Braced & un-braced frames

Braced frames use trussing to resist sideways

forces on buildings. Trussing, or triangulation, is
formed by inserting diagonal structural members
into rectangular areas of a structural frame. It
helps stabilize the frame against sideways forces
.from earthquakes and strong winds
In a braced frame, bracing is usually provided in every storey of
.the building
Braced Frames - Single Diagonals
If a single diagonal, or brace, is used, it must be able to resist
tension (stretching) and compression (squashing) caused by
.sideways forces in both directions on a frames

Cross Bracing
If two diagonals are used, in the form of cross-bracing, they only
need to resist tension. This is because one brace is in tension for
the sideways force in one direction on the frame, while the other
brace is in tension when the force is reversed. Steel cables can
be used for cross-bracing, as they can be stretched, but not
.d
squashe

The frames without bracing is called un-braced

The frame with bracing
-Un-braced when Vsd/Vcr 0.1
-Braced when

Vsd/Vcr 0.1

Vsd is the design value of total vertical load applied to

.structure
Vcr is the elastic critical vertical load produce sway instability
.of structure, Must allow for 2nd order analysis

second order analysis include both the sway and member

deflection effect by modifying the member stiffness term,
.iteration and convergence procedures are required