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Flexural Analysis and Design of Beamns 5
Flexural Analysis and Design of Beamns 5
Concrete-1
CE-313
εs = ε y
0.003
cb
and fs = f y d- cb
ε cu = 0.003 ε
Strain y
From the internal Force diagram Diagram
C c = 0.85f c '×b × a b
ab = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block when balanced
steel ratio is used.
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb (contd…)
T = A sf y = (ρ b × b × d) × f y
For the longitudinal equilibrium
T = Cc
(ρ b × b × d) × f y = 0.85f c '×b × a b
fc ' a b
ρ b = 0.85 (1)
fy d
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb (contd…)
εcu =
From the strain diagram 0.003
B C
Δ s ABC & ADE cb
A
0.003 εy
= d- cb
cb d − cb
E D
0.003d εy
cb =
0.003 + ε y Strain
Diagram
0.003 Es
cb = ×d×
f Es
0.003 + y
Es
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb (contd…)
0.003E s
cb = ×d
0.003Es + f y
600
cb = ×d
600 + f y
As we know a b = β1 × C b
600
a b = β1 × ×d (2
600 + f y )
Put (2) in
(1)
fc ' 600
ρ b = 0.85 × β1 ×
fy 600 + f y
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at
Ultimate Load Level
1. Tension Controlled Section
A section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension
steel is greater than or equal to 0.005 when the corresponding
concrete strain at the compression face is 0.003.
εcu =
0.003 0.005 0.003
≥
c d−c c
0.003
c≤ d
0.008 d- c
3 3
c≤ d and a ≤ β1 d εs=>0.00
8 8 Strain 5
Diagram
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at
Ultimate Load Level (contd…)
2. Transition Section
The section in which net tensile strain in the extreme tension
steel is greater than εy but less than 0.005 when
corresponding concrete strain is 0.003. εcu =
0.003
c
3
a > β1 d a < ab d- c
8
εy<εs<0.0
Strain 05
Diagram
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at
Ultimate Load Level (contd…)
2. Transition Section (contd…)
ρ<ρ b
a > ab C > Cb
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Strength Reduction Factor (Resistance Factor), Φ
Tension Controlled Section, Φ = 0.9
Compression Controlled Section
0.9
For members with
ties Φ 0.2
Φ = 0.65 +
0.25
0.005 − ε y
( εt − εy ) 0.65
5
Compression
Controlled Transition Tension
ε
Controlled
For transition
section 3
ε s = 0.004 a = β1 d
7
fc ' 3
ρ max = 0.85 × β1
fy 7
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members
(ACI – 10.5.1)
f c ' 1.4
ρ min = ≥
4f y fy
The minimum steel is always provided in structural
members because when concrete is cracked then all load
comes on steel, so there should be a minimum amount of
steel to resist that load to avoid sudden failure.
For slabs this formula gives a margin of 1.1 to 1.5.
This formula is not used for slabs.
Concluded