
6"
#3, 2 legged
@ 5" c/c
18"
2 #5
Bars
6"
#3, 2 legged
@ 5" c/c
18"
5 #5
Bars
#3, 2 legged
@ 10.5" c/c
18"
5 #5
Bars
12"
Section A-A
5 #5
Bars
12"
12"
Section B-B
Section C-C
8 #5
Bars
12"
8 #5
Bars
12"
12"
12"
Section D-D
Section E-E
LOCATION
MINIMUM COVER
1.
FOOTING
3"
2.
COLUMN
1-1/2"
3.
SLAB
3/4"
4.
BEAM
1-1/2"
6"
Page 54 of 56
BAR
DIA
fy = 40,000 psi
SLAB
BEAM / COLUMN
3/8"
16
23
1/2"
21
30
5/8"
26
38
3/4"
45
A(in.)
B(in.)
C(in.)
3/8"
2.5
2.5
4.5
1/2"
2.5
3.0
6.0
5/8"
2.5
4.0
7.5
3/4"
3.0
4.5
BAR
DIA
180 HOOK
B/2
90 HOOK
B/2
BAR
DIA
STRAIGHT BARS
fy = 40,000 psi
WITH STANDARD HOOK
3/8"
18
1/2"
24
5/8"
30
3/4"
36
Page 55 of 56
References
Design of Concrete Structures by Nilson, Darwin and Dolan (13th ed.)
Learning Earthquake Design and Construction (Earthquake Tips) by C. R Murty,
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.
UBC-97, Volume 2 (Uniform Building Code)
BCP SP-2007 (Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions-2007)
ACI 318-02/05
Page 56 of 56