List the Control Charts for Attributes

Reply:

Attribute control charts are good for displaying count data such as: the number of defects.

P-Charts
NP-Charts
C-Charts
U-Charts

Define Discrete Random Variable.

Reply:

"A discrete variable is a variable which can only take a countable number of values. In
this example, the number of heads can only take 4 values (0, 1, 2, 3) and so
the variable is discrete."

Variable Control Charts Vs. attributes Conrol Charts

COL LA PS E

When do we use Variable Control Charts?

When do we use Attribute Control Charts?
Reply:
Variable control charts use measurements (time, money, length, width, depth, weight,
etc.).
When looking at data, variable measurements often have one or more decimal places (e.g.,
74.05).

The most common type of variable control charts are X charts:

XmR - Individuals and Moving Range Control Chart (especially useful in service
industries)
X bar R - Average and Range Control Chart
X bar S - Average and Standard Deviation Control Chart
X Median R - Median and Range Control Chart
I-MR-R - Individuals, Moving Range (between) and Range (within) Control Chart

Less common types of variable control charts include:

ANOM - Analysis of Means Control Chart
Cusum - Cumulative Sum Control Chart

EWMA - Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Chart

Levey Jennings Control Chart
Moving Average Control Chart

Attribute (e.g., counted defects, mistakes, errors, etc.)

Attribute type control charts use counted data (number of defects, mistakes, errors, injuries,
etc.)
When looking at your data, attribute data is always an integer (e.g., 1, 3, 5).

Common attribute type control charts include:

c Control Chart
np Control Chart
p Control Chart (fraction defective) and q control chart
u Control Chart (number defective)

Other attribute control charts include:

g chart for infrequent events
t chart template- Time Between control chart

from website: http://www.qimacros.com/control-chart/control-chart-types/

Control Charts for Variables

COL LA PS E

List the Control Charts for Variables and provide examples for each.
Reply:

Control Charts are used to regularly onitor a process to determine whether it is in control.
Minitab Assistant includes two of the most widely used control charts for data:"
Xbar-R or Xbar-s
These charts are used when collected data are collected in subgroups. Minitab uses the
pooled standard deviation to estimate within-subgroup standard deviation.
*The R chart provides an effective estimate of variation for subgroups of size up to
approximately 10.
* S Charts for larger subgroup sizes, an S Chart provides a better estimate of individual
within-subgroup standard deviation. To follow Minitab past conventions and to be
conservative, Minitab recommends an S Chart when the subgroup size is greater than 8. For
subgroup sizes less than or equal to 8, the R and S provide similar results.
Individuals and Moving Range (I-MR) Chart, this chart is used when there are no
subgroups. Minitab uses an average moving range method of length 2 to estimate the
standard deviation.
http://support.minitab.com/enus/minitab/17/Assistant_Variables_Control_Charts.pdf

Null Hypothesis-Alternative Hypothesis

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Define Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis and give

examples for each.
Reply:

I found this web site that I thought explained things well: below:
https://explorable.com/null-hypothesis
The simplistic definition of the null is as the opposite of the alternative hypothesis, H 1,
although the principle is a little more complex than that. The null hypothesis (H 0) is a
hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify. The 'null' often refers to
the common view of something, while the alternative hypothesis is what the researcher
really thinks is the cause of a phenomenon. The simplistic definition of the null is as the
opposite of the alternative hypothesis, H1, although the principle is a little more complex
than that. The null hypothesis (H0) is a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove,
reject or nullify. The 'null' often refers to the common view of something, while the
alternative hypothesis is what the researcher really thinks is the cause of a phenomenon. An
experiment conclusion always refers to the null, rejecting or accepting H 0 rather than H1.
Despite this, many researchers neglect the null hypothesis when testing hypothesis, which is
poor practice and can have adverse effects.

Examples of the Null Hypothesis

A researcher may postulate a hypothesis: H1: Tomato plants exhibit a higher rate of growth
when planted in compost rather than in soil. And a null hypothesis:H0: Tomato plants do not
exhibit a higher rate of growth when planted in compost rather than soil. It is important to
carefully select the wording of the null, and ensure that it is as specific as possible. For example,
the researcher might postulate a null hypothesis:H0: Tomato plants show no difference in growth
rates when planted in compost rather than soil. There is a major flaw with this H0. If the plants
actually grow more slowly in compost than in soil, an impasse is reached. H1 is not supported,
but neither is H0, because there is a difference in growth rates. If the null is rejected, with no
alternative, the experiment may be invalid. This is the reason why science uses a battery of
deductive and inductive processes to ensure that there are no flaws in the hypotheses.

Many scientists neglect the null, assuming that it is merely the opposite of the alternative, but it
is good practice to spend a little time creating a sound hypothesis. It is not possible to change any
hypothesis retrospectively, including H0.

Significance Tests
If significant test generate 95% or 99% likelihood that the results do not fit the null hypothesis,
then it is rejected, in favor of the alternative. Otherwise, the null is accepted. These are the only
correct assumptions, and it is incorrect to reject, or accept, H1.Accepting the null hypothesis does
not mean that it is true. It is still a hypothesis, and must conform to the principle of falsifiability,
in the same way that rejecting the null does not prove the alternative.

Perceived Problems with the Null

The major problem with the H0 is that many researchers, and reviewers, see accepting the null
as a failure of the experiment. This is very poor science, as accepting or rejecting any hypothesis
is a positive result. Even if the null is not refuted, the world of science has learned something
new. Strictly speaking, the term failure, should only apply to errors in the experimental design,
or incorrect initial assumptions.

Development of the Null

The Flat Earth model was common in ancient times, such as in the civilizations of the Bronze
Age or Iron Age. This may be thought of as the null hypothesis, H0, at the time.
H0: World is Flat. Many of the Ancient Greek philosophers assumed that the sun, moon and
other objects in the universe circled around the Earth. Hellenistic astronomy established the
spherical shape of the earth around 300 BC.
H0: The Geocentric Model: Earth is the center of the Universe and it is Spherical. Copernicus
had an alternative hypothesis, H1 that the world actually circled around the sun, thus being the

center of the universe. Eventually, people got convinced and accepted it as the null, H0. H0: The
Heliocentric Model: Sun is the center of the universe. Later someone proposed an alternative
hypothesis that the sun itself also circled around the something within the galaxy, thus creating a
new H0. This is how research works - the H0 gets closer to the reality each time, even if it isn't
correct, it is better than the last H0.
https://explorable.com/null-hypothesis

Discuss Minitab Chapter 6

Reply:
Minitab chapter 6 Navigating the session window you can edit, format, print, save,
copy and paste text. Most of these steps are similar to other software programs.
Like selecting area of interest by highlighting/selecting the text, then copy and
pasting or choosing to change or format text If session window is in read only mode,
then it needs to be changed to editable before making changes. To change session
window to editable, choose editor, and then make output editable.

COL LA PS E

Go to the Web Links on the Control Panel and click on the

Basic Statistics site:
Study "Confidence Intervals". Respond to the following
questions using EXAMPLES on the DB Forum 7:
Confidence Interval,
Confidence Limits,
Confidence Level,
Confidence Interval for a Mean,
Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two
Mean
Reply:

Confidence Interval,
Good explanation link
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/probability/statisticsinferential/sampling_distribution/v/central-limit-theorem

Confidence Limits,-are lower and upper boundaries, defines the range of

confidence intervals.

Confidence Level,-the probability associated with a confidence interval.

Confidence Interval for a Mean,-specifies a range of values within which the

unknown population parameter may lie.

Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Mean

A confidence interval for the difference between two means specifies a range of values
within which the difference between the means of the two populations may lie. These
intervals may be calculated by,
Great explanation at this link, good refresher!
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/probability/statistics-inferential/hypothesistesting-two-samples/v/confidence-interval-of-difference-of-means