Amanda Whiting

Lyra Hilliard
English 101 BL02
March 25, 2014
Stasis Grid
Stasis Grid

Author Info

Source Type

Categorical

Definitional

Causal

Evaluation

Action

Jurisdiction

Up to three names,
write them all; 4+,
write first name et
al. (i.e., Smith et
al.)

(popular, scholarly,
trade, government)

Does X exist?

Is X a Y?

Does X cause Y?
Is Y a result of X?

Is it good or bad? Fair

or unfair? Harmful or
beneficial?

What should be
done about X?

Who is responsible?

1. Santina, Alex
Della

"The Problem
with Adderall."

college student

Article for
University
newspaper

Assumption by
students that
ADHD
medication is
just a way for
people to
supernaturally
boost their
grades.

Abuse of
ADHD
medications
adds to the
stigma of the
realness of
disorders;

Adderall abuse
perpetuates the
misconception
that this drug is
just a nifty study
strategy.

Adderall abuse
is an issue on
all college
campuses (in
this article,

Recreational
abuse makes
the drugs
harder to
obtain for
people who

For the
uninformed/pres
cribed, this
means possible
health as well as
legal
consequences.

specifically
Colombia).

2 Grohol, John
M., Psy.D.
medical doctor,
psychologist,
and founder of
online mental
health websites

Is Taking
Adderall to
Boost College
Brain
Performance
Cheating?

3. Jacobs,
Andrew

Blog post for

mental health
website
"The Adderall
Advantage."

reporter for the

New York
Times

Article for the

New York
Times

4. Manriquez,
Pablo.

Adderall &
Me: The Good,
The Bad, and

33 percent of
students said
they did not
think taking an
ADHD is a
form of
cheating, but 41
percent do. The
rest are
undecided.

Adderall is
being used
recreationally,
but the drug
actually has a
positive impact
in other areas.
Amphetamines
like Adderall
have actually
shown no
potential for
addiction
whatsoever and
are not as
dangerous as
many people
think.
Although
Adderall is
abused and has

actually need
them.

Someone who
takes a
cognitive
enhancement
without a real
medical
disorder is
cheating; its
an unfair
advantage.
Students say
Adderall is a
legitimate way
to get through
the rigors of a
hectic
academic and
social life.

Stilldeveloping
neural
pathways are
affected by this
drug use, could
possibly stunt
growth.

Taking drugs to
try to improve
grades shows a
lack of discipline
and diligence.

How can we
inform
students of the
health risks
and legal risks
of taking these
medications?

Drugs have
given
assistance to
students with
learning
disabilities,
who have
finally been
able to achieve
academic
success.

Doctors have
no way of
knowing who
is faking
symptoms of
ADHD in order
to obtain a
prescription for
these study
drugs. There is
no blood test.

Adderall is a
prescription for
(usually long-

Adderall
caused
including

Many doctors
say that
Adderall is

Reporter for fox

news

The Ugly."
Personal article
by a reporter
for a news
website

5. Yanes,
Arianna
Special to CNN

"Just Say Yes?

The Rise of
'study Drugs' in
College CNN.com."
Article for an
online news
source

serious side
effects, it can
help people in
more than one
sense.

term)
amphetamine
salts given
those who have
been diagnosed
with attentiondeficit
hyperactivity
disorder
(ADHD).

College
students are
using
prescription
medicine to aid
in study habits.

Prescription
ADHD
medications
can include
Adderall,
Ritalin, and
Vyvanse

The number of
students who
use these study
drugs to
improve their
grades is

30% of
students use
stimulants nonmedically, and
the number
increases

insomnia,
agitation,
addiction, and
lack of energy

forever and
prescriptions
are usually
long-term.

ADHD
medication
helped writer
achieve not
only academic
success, but
also success as
an athlete as
well as in a
social sense.
Studies have
shown a sharp
increase in
emergency
room visits
related to
ADHD
medication.
Students
overlook the
serious legal
and health
costs that
accompany
Adderall abuse

The biggest
concern is how
the numbers have
risen dramatically
over the past
decade when it
comes to students
who utilize these
medications to
study.

climbing
dramatically.

dramatically
when looking
at
upperclassmen.

Author Info

Source Type

Categorical

ADHD
stimulants
helps the brain
use its power
more
effectively by
increasing the
amount of
certain
neurotransmitte
rs (dopamine,
epinephrine,
and
norepinephrine
).
Definitional

Up to three names,
write them all; 4+,
write first name et
al. (i.e., Smith et
al.)

(popular, scholarly,
trade, government)

Does X exist?

Is X a Y?

6.
Peterkin,
Alexander L., et
al.

Cognitive
Performance
Enhancement:
Misuse or SelfTreatment?

The misuse of
ADHD
medications is
an increasing
trend among
college
students and
research shows
that this
nonmedical use
ranges
anywhere from
0% to 25% of

Scholarly
Journal

Causal

Evaluation

Action

Jurisdiction

Does X cause Y?
Is Y a result of X?

Is it good or bad? Fair

or unfair? Harmful or
beneficial?

What should be
done about X?

Who is responsible?

Research
shows nonmedical misuse
of Adderall and
other similar
medication
might be linked
to undiagnosed
ADHD, as
71% of those
who misuse the
drugs actually
have ADHD

The stigma of
having a mental
disorder keeps
those with
legitimate ADHD
disorders from
seeking treatment
and getting the
help they need.

7. Snider, Vickie
E., Tracey C.
Busch, and
Linda Arrowood

Teacher
Knowledge of
Stimulant
Medication and
ADHD
Scholarly
Journal

8. Greely,
Henry, et al.

all college
students in the
U.S.

symptoms.

Teachers have
limited
knowledge of
ADHD
disorder and
the medication
used to treat it

Because of the
cyclical pattern
of the referral
and diagnostic
process, a
referral will
often result in a
diagnosis and
treatment with
stimulant drug
medication.

Teachers and
doctors must
ensure that the
right students
are diagnosed
with this
disorder rather
than overdiagnosing a
population of
children.

Cognitive
enhancement
might prove
itself
increasingly
useful for
improved
quality of life,
including work
productivity.

Society needs
to develop
policies that
address the
use of
cognitiveenhancing
drugs by
healthy
individuals.

Adderall abuse
is self-reported,
so the actual
extent of abuse
on a campus
cannot be
accurately

Colleges need
to take action
against drug
abuse- they
need to
educate their
students and

"Towards the
Responsible
Use of
CognitiveEnhancing
Drugs by the
Healthy."

Mentally
competent
adults should
be able to
utilize
cognitive
enhancing
drugs and
should not be
penalized for
cheating.

Scholarly
Jounral
9.
Varga, Matthew
D
University
employee

Adderall
Abuse On
College
Campuses: A
Comprehensive
Literature
Review.

Prescription
drug abuse has
increased
dramatically
over the past
10 years.

Teachers are
responsible for
staying up to
date with
ADHD
research and
knowledge
because they
are usually an
integral part in
initial
screening and
diagnosis.
physicians,
educators,
regulators

Colleges and
universities

known.
Therefore,
populations
cant be
accurately
targeted to
combat abusive
behavior.
During times
of academic
stress, there is
an increase in
non-medical
Adderall usage,
with some
variability.

Scholarly
Journal

10. Moore,
David R., et al

Author Info
Up to three names,
write them all; 4+,
write first name et
al. (i.e., Smith et
al.)

Psychostimula
nt Use Among
College
Students
During Periods
Of High
and Low Stress:
An
Interdisciplinar
y Approach
Utilizing Both
Self-Report and
Unobtrusive
Chemical
Sample Data.
Scholarly
Journal
Source Type
(popular, scholarly,
trade, government)

Cognitive
drugs are
actively abused
by college
students
everywhere.

staff and
change the
perception
students have
of these
stimulant
drugs.
It is clear that
college students
use Adderall as a
way to boost
grades and
perceive it as a
tool for cognitive
enhancement
rather than
medication for a
mental disorder.

Categorical

Definitional

Causal

Evaluation

Action

Jurisdiction

Does X exist?

Is X a Y?

Does X cause Y?
Is Y a result of X?

Is it good or bad? Fair

or unfair? Harmful or
beneficial?

What should be
done about X?

Who is responsible?

11. Jardin,
Bianca, Alison
Looby, and
Mitch
Earleywine

Characteristics
of College
Students with
Attention
Deficit
Hyperactivity
Disorder
Symptoms
Who Misuse
Their
Medications.

42% of people
diagnosed with
ADHD report
misusing or
abusing their
medication.

Scholarly
Journal

12. Moline,
Scott, and
William
Frankenberger.

Use of
Stimulant
Medication For
Treatment Of
AttentionDeficit/Hyperac
tivity Disorder:
A Survey of
Middle and
High School
Students
Attitudes.
Scholarly
Journal

Students are
diagnosed with
ADHD at
young ages,
and are started
on their
medication
extremely
early.

Those who
have
experience in
illicit drug use
are more likely
to misuse their
medication and
also selfreported on the
use of other
drugs, such as
marijuana, and
even cocaine.
Those who
misuse their
medication
also see
significant
increases in the
hyperactivity
of their
disorders.
For middle
school and
high school
students with
ADHD,
Adderall has a
positive effect
on their day to
day lives- their
parents and
friends seemed
to like them
more while on
their
medication

Adderall may be
perceived as a
gateway drug.
Misuse of
Adderall might be
connected to
increased
symptoms of
ADHD over time.

Adderall has only

social, and
medical benefits.

Educators and
medical
personnel

rather than off.

13. Terbeck,
Sylvia.

Why Students
Bother Taking
Adderall:
Measurement
Validity of SelfReports.
Scholarly
Journal

medications
enable
academic
performance
enhancement
through effects
on cognitive
processes

Students noted
academic
achievement
not a result of
Adderall at a
middle and
high school
level.
Changes in
emotional
states are a
crucial factor
as to why
ADHD
medication
works as a
study aid.

14. United
States Drug
Enforcement
Administration

"Drug
Scheduling."

Adderall is a
Schedule II
Drug.

Schedule II
drugs have a
high potential
for abuse and
dependence

15. Schwarz,
Alan

"Attention
Disorder or
Not, Pills to
Help in
School."

Adderall has
implications
for academic
success.

Low income
school systems
cannot change
a students
environment,
so some
professionals
see Adderall as
a way to
adequately

Adderall can no
longer be seen as
just a study aid
with such
benefits to
emotional state
and students
well-being,
including social
aspects and
overall happiness

Adderall is seen
as a cheap way to
boost academic
performance in
struggling areas

modify the
learning
system through
the student.