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Four Wave Mixing
Four Wave Mixing
ABSTRACT
1.
INTRODUCTION
f idler = f p1 + f p2 - f probe
(1)
where: fp1 and fp2 are the pumping light frequencies, and
fprobe is the frequency of the probe light. 1), 2)
This condition is called the frequency phase-matching
condition. When the frequencies of the two pumping
waves are identical, the more specific term "degenerated
four-wave mixing" (DFWM) is used, and the equation for
this case may be written
f idler = 2f p - f probe
(2)
Probe light
Idler light
Frequency
a) 2-channel pump wave
2.
THEORY OF FWM
Pumping light
Probe light
Idler light
Frequency
b) 1-channel pump wave (degenerated FWM)
Figure 1
*
63
dE p
1
+ Ep = i
dz
2
1
dE probe
+
E probe = i
2
dz
dE idler
1
+
E idler = i
dz
2
2 fp . n2
c
A eff
(4)
where: n2 is the nonlinear refractive index, Aeff is the effective area of the fiber and c is the speed of light in
a vacuum.
The term in Equation (3) represents the phase mismatch of the propagation constant, and may be defined as
8 f p2
D( fp)( fprobe - fp)
c
64
L L coh
2
c
. 1 1
=
f 2
4 2 f p D( f p ) f 2
(6)
(5)
3.
(3)
2
n. f.L
c
(7)
0.0
3.00
2.00
+ =2.75%
1.00
0.00
SiO2 level
-=-0.55%
-1.00
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
-10.0
-20.0
-30.0
-40.0
-50.0
-60.0
0.0
15.0
Table 1
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
idler - p (nm)
Figure 2
L = 24.5 km
L = 1.2 km
L = 200 m
Figure 4
Measured value
Attenuation coefficient
0.61 dB/km
Zero-dispersion wavelength
1565.5 nm
0.029 ps/nm2/km
13.8 W-1km-1
Nonlinear coefficient
Polarization controller
HNL-DSF
Pumping light
source
EDFA
10-dB coupler
Optical spectrum
analyzer
5.
Signal light
source
EDFA
Polarization controller
Figure 3
4.
Figure 2 shows the refractive index profile of the HNLDSF used in these experiments, and Table 1 shows transmission characteristics. The fiber was made by vaporphase axial deposition, and had a nonlinear coefficient
of 13.8 W-1km-1, approximately five times the value for
ordinary DSF. Figure 3 shows the experimental setup.
Both the pumping and probe (signal) were continuous
waves. The lightwaves amplified by the erbium-doped
fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) were coupled using a 10-dB coupler. There are polarizers at the output terminal of the coupler, and the states of polarization of the pumping and signal at input into the HNL-DSF are in alignment. The output
was measured by an optical spectrum analyzer to find
idler optical power. In this way it was possible to find conversion efficiency Gc, which may be stated as
G c=
P idler (z=L)
P probe (z=0)
(8)
Figure 4 shows the measured values of conversion efficiency obtained for fibers 24.5, 1.2 and 0.2 km in length.
65
Bandpass filter
EDFA
Signal light
source
Polarization controller
Figure 5
G c= 2P p2L 2
sin(gL)
gL
1
(
+4 P p )
4
-5.0
1.5
-10.0
1.0
-15.0
0.5
-20.0
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.0
0.28
Figure 6
(11)
66
2.0
(nm)
(10)
The following is an explanation of the principles of measurement using the above terms.
If in Equations (10) and (11) Pp is a variable and fiber
length L is known, and are the unknowns. It is possible to find by measurement the two conversion efficiencies Gc corresponding to two different values of pumping
power P p . Mathematically, this may be regarded as
obtaining two simultaneous equations with respect to the
two unknowns and . Solving this simultaneous equation yields the nonlinear coefficient and the chromatic dispersion. Actually, to minimize unavoidable measurement
errors as much as possible, conversion efficiency Gc was
found for successive values of pumping power without
solving the equation, and and were obtained by the
Levenberg-Marquardt least square method. 25)
6.
0.0
D (ps/nm/km)
dEidler
= 2i Ep 2Eidler+2i E *idlerEp2exp(-i z)
dz
Optical spectrum
analyzer
(9)
dEp
= i E p 2E p
dz
dEprobe
= 2i Ep 2Eprobe+2i E *idlerEp2exp(-i z)
dz
Attenuator
Pumping light
source
-30.0
-14.5
2.0
-15.0
1.5
-15.5
1.0
-16.0
0.5
D (ps/nm/km)
Minimum value
-40.0
-45.0
-50.0
-55.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
-16.5
1540
0.35
1545
p - probe (nm)
1550
n2/Aelf(10-9) (W-1)
-35.0
0.0
1560
1555
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 8
As can be seen from Figure 6, the values of n2/Aeff generally depend on , and the value changes greatly at of
about 0.22 nm. When the chromatic dispersion coefficient
for identical fiber was measured independently by the
phase-shift method, it was found to be 15.45 ps/nm/km at
a wavelength of 1553 nm, demonstrating that at values of
greater than 0.22 nm, accurate evaluation was not
obtained. This means that approximation by means of
Equation (10) cannot be applied.
We measured the idler power by changing the probe
wavelength while fixing the pump wavelength. The result
is shown in Figure 7. It is known that the conversion efficiency decreases as increases. The conversion efficiency has a minimal value when =0.22 nm, after which
it increases as decreases. Equation (6), which was
introduced in the discussion of coherent length, can also
be considered, in determining fiber length, as limiting the
bandwidth, This limited bandwidth corresponds to the minimum value in Figure 7. 1) In other words this technique is
useless unless is less than 0.22 nm.
Based on Figure 6, the value of evaluated as optimum was 0.21 nm. These results demonstrated that
unless the optimal value was selected for wavelength
spacing , the evaluation would include errors, so that
measurements corresponding to those in Figure 7 were
carried out for all fibers. This showed the need to take the
measurements and carry out evaluations at the approximate value of that yielded the first minimum value of
conversion efficiency as was increased, and this conclusion was confirmed by measurements made using a
number of different RDFs.
Table 2
Figure 7
Fiber length
L (km)
Nonlinear
Chromatic dispersion
Dispersion slope
coefficient n2/Aeff
@ 1550 nm
@ 1550 nm
(W -1)
(ps/nm/km)
(ps/nm2/km)
0.83 km
1.200
1.20
-15.36
-15.30
-0.053
-0.049
5 km
0.764
1.19
-15.05
-15.30
-0.042
-0.049
10 km
0.520
1.17
-15.35
-15.30
-0.048
-0.049
20 km
0.366
1.39
-15.11
-15.10
-0.039
-0.024
G c = 2 P p 2 L 2 exp(-3 L)
sin(gL)
gL
(12)
and
1
( +4 P p e - L )
4
(13)
When the evaluation was repeated using these equations, it was confirmed that the value of n2/Aeff agreed with
the value obtained by XPM, irrespective of fiber length.
67
7.
68
REFERENCES