Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 25
Lecture 25
Lecture 25
PP = mox
POP
oP ox
+ mF
PFP
FP F
(1)
where POP and PFP are the pressure rise in the oxidizer pump (OP) and fuel pump
(FP), respectively which have efficiencies OP , FP . Also ox , F are the liquid densities.
If the gas generator mass flow rate is mGG , the (single) turbine power is
'
PT = mGG T cP' TnTT
(2)
' 1
'
(3)
which depends on pressure ratio Pie / Pn and GG gas specify heat ratio, ' . Also, cP' is
the specific heat of this gas, and Tti its temperature, which is controlled through
stoichiometry to values acceptable by uncooled turbines (700-1100K).
Ref. 41: Turbopump System for Liquid Rocket Engines. NASA SP-8107, Aug. 1974.
16.512, Rocket Propulsion
Prof. M. Martinez-Sanchez
Lecture 25
Page 1 of 11
Equating PP and PT yields the required mGG . Suppose now the turbine exhaust is
expanded to the same exit pressure Pe as the main flow. The exhaust speed is then
cGG =
' 1
(4)
where
'
Tt .out = Tn 1 T TT
(5)
This speed is generally lower than the main flow exit speed,
c =
2 c p Tc
= 1 (Pe / Pc )
(6)
where cp and belong to the nozzle gas, and Pc , Tc , are the chamber pressure and
temperature. The relative Isp loss is:
Lecture 25
Page 2 of 11
Isp
Isp
c
mGG
1 GG
c
m
(7)
and can be calculated once the turbine exhaust pressure Pte (and hence the turbine
pressure ratio) is selected. A tradeoff is involved here: if Pte is not very low, too
mGG
cGG
in Eq. 7). An optimum can
c
therefore be found.
As an example, consider the LOX-RP1 F-1 cycle, for which mox =1844 Kg/sec,
mF = 777 Kg / sec, POP = 1.06 107 N / m2 , PFP = 1.24 107 N / m2 , Tti = 1061 K and
OP = 0.746, FP = 0.726, T = 0.605. Also, ox = 1145 Kg / m3 , F = 810 Kg / m3 . The GG
is estimated to have ' = 1.35 and cp' = 2140 J / Kg / K , while the main gas has
= 1.25, cP = 2080 J / Kg / K . The chamber pressure is Pc = 95 atm, and at the exit, Pe
= 0.68 atm. Use of the equations above yields, after some searching, an optimum
I
turbine pressure ratio of 23, for which sp = -0.0111. The actual F-1 engine had a
Isp
turbine pressure ratio of 16.4.
(b) The Expander Cycle
For engines, utilizing hydrogen (and possible methane) as fuel, the gas
generator can be eliminated. Instead, the fuel is simply routed from the exit manifold
of the nozzle cooling circuit to the turbine inlet. This is possible because hydrogen is
supercritical at the pump exit, and it simply expands smoothly into an ordinary gas
as it picks up heat. The resulting Expander Cycle is simple and efficient (the fuel is
fully utilized in the thrust chamber). This cycle is used in the RL-10 engine and in the
start-up sequence of the Japanese LE-5 engine (which then transitions to gasgeneratory operation).
The principle limitation of this cycle is the relativity small amount of heat
available from regenerative cooling, which limits applicability to chambe pressures
under approximately 70 atm. A simple analysis can demonstrate this point. The
pump power is given by Eq. (1) and the power derived from the fuel-driven turbine is
F 1
F
P
inj
PT = mFT cPF T i 1
P
i
(8)
where Pinj , the injector pressure, is also the turbine exhaust pressure. The turbine
Lecture 25
Page 3 of 11
inlet pressure Pn , is related to the fuel pump pressure rise PFP and the cooling
circuit loss, Pcool by
(9)
while the oxidizer pump has POP = Pinj PTK . The shaft power balance then gives
(O / F )
F 1 TK
+
ox OP
T + cool TK
=
FP
F 1
1 T F
(10)
where
Pinj
Pti
, and = T
F cPF Tti
Pinj
(11)
exists. The turbine inlet temperature Tti is 200K in the RL-10. Using also
Lecture 25
Page 4 of 11
Lecture 25
Page 5 of 11
turbine exhaust is ducted to the main combustor injectors, together with the
remaining LOX (SSME) or kerosene (RD-170). The choice of fuel-rich preburners is
precluded by carbon deposits on turbine blades and other surfaces when
hydrocarbon fuel is involved.
Lecture 25
Page 6 of 11
Lecture 25
Page 7 of 11
(12)
where PPB is the pressure drop in the pre-burner (mainly associated with injection).
The required rise in the oxidizer booster pump is then
(13)
POP
POBP
rPB hOTK +
+
0 OP 0 OBP
r
PFP
+ Qcool + PB h f = (1 + rPB ) CPti (Tti T ref )
+ hFTK +
rst
F FP
(14)
where hOTK and hFTK are the enthalpies of oxidizer and fuel in their tanks (this ignores
the low pressure booster pumps) rst is the stoichiometric O/F ratio and hf the fuel
heat value at the reference temperature Tref . The specific heat of the fuel-rich burnt
gas is cpti. Eq. (14) can be solved for rPB if PFP is assumed known.
Lecture 25
Page 8 of 11
Lecture 25
Page 9 of 11
PFP
F FP
where
FT
= S F (1 + rPB ) c pti Tn FT
r ' 1
r'
P
1 i
Pti
' = ti
(15)
similar balance can be written for the oxidizer turbopump, and, by division, we can
solve for the fuel split SF.
P
P
S F = 1 + FT F FP r OP + rPB OPB
OPB
OT 0 PFP OP
(16)
After rPB has been calculated from (14), SF is given by (16), and then (15) can be
used as a check on the assumed PFP . In reality, an outer iteration loop is required
by the fact that ' and cpti themselves depend sensitively upon the preburner
stoichiometry, rPB. With the approximations cpH2 7.67 cal / mol / K , and
c pH 2o 10.63 cal / mol / K
'=
7.67+0.37rPB
5.68+0.37rPB
(17)
cti =
'
R
; M = 2 (1+rPB) g / mol
' 1 M 1
(18)
Tref = 0 K
hOTK hFTK 0
and also
r = 6, rst = 8, POTK =2 atm PFTK =1 atm, h f = 1.21x108 J/Kg, Tti =1100 K, FP = 0.741
op =0.781, OBP = 0.696, FT = 0.790, OT = 0.729,
Pcool = 0.15 Pc , PPB =0.05 Pc ,
Qcool =7.40105 J/kg, Pi =Pi -Pc = 0.1 Pc
As shown in Fig. 6, the pressure rise in the fuel pump increases more steeply than
the chamber pressure, just as it did in the expander cycle. However, very high
pressures are now attainable. The PFP for the SSME is shown for reference. Notice
how the pre-burner stoichiometry is essentially fixed by Tti , and does not vary much
over the pressure range.
Lecture 25
Page 10 of 11
Lecture 25
Page 11 of 11