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Lecture 20 PDF
Lecture 20 PDF
Lecture 20
Page 1 of 16
Yox, =
OF OFs
OF OFs
=
(1 + OFs ) + (OF OFs )
1 + OF
1
1
1
1
(Fuel) + I (oxidizer) 1 +
(Pr oducts ) +
(Fuel)
OF
OFs
OF OFs
YF, =
1
1
OF OFs
1 1
1
1 +
+
OFs OF OFs
OFs OF
1
( + OF ) OFs
which could be also formally obtained from YOX, by reversing the roles of fuel
and oxidizer (including OF
1
)
OF
Lecture 20
Page 2 of 16
dR
dt
and the main purpose of the analysis is the calculation of from given R and gas
properties. Let Yf (r ) , Ypr (r ) by the mass fractions of fuel and of combustion
products in the region R < r < rFl between the drop and the flame location (no
oxidizer is to be found there, so Yf + Ypr = 1). These two constituents are both
convected by the mean outwards flow, and diffuse according to their
concentration gradients. Since the products do not penetrate the drop surface,
the net outflow of fuel at radius r is equal to the total mass flow, and is given by
Yf 4 r2 Df
dYf
=
dr
where Df is the diffusivity in the products. The net flux of products remain zero in
this region (but not their concentration Ypr = 1 Yf ). Imposing that Yf approaches
zero at the flame radius, the above equation integrates to
Yf = 1 e
1 1
f
r rFl
where
f =
4 ( Df )
While this gives information about the composition of the gas near the
droplet, the more important results come from a similar mass balance outside the
flame radius (r > rF).
Lecture 20
Page 3 of 16
Assume cp
cp
OX
cpprods.
k+
, g D
k
cP
Yox = 4 r 2 D
dYox
= -i
dr
(1)
or
dYox
i
+
Yox =
d (1 r ) 4 D
4 D
Define
4 D
Cp
4 k
Yo x = (i + Yox, ) e
16.512, Rocket Propulsion
Prof. Manuel Martinez-Sanchez
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Lecture 20
Page 4 of 16
rF
= ln 1 + ox,
rF
i
(6)
We now need the heat flux balance, both inside and outside the flame:
R < r <rF - Taking T = Tv as the (temporary) enthalpy zero, the convected heat
flow inside the flame, where only fuel vapor moves, is cp ( T Tv ) . The conductive
dT
, The total, flowing inward (negative) is used at r = R to vaporize
dr
liquid, at L (latent heat) per unit mass:
flow is 4 r 2 k
dT
= L
dr
(7)
Cp
dT
L
+
( T Tv ) =
d (1 r ) 4 k
4 k
(8)
cp ( T Tr ) 4 r 2 k
again
Lecture 20
Page 5 of 16
T - Tv=
L
cp
R1 1r
1
e
(9)
and, in particular, at r = rF
L
TF - Tv =
cp
1 1
e R rf 1
(10)
which also relates (in ) to rF, but also introduces TF , the flame temperature,
as a third unknown. We will need the heat flux balance for r > rF to complete the
formulation. For this purpose, we now move the enthalpy zero to T=TF, the flame
temperature. The total heat flow (convection plus diffusive) is now
cp ( T TF ) 4 r2 k
dT
dr
and this must be the heat released at the flame front, minus the heat sent
inwards from the flame to the liquid. The former is Q (Q= heat of combustion
per unit fuel mass). The latter would be L , except for the extra cp ( TF Tv )
due to the change of enthalpy references. Altogether,
dT
= Q L cp ( TF Tv )
dr
(11)
cp
dT
Q L cp ( TF Tv )
+
( T TF ) =
d (1 r ) 4 k
4 k
(12)
cp ( T TF ) 4 r 2 k
or
T TF =
Q L cp ( TF Tv )
1 e r + ( T TF ) e r
cp
(13)
Lecture 20
Page 6 of 16
TF T =
Q L cp ( TF Tv ) rF
e
1
cp
(14)
L eR
1
TF Tv =
Yox,
cp
1 +
TF T =
(10)
Q L cp ( TF Tv ) Yox,
cp
(14)
Q L
Y
L eR
L eR
Tv +
1 ox,
1 T =
Yox,
Yox,
cp
cp
cp
i
1 +
1 +
i
i
L
cp
e
1+
Solve for
Yox,
Yox,
Q Yox,
L
+
+ T Tv
1 +
=
i cp
i
cp
(15)
cp
, and use =
:
R
4 k
Q Yox, i + cp (T Tv )
4 k
R ln 1 +
cp
L
(16)
Lecture 20
Page 7 of 16
with B
4 k
R ln 1 + B
cp
(17)
Q Yox, i + cp ( T Tv )
(18)
rF = R
ln (1 + B )
(19)
ln 1 + ox,
i
and to (10) to get TF. From (15), (18), l R = 1 + B , and then, from (10),
TF = Tv +
L B Yox , i
cp 1 + Yox , i
(20)
Lecture 20
Page 8 of 16
Order of Magnitude:
B=
2000J / Kg / K . We calculate
0.15
= 0.0625
2.4
Yox,
rF
TF
Tv +
i
Yox,
Yox,
i
1 , but B
ln (1 + B )
(19)
Q Yox, i
L
B = T +
cp
cp
(20)
Vaporization time - The droplet is actually being consumed, so its radius varies
(on a slower time than the gas transit time), according to
l 4 R 2
dR
=
dt
(21)
e 4 R 2
dR
k
= 4
R ln (1 + B )
dt
cp
R 02 R 2
k
ln (1 + B ) t
=
2
cp
R = R0 1
2 k ln (1 + B )
l cp R 20
Lecture 20
Page 9 of 16
or
R
t
= 1
R0
v
v =
l cp R 20
2 k ln (1 + B )
(22)
v =
2 0.1 ln (1 + 26.8 )
times shorter, or 2.4 104 . To see the significance of this, assume the gas
moves in the combustion chamber at M 0.2 , or ug 240 m / s . A droplet of
radius 50 m would then require a combustor length no less than
240 0.006 = 1.44 m , which is excessive from the mass point of view. A drop of
R 0 = 10m, on the other hand, require only 6 cm to evaporate. This brings out
clearly the importance of good atomization.
Lecture 20
Page 10 of 16
Other cases
For a fuel drop in a fuel-rich background, everything is the same if we make
Q=0 (no flame), and, of course, ignore rF and TF . In fact, the only equation
needed is the r < rF heat flow balance (Eq. 9), which, using T() = T , gives
T Tv =
L
e R 1
cp
cp ( T Tv )
= ln 1 +
R
L
or
4 k
R ln (1 + B )
cp
(as in (17)),
with
B=
cp (T Tv )
L
(F / F Case)
(23)
Lecture 20
Page 11 of 16
(2000 version)
l cp R 20
2 k ln (1 + B )
BF,F =
cp ( T Tv,f )
Lf
Q Yf, + cp ( T Tv,ox )
L ox
(23)
(24)
(notice Q is still the heat of reaction per unit fuel mass). In many cases L ox < L f
(especially for Lox), and also Q is a large quantity appearing in BO,F , but not in
BF,F . So, BO,F
earlier than the fuel drops. For chamber length calculations, then, we focus on
the fuel drops mostly.
Assume fuel drops are injected into the chamber at a velocity uDo. Oxidizer
drops are assumed to vaporize very fast (or to be fully evaporated at injection, as
when Lox is used). At any section prior to fuel vaporization, the fuel liquid
fraction (by flux) is
=
4
A
R 3l nD uD
3
mF
(25)
The number-flux of drops nDuD A is conserved, so R3 and from (22), since the
initial is unity,
32
t
= 1
(26)
ug
(1 ) mF + mox
=
g A
(27)
Lecture 20
Page 12 of 16
m
u2 =
g 2 A
(28)
If the molecular mass difference between fuel and oxidizer fuel and oxidizer
vapors is ignored (consistent with earlier approximations), and g , Tg are nearly
uniform, then we treat g as a constant, and so
or
ug
mF
u2
ug
(1 ) +
mox
1 + O /F
1 + O /F
(29)
32
u2
t
1 + O / F 1
v
1 + O /F
(30)
O /F
u2 , which is
1 + O /F
duD
4
R 3 l
= 6 R g (ug uD )
3
dt
(31)
Re l =
2 R 20 l
9 g
(32)
R duD
Re l
= ug uD
R 0 dt
(33)
v
=b
Ru
uD
=
u2
(34)
Lecture 20
Page 13 of 16
(35)
u
b
2b
2b
32
= 1 + Do 1
+ (3 2b)(1 + O / F)
2
(3
2b)(1
+
O
/
F)
(36)
L =
u dt = u ( ) d
D
(37)
2 v
L
1 uDo
25
=
+ 1
b
u2 v 1 + b u2
1 + O / F
(38)
Notice that, from (22) and (32), the parameter b can be written as
b=
or
l cp R 20
v
=
Re l 2 k ln (1 + B )
b=
1
2 l R 20
9 g
Pr
9
4 ln(1 + B)
9 ( gcp / k )
4 ln (1 + B )
(39)
Lecture 20
Page 14 of 16
x
2 u2 v
As an example, for the middle graph 0 = 0.5 , so using O/F = 0 in Eq. (38)
we calculate 2 =
L
1
=
(0.5 0.6 0.5) or 2 = 0.267 . This coincides
2 u2 v
2 1.5
Evolution of evaporating droplet size and velocity. Here the reference vref for
velocity is that of the gas after complete evaporation, and for length, lref = 2 vref v
Lecture 20
Page 15 of 16
References-Cont.
18. R.D. Sutton, W.S. Hines and L.P. Combs, Development and Application of a
Comprehensive Analysis of Liquid Rocket Combustion, AIAA JI., Vol. 10, no.
2, Feb. 1972, pp. 194203.
19. P-Y Liang, S. Fisher and Y.M. Chang, Comprhensive Modelling of Liquid
Rocket Combustion Chamber. J. of Propulsion, Vol. 2, no.2, March-April
1986, pp 97-104.
20. M.S. Raju and W. A Sirignano, Multicomponent Spray Computations in a
Modified Centerbody Combustor, J. Propulsion Vol. 6, No. 2, pp 97-105,
March-April 1990.
21. F.A. Williams, Combustion Theory, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Inc.,
2nd Ed., 1985.
22. W.A. Sirignano, Fuel Droplet Vaporization and Spray Combustion Theory,
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 9, 1983, pp.291-322.
23. D.B. Spaulding, Aero. Quarterly, 10, 1. (1959). See also Ref. 21, Sec. 11.15.
24. H.H. Chiu, H.Y. Kim and E.J. Croke,Internal Group Combustion of liquid
Droplets, Proc. 19th International Symposium on Combustion, 1983.
25. P.Y. Liang, R.J. Jensen and Y.M. Chang, Numerical Analysis of SSME
Preburner Injector Atomization and Combustion Process. J. of Propulsion,
Vol. 3, No. , Nov-Dec.1987, pp. 508-514.
26. D.T. Harrje and F.H. Reardon (Editors). Liquid Propellant Rocket Combustion
Instability, NASA SP-194, 1972.
27. R. Bhatia and W.A. Sirignano, One dimensional Analysis of Liquid-Fueled
Combustion Instability, J. of Propulsion, Vol 7, No. 6, Nov-Dec. 1991, pp
953-961.
28. G.A. Flandro, Vortex Driving Mechanism in Oscillatory Rocket Flows, J. of
Propulsion, Vol. 2, No. , May-June 1986, pp. 206-214.
29. R.J. Priem and D.C. Guentert, Combustion Instability Limits Determined by a
Non linear Theory and a One-dimensional Model. NASA TND-1409, Oct.
1962.
30. M. Habiballa, D. Lourme and F. Pit. PHEDRE-Numerical Model for
Combustion Stability Studies Applied to the Ariane Viking Engine. J.
Propulsion, Vol. 7, no. 3, May-June 1991, 322-329.
31. T. Poinsot, F. Bourienne, S. Candel and E. Esposito, Suppression of
Combustion Instabilities by Active Control. J. Propulsion, Vol.5, No. 1, JanFeb. 1989, pp. 14-19.
32. NASA SP-8113, Liquid Rocket Combustion Stabilization Devices, Nov. 1974.
Lecture 20
Page 16 of 16