Cng ngh c nhm

Trong s cc kim loi c con ngi s dng ph bin ngy nay, nhm l kim loi c bit n
mun nht (khong 100 nm tr li y) so vi cc kim loi khc nh st, ngNhm c s
dng ph bin do tnh kinh t m n em li v n c khi lng ring nh hn gn 3 ln so vi
st, iu ny em li thnh tu ln trong khoa hc v tr cng nh cc ngnh cng nghip
khc khi khi lng ca cc loi my mc gim i rt nhiu m vn m bo c yu cu v
bn. Tt nhin, khi con ngi s dng nhm m cha c hiu bit y v cc tnh cht ca n
s phi i mt vi nhng ri ro m thm ho Titanic l mt minh chng rt r nt.
Phn ln mi ngi u khng bit nhiu v cc qu trnh luyn kim, thm ch mt s nh khoc
hc vt liu cng cha hiu bit nhiu v cc quy trnh sn xut nhm trong cng nghip. Di
y ti xin gii thiu nhng quy trnh chnh, quan trng, trong cng nghip c nhm dng ln
phc v cho rn, dp, cn v c bit phc v trong giao thong vn ti, xy dng
Trc tin, c cc phi c c ln phc v cho cn, rn dp thng kich thc ln 2.5mx0.6m,
c c bng nhiu cch. Ph bin l nhm lng t l trung, rt ra gu rt, ri c rt vo
khun c c nc lm ngui, c gi l c bn lin tc. Cc loi phi c ln c ct mt lp
b ngoi trc khi bt u cn (do c thin tch ng c, lp ngoi cng s c c tnh km,
thng ct i khong 5mm). C mt s cng ngh c bng bng ti (belt caster) th thng dung
c lin tc cc loi phi nhm c chiu dy khong 100mm, rng n 1m, v s c dn my
cn lin tc ni ngay sau my c bng ti cn ra cc loi tm nhm mng t vi cm cho n
vi mm (cc loi giy nhm dung gi thc n).
Quy trnh cng ngh c v nh l cng n gin, nhng thc cht, vn quan trng u tin
phi s l c th c nhng sn phm nhm dung trong i sng: s l nhm lng trc khi rtc. Ta thy, trong qu trnh vn chuyn, cht liu vo l nu, va k c khi nhm nng chay
nhit cao (khong 700-800 0C, chng ta lun phi i mt vi m khng kh, y l cn
cha k n c th c nc aln vo t nhm nguyn liu. Nc bay hi s tc dng vi kim loi,
to oxit v hydro ho tan trong kim loi lng. Nhm lng ho tan rt ln H2, 100g nhm chuyn
t trng thi lng sang trnh thi rn s thot ra 2.2cm3. Lng hydro ho tan trong nhm
thng cn li l khong 0.05cm3/100g, s to thnh cc l hng bn trong kim loi, v s nh
hng nh mt loi nt, lm nh hng n c tnh. Do vy, nhm c th s dng nhm
thng phm,chng ta phi kh hydro n mc thp. Mt phng php hay c s dng l thi
kh tr Ar vo trong kim loi lng, kh tr s hnh thnh cc bong bong ni len trn b mt thot
ra ngoi m khng phn ng vi kim loi to oxit, song song vi qu trnh , khi hydro ho tan
trong nhm lng khuch tn vo v i ra cng cc bt kh tr. Mt phng php khc cng c
s dng l trn ln mt phn kh Cl2 cng vi kh Ar, khi thi vo clo s tc dng vi cc kim loi
kim, v nh vy s loi b c mt s tp cht ho tan trong kim loi lng. Phng php ny s
phi ch n vn d mi trng, trnh kh clo thot ra mi trng khi cha c lc.
Khi nhm lng c kh kh v c, vn l cc bin gii ht s tp trung cc tp cht c nhit
chy thp - nguyn nhn ca cc vt nt. Nh vy chng ta cn phi s l nhm trc khi rt
iu khin kch thc ht . c mt s nghin cu v thc nghim cho thy vic s dng hp
kim trung gian 5%Ti-1%B-Al cho kt qu rt tt trong vic bin tinh lm nh mn ht. Thi gian
bin tnh cng l mt yu t quan trng pht huy caco nht hiu qu ca cht bin tnh, ng
thi phn b cc ht TiB2 ng u, trnh cc thin tch xy ra.Cc ht TiB2 s ng vai tr l cc
tm mm kt tinh trong qu trnh ng c.
Cc nguyn t hp kim c th c cho vo nhm lng tu theo yu cu ch to hp kim phc v

cho cc mc ch ring: Mg, Si, Cu, Zn, Mn

Khng c quy trnh kh kh, bin tnh lm nh mn ht, hp kim nhm khng th c nhng ng
dng nh ngy nay, chng ta khng th c nhng chuyn bay n khp ni trn th gii