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Nhập Môn Công Nghệ Phần Mềm
Bin tp bi:
Phm Th Qunh
MC LC
1. Phn mm l g?
2. Vn v tnh chuyn nghip v ng quy tc
3. Mt s m hnh pht trin phn mm
4. Cc hot ng trong quy trnh phn mm
5. Qun l d n
6. Mt s yu cu v nhp mn cng ngh phn mm
7. Yu cu ca ngi s dng
8. Ti liu c t yu cu
9. Phn tch kh thi
10. Pht hin v phn tch yu cu
11. nh gi yu cu
12. Lp k hoch qun l yu cu
13. Cc m hnh Qun l
14. M hnh ng x v my h thng
15. M hnh d liu
16. M hnh i tng,h thng,ng x v tha k
17. Phng php hng cu trc
18. Cc vn v thit k kin trc
19. T chc h thng v cc m hnh
20. Phn r h thng v phn r i tng
21. Cc chin lc iu khin
22. Cc kin trc tham chiu
23. Thit k giao din ngi dng
24. Quy trnh thit k giao din ngi dng
25. Ci tin v bo tr phn mm
26. Cc quy trnh ci tin phn mm
27. Kim th phn mm v quy trinh
28. Kim th h thng ,kim th tch hp v kim th c lp
29. Cc phng php kim th
30. Thit k cc trng hp kim th
31. T ng kim th
Tham gia ng gp
1/105
Phn mm l g?
Khi nim
Phn mm l cc chng trnh my tnh v nhng ti liu lin quan n n nh: cc yu
cu, m hnh thit k, ti liu hng dn s dng Do , chng ta thy rng c im
ca phn mm l tru tng v v hnh.
Cc sn phm phn mm c chia thnh 2 loi:
- Sn phm i tr (Generic Product): c pht trin bn ra ngoi th trng, i
tng ngi s dng l tng i a dng v phong ph. Nhng sn phm phn mm
thuc loi ny thng l nhng phn mm dnh cho my PC.
- Sn phm theo n t hng (Bespoke Product hoc Customised Product): c pht
trin cho mt khch hng ring l theo yu cu. V d: Nhng h thng phn mm
chuyn dng, h tr nghip v cho mt doanh nghip ring l
Mt phn mm mi c th c to ra bng cch pht trin cc chng trnh mi, thay
i v iu chnh cc h thng phn mm i tr hoc ti s dng li cc phn mm
tn ti.
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Tuy nhin, nu chng ta khng s dng mt quy trnh pht trin h thng thch hp th
c th lm gim cht lng ca h thng v tng chi ph xy dng.
M hnh quy trnh pht trin phn mm l g?
M hnh quy trnh pht trin phn mm l mt th hin n gin ca mt quy trnh phn
mm, v n c biu din t mt gc c th.
Sau y l mt s v d v m hnh quy trnh pht trin phn mm:
- M hnh lung cng vic (workflow): m t mt chui cc hnh ng cn phi thc
hin.
- M hnh lung d liu (data-flow): m t lung thng tin.
- M hnh Vai tr/Hnh ng (Role/action): ch ra vai tr ca nhng ngi lin quan
trong quy trnh phn mm v nhim v ca tng ngi.
Ngoi ra, cn c mt s m hnh quy trnh chung cng c xut nh:
- M hnh thc nc (waterfall)
- M hnh pht trin lp li (Iterative development)
- M hnh cng ngh phn mm da thnh phn (Component-based software
engineering).
Xp x 60% chi ph l chi ph xy dng v 40% l chi ph kim th. i vi nhng phn
mm lm theo yu cu ca khch hng, chi ph m rng thng vt qu chi ph xy
dng.
Chi ph bin i tu thuc vo tng loi h thng c xy dng v cc yu cu v c
im ca h thng nh: hiu nng v tin cy ca h thng.
Vic phn b chi ph cng ph thuc vo m hnh pht trin h thng c s dng. Sau
y l bng so snh chi ph ca 3 m hnh ph bin nht, thng c s dng:
M hnh thc nc:
Chi ph ca cc pha c t, thit k, ci t, tch hp v kim th c xc nh mt
cch ring r.
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Ngoi chi ph xy dng, chng ta cn phi mt phn ln chi ph phc v cho vic
thay i phn mm sau khi n c a vo s dng. Chi ph ci tin phn mm thay
i ph thuc vo tng loi phn mm.
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Th no l mt phn mm tt?
t vn
- Bn c thng xuyn s dng phn mm khng?
- Theo bn, th no l mt phn mm tt?
Phn mm phi p ng cc chc nng theo yu cu, c hiu nng tt, c kh nng bo
tr, ng tin cy, v c ngi s dng chp nhn.
- Kh nng bo tr: phn mm phi c iu chnh v m rng tho mn nhng yu
cu thay i.
- Mc tin cy: phn mm phi c tin cy, bo mt v chnh xc.
- Hiu qu: phn mm khng nn s dng lng ph ti nguyn ca h thng.
- Kh nng c chp nhn: ngi s dng phi chp nhn phn mm. iu c ngha
l n phi d hiu, s dng c v tng thch vi cc h thng khc.
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- Chuyn giao: pht trin cc k thut nhm dn ti vic chuyn giao phn mm ti
ngi s dng nhanh hn.
- tin cy: pht trin cc k thut chng minh rng phn mm c ngi s dng
n tin tng.
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Gii thiu
M hnh pht trin phn mm l mt th hin tru tng ca quy trnh phn mm. N
biu din cc c t v quy trnh t nhng kha cnh c th; do , n ch cung cp mt
phn thng tin v quy trnh phn mm.
Phn sau y s trnh by nm m hnh pht trin phn mm ph bin thng c s
dng:
- M hnh thc nc
- M hnh xy dng tin trin
- Cng ngh phn mm da thnh phn
- M hnh pht trin lp li, tng thm
- M hnh xon c
Mc tiu
- Phi hiu r nm m hnh pht trin phn mm c bn.
- Phn bit c s khc nhau gia cc m hnh; u v nhc im ca tng m hnh.
- Bit r i vi loi h thng no th nn p dng m hnh pht trin no cho ph hp.
M hnh thc nc
Cc pha ca m hnh thc nc bao gm:
- Phn tch v xc nh cc yu cu
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Tuy nhin, nhc im ca m hnh xy dng tin trin l: thiu tm nhn ca c quy
trnh; cc h thng thng hng cu trc ngho nn; yu cu cc k nng c bit (V
d: cc ngn ng to ra mu th nhanh chng).
M hnh xy dng tin trin ch nn p dng vi nhng h thng c tng tc mc
nh hoc va; trn mt phn ca nhng h thng ln; hoc nhng h thng c thi gian
chu k tn ti ngn.
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M hnh xon c
Trong m hnh xon c, quy trnh pht trin phn mm c biu din nh mt vng
xon c. Cc pha trong quy trnh pht trin xon c bao gm:
- Thit lp mc tiu: xc nh mc tiu cho tng pha ca d n.
- nh gi v gim thiu ri ro: ri ro c nh gi v thc hin cc hnh ng gim
thiu ri ro.
- Pht trin v nh gi: sau khi nh gi ri ro, mt m hnh xy dng h thng s c
la chn t nhng m hnh chung.
- Lp k hoch: nh gi d n v pha tip theo ca m hnh xon c s c lp k
hoch.
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Gii thiu
Trong quy trnh phn mm gm 4 hot ng c bn. Nhng hot ng ny bao gm:
- c t: cc chc nng ca h thng v nhng rng buc khi vn hnh h thng cn
phi c xc nh mt cch y v chi tit.
- Thit k v ci t: phn mm c xy dng phi tho mn c t ca n.
- nh gi: phn mm phi c nh gi v thm nh m bo rng n tho mn
tt c cc yu cu.
- Ci tin: phn mm cn phi ci tin v iu chnh ph hp vi nhng thay i v
yu cu h thng.
Vi mi m hnh khc nhau th cc hot ng ny cng c t chc theo cc cch
khc nhau. V d, trong m hnh thc nc, chng c t chc mt cch tun t. Trong
m hnh tin trin, cc hot ng ny c th gi ln nhau. Trong cc phn tip sau y,
chng ta s nghin cu c th tng hot ng.
Mc tiu
- Xc nh r nhng cng vic no cn phi lm trong quy trnh pht trin phn mm.
- Tng cng vic c thc hin c th ra sao
- Phi nh mt iu rng: khi xy dng bt k phn mm no, chng ta u phi thc
hin bn cng vic trn. Tuy nhin, vi vic s dng cc m hnh pht trin phn mm
khc nhau th trnh t thc hin cc cng vic trn cng khc nhau.
c t phn mm
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t vn
- Cng vic u tin cn phi lm trong qu trnh xy dng phn mm l g?
- Tm quan trng ca vic c t phn mm.
c t phn mm (hay cn gi l k thut xc nh yu cu) l quy trnh tm hiu v
nh ngha nhng dch v no c yu cu v cc rng buc trong qu trnh vn hnh
v xy dng h thng.
Quy trnh xc nh yu cu bao gm bn pha chnh:
- Nghin cu kh thi: Nghin cu kh thi gip xc nh nhng yu cu ca ngi s
dng c tho mn nhng cng ngh hin ti hay khng. V gc kinh doanh, nghin
cu kh thi nhm xc nh h thng a ra c mang li li nhun khng. Vic nghin
cu kh thi nn c thc hin mt cch nhanh chng v khng qu tn km. Kt qu
ca vic nghin cu kh thi s xc nh c nn tip tc xy dng h thng na hay
khng.
- Phn tch v rt ra cc yu cu: y l quy trnh a ra cc yu cu h thng thng
qua mt s phng php nh: quan st h thng hin ti, phng vn v tho lun vi
ngi s dng, phn tch nhim v, phn tch ti liu hoc h thng c Trong pha
ny, chng ta c th phi xy dng mt hoc nhiu m hnh h thng v cc mu th.
- c t yu cu: Pha ny s t liu ho nhng thng tin thu thp c. C hai loi yu
cu cn c xc nh:
* Yu cu ca ngi s dng: l nhng yu cu bng ngn ng t nhin b sung thm
cho cc biu ca cc dch v m h thng cung cp v cc rng buc vn hnh ca
n. Kiu yu cu ny c vit bi ngi s dng.
* Yu cu h thng: l nhng ti liu c cu trc m t chi tit v cc chc nng, dch
v v cc rng buc vn hnh ca h thng. Yu cu h thng s nh ngha nhng g
cn phi xy dng, cho nn n c th tr thnh bn hp ng gia khch hng v nh
thu.
- nh gi yu cu: pha ny s kim tra li cc yu cu xem chng c ng thc t hay
khng, c thng nht khng, c y khng. Nu pht hin ra li th ta phi chnh sa
cc li ny.
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Thit k phn mm v ci t
t vn
- B qua giai on thit k, sau khi c t v phn tch yu cu, c th thc hin ci t
h thng ngay c khng?
- Vai tr ca bn thit k i vi giai on ci t l g?
Thit k phn mm l qu trnh thit k cu trc phn mm da trn nhng ti liu c
t. Hot ng thit k bao gm nhng cng vic chnh sau:
- Thit k kin trc: Cc h thng con cu thnh ln h thng cn xy dng v mi quan
h gia chng c xc nh v t liu ho.
- c t tru tng: vi mi h thng con, phi c mt bn c t v cc dch v ca n
v nhng rng buc khi n vn hnh.
- Thit k giao din: vi mi h thng con, cc giao din ca n vi nhng h thng con
khc phi c thit k v t liu ho.
- Thit k thnh phn: cc dch v cung cp cho cc thnh phn khc v cc giao din
tng tc vi chng phi c thit k.
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nh gi phn mm
t vn
- Sau khi ci t phn mm, chng ta c th chuyn giao ngay cho ngi s dng c
khng?
- Vai tr ca vic nh gi phn mm l g?
nh gi phn mm hay cn gi l thm tra v nh gi (V&V - Verification and
validation) c s dng ch ra rng h thng thc hin theo ng cc c t v
tho mn mi yu cu ca khch hng.
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nh gi phn mm bao gm cc cng on: kim tra, xem xt li, v kim th h thng.
Kim th h thng tc l cho h thng thc hin trn nhng trng hp c d liu tht
c ly t ti liu c t h thng. Quy trnh kim th gm cc pha sau:
- Kim th thnh phn (n v): cc thnh phn c kim th mt cch c lp, thnh
phn c th l mt chc nng hoc mt i tng hoc mt nhm cc thc th gn kt
vi nhau.
- Kim th h thng: kim th ton b h thng.
- Kim th chp thun: kim th trn d liu ca khch hng kim tra h thng c
p ng tt c cc yu cu ca khch hng hay khng.
Khi chuyn giao h thng cho khch hng th quy trnh kim th beta s c thc hin.
Khch hng s thng bo cc li cho i d n. Nhng li ny s c chnh sa v tip
tc kim th beta hoc chuyn giao thc s cho khch hng.
Ci tin phn mm
t vn
- Sau khi chuyn giao phn mm cho khch hng, th mi cng vic kt thc cha?
- Ci tin phn mm lm g?
- Ti sao khng xy dng h thng mi m li ci tin h thng c?
Khi cc yu cu h thng thay i theo s thay i ca cc yu cu nghip v th phn
mm phi ci tin v thay i h tr khch hng. Thng thng chi ph bo tr v
ci tin thng t hn nhiu so vi chi ph xy dng phn mm.
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Qun l d n
nh ngha v qun l d n
t vn
- xy dng c mt h thng phn mm thnh cng, cn thit phi qun l d n
- Da trn hiu bit ca mnh, hy cho bit qun l d n l g?
- Qun l d n phn mm c ging qun l cc d n khc khng?
Qun l d n phn mm l mt phn quan trng ca cng ngh phn mm. Nu qun
l tt th cha chc d n thnh cng, nhng nu qun l ti th chc chn d n s
tht bi. D n tht bi khi phn mm chuyn giao chm hn so vi k hoch, chi ph
ln hn d tnh, v khng tho mn cc yu cu ra.
Qun l d n phn mm c lin quan ti nhng hot ng nhm m bo chuyn giao
phn mm ng thi hn, ng k hoch v ph hp vi cc yu cu ca t chc pht
trin phn mm.
Qun l d n phn mm c mt s c trng khc bit so vi cc loi d n khc:
- Sn phm l v hnh. Sn phm c kh nng thay i linh ng.
- Cng ngh phn mm khng c tha nhn nh mt quy tc cng ngh c trng thi
chun mc nh cc ngnh cng ngh khc.
- Quy trnh pht trin phn mm khng c chun ho.
- Nhiu d n phn mm l nhng d n ch lm mt ln.
Qun l d n l mt yu cu cn thit v pht trin phn mm lun phi tho mn cc
rng buc v k hoch v chi ph c xc nh bi t chc pht trin phn mm.
Ngi qun l d n phi chu trch nhim lp k hoch v theo di qu trnh thc hin
d n.
Cc hot ng qun l
t vn
- Nhng cng vic phi lm trong Qun l d n l g?
22/105
- Hy tho lun v nhng cng vic . Cho bit cng vic no l quan trng nht.
Cc hot ng qun l d n bao gm:
- Vit k hoch d kin: y l mt cng vic kh phc tp. N m t mc tiu ca d
n, phng php thc hin, c lng thi gian v chi ph
- Lp k hoch d n: lin quan n vic xc nh cc hnh ng, cc mc thi gian v
cc sn phm c to ra.
- Tnh chi ph d n
- iu hnh v xem xt li d n: ngi qun l phi gim st quy trnh thc hin d n,
so snh quy trnh v chi ph thc t vi k hoch nh. Nu iu hnh tt, ngi qun
l d n c th pht hin v khc phc c nhng ri ro tim tng.
- La chn v nh gi c nhn. Vic la chn nhn vin thch hp cho mt d n l rt
kh khn. Khi la chn i d n, ngi qun l d n c th gp phi mt s vn
sau: ngn sch ca d n khng tr cho nhng nhn vin c mc lng cao, khng
c c nhng nhn vin c kinh nghim v trnh thch hp, t chc mun ch nh
mt s nhn vin mi tham gia vo d n ...
- Vit bo co v trnh by.
Tuy nhin, ngy nay chng ta c rt nhiu k thut v cng c c s dng h tr
cho vic qun l d n phn mm.
Lp k hoch d n
Mc tiu
- Hiu r tm quan trng ca vic lp k hoch d n
- Phi bit rng ng vi mi hot ng trong qu trnh pht trin phn mm, chng ta s
phi c mt bn k hoch ring.
- Nm c cu trc ca mt bn k hoch d n pht trin h thng phn mm.
Lp k hoch d n c th l hot ng tn nhiu thi gian nht trong qu trnh qun l
d n. N lit k cc hnh ng t pha khi to cho n khi a ra c h thng. K
hoch phi c theo di thng xuyn, nht l khi c nhng thng tin hoc nhng yu
cu mi xut hin.
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Lch biu ca d n
Mc tiu
- Phi hiu r lp lch biu d n l lm g?
- Nm c mt s quy tc v cc gi khi lp lch biu
- C kh nng p dng biu ct, s mng xy dng lch biu
- C th s dng mt s cng c h tr lp lch biu nh: M.Excel, M.Project
Lp lch biu d n l mt trong nhng cng vic kh khn nht i vi ngi qun l
d n. Ngi qun l phi chia d n thnh nhiu nhim v, c lng thi gian v ti
nguyn cn thit hon thnh tng nhim v.
Khi lp lch biu, ngi qun l nn t chc cc cng vic song song s dng ti u
lc lng lao ng v ti thiu ho s ph thuc ln nhau gia cc nhim v trnh s
chm tr khi mt nhim v phi i nhim v khc hon thnh.
Cht lng ca lch biu ph thuc vo hiu bit v kinh nghim ca ngi qun l. Tuy
nhin, khi lp lch biu chng ta phi ch ti cc vn sau:
- Vic c lng mc kh ca mt vn no v xc nh chi ph gii quyt
n l rt kh khn.
- Kh nng sn xut khng tng ng vi s lng ngi lm vic trong mt nhim v.
- B sung thm ngi vo d n s lm cho n chm hn v giao tip trong d n tr ln
qu ti.
- Nhng s vic xy ra ngoi mong i.
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Kt qu thc hin v d
Mng
hot ng
Theo
thi gian
Theo
cng vic
26/105
Qun l ri ro
Mc tiu
- Phi hiu c ri ro lun lun c th xy ra trong d n v khng th lng trc
c
- Nm c mt s loi ri ro thng gp
- Bit c cc hot ng cn thc hin trong qun l ri ro.
Qun l ri ro lin quan ti vic xc nh ri ro v lp ra cc k hoch ti thiu ho
nh hng ca chng ti d n.
Sau y l mt s loi ri ro thng gp trong qu trnh pht trin h thng phn mm:
- Ri ro ca d n c nh hng ti lch biu v ti nguyn ca d n
- Ri ro ca sn phm nh hng ti cht lng hoc hiu nng ca phn mm s c
xy dng.
- Ri ro thng mi s nh hng ti t chc xy dng phn mm.
qun l ri ro, chng ta cn phi thc hin cc hot ng sau:
- Pht hin ri ro: Pht hin cc loi ri ro c lin quan n: cng ngh, con ngi, t
chc, cc yu cu, c lng.
- Phn tch ri ro: nh gi cc kh nng xy ra ri ro v tnh nghim trng ca n nu
n xy ra.
- Lp k hoch ri ro: Xem xt tng ri ro v pht trin chin lc qun l n. Bao
gm cc chin lc nh: phng trnh - gim kh nng xy ra ri ro, ti thiu ho - gim
nh hng ca ri ro, k hoch bt ng - k hoch ny dnh cho khi ri ro xy ra.
- Kim sot ri ro: nh gi tng ri ro c xc nh mt cch thng xuyn xc
nh kh nng n c th xy ra hay khng v cng ng thi nh gi mc nh hng
ca n. Nhng ri ro chnh nn c tho lun ti cc cuc hp qun l tin trnh.
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Yu cu chc nng
t vn
- xy dng mt h thng c th dng c thc s, trc ht n phi t c yu
cu g?
- Yu cu chc nng c phi l quan trng nht khng?
- Nu ta khng xc nh y , r rng cc yu cu chc nng th s xy ra chuyn g?
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31/105
Yu cu min ng dng
t vn
- Yu cu i vi i pht trin h thng?
- Cc yu cu v lnh vc ng dng ca h thng th thuc vo loi no trong hai loi
trn trnh by?
Yu cu min ng dng c xc nh t min ng dng ca h thng v phn nh cc
thuc tnh v rng buc ca min ng dng. N c th l yu cu chc nng hoc phi
chc nng.
Nu yu cu min ng dng khng c tho mn th c th h thng s khng lm vic
c.
Sau y l mt s vn lin quan n yu cu min ng dng:
- Kh nng c th hiu c: cc yu cu c biu din di ngn ng ca lnh vc
ng dng.
- n : Cc chuyn gia c hiu bit v lnh vc ca h nhng h khng bit cch xy
dng nhng yu cu min ng dng mt cch r rng, mang tnh k thut.
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Mt s k thut c t yu cu h thng
Gii thiu
Ni chung, ngn ng t nhin thng c s dng vit c t yu cu h thng
cng nh yu cu ca ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, yu cu h thng thng chi tit hn
yu cu ca ngi s dng nn c t bng ngn ng t nhin thng gp mt s vn
sau:
- Khng r rng: Ngi c v ngi vit yu cu phi gii thch cc t theo cng mt
ngha. Ngn ng t nhin c bn cht l mp m nn t c yu cu trn l rt kh
khn.
- Qu mm do: vi cng mt vn nhng c nhiu cch khc nhau c t.
- Thiu kh nng m-un ho: cu trc ca ngn ng t nhin khng tng xng vi
cu trc ca cc yu cu h thng.
V nhng l do ny m c t bng ngn ng t nhin thng gy kh hiu. Do ,
chng ta c th s dng mt s phng php c trnh by trong cc phn sau c
t yu cu.
c t bng ngn ng hng cu trc
S dng ngn ng hng cu trc s yu cu ngi vit c t tun theo nhng mu
c nh ngha trc. Tt c cc yu cu u c vit theo chun v cc thut ng
c s dng c th b hn ch.
u im ca phng php ny l t c mc din t cao nht ca ngn ng t
nhin nhng mc ng nht li b lm dng trong cc c t.
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c t da biu mu (Form-based)
c t da biu mu nh ngha cc chc nng hoc thc th, m t u vo v ni xut
pht ca n, m t u ra v ni n s n. c t da biu mu ch r nhng thc th
cn thit, cc iu kin trc v sau (nu thch hp), cc nh hng ca chc nng.
Biu trnh t
Biu trnh t biu din trnh t cc s kin xy ra khi ngi s dng tng tc vi h
thng. Nu ta c biu ny t u n cui th ta s thy c th t ca cc hnh
ng c thc hin.
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Yu cu ca ngi s dng
t vn
- Yu cu ca ngi s dng c c coi ging nh yu cu h thng hay khng?
- Yu cu ca ngi s dng l chc nng hay phi chc nng hay c hai?
Yu cu ca ngi s dng nn m t nhng yu cu chc nng v phi chc nng
ngi s dng c th hiu c chng m khng cn phi c nhng kin thc v cng
ngh mt cch chi tit.
Yu cu ca ngi s dng c nh ngha bng cch s dng ngn ng t nhin, bng
hoc biu n gin. Tuy nhin, chng ta s gp phi mt s kh khn khi s dng
ngn ng t nhin:
- Khng r rng: Tnh chnh xc rt kh t c nu ti liu kh c.
- Yu cu ln xn: cc yu cu chc nng v phi chc nng khng r rng.
- Ln ln gia cc yu cu: cc yu cu khc nhau c th c din t cng vi nhau.
Do , vit yu cu ca ngi s dng ta nn p dng mt s quy tc sau:
- a ra mt nh dng chun v p dng n cho tt c cc yu cu.
- Bt buc s dng ngn ng mt cch thng nht
- nh du nhng phn quan trng trong cc yu cu.
- Trnh s dng nhng t ng mang tnh chuyn mn, k thut.
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Ti liu c t yu cu
Ti liu
t vn
- Sau khi xc nh cc yu cu h thng v yu cu ca ngi s dng h thng th
tip tc lm g?
- Cu trc ca mt ti liu c t yu cu h thng phi bao gm nhng ni dung g?
Ti liu c t yu cu l nhng yu cu chnh thc v nhng g cn phi thc hin bi
i pht trin h thng.
Ti liu c t yu cu nn bao gm c cc nh ngha v yu cu ca ngi s dng v
c t yu cu h thng.
Ti liu c t yu cu khng phi l ti liu thit k h thng. N ch thit lp nhng g
h thng phi lm, ch khng phi m t r lm nh th no.
Ti liu c t yu cu da theo chun IEEE
1. Gii thiu
1.1. Mc ch ca ti liu yu cu
1.2. Phm vi ca sn phm
1.3. Cc nh ngha, t vit tt
1.4. Cc tham chiu
1.5. Tng quan v ti liu yu cu
2. M t chung
2.1. Gii thiu chung v sn phm
2.2. Cc chc nng ca sn phm
2.3. c im ca ngi s dng
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nh gi yu cu
Mc tiu
- Hiu r tm quan trng ca vic nh gi cc yu cu
- Nm c phi kim tra cc yu cu nhng kha cnh no
- Hiu c mt s k thut c s dng nh gi yu cu
nh gi yu cu c lin quan n vic gii thch cc yu cu c nh ngha trong
h thng. V chi ph cho vic gii quyt cc li c lin quan ti yu cu s rt cao cho
nn vic nh gi yu cu l v cng quan trng.
Trong qu trnh nh gi yu cu, chng ta phi kim tra cc yu cu nhng kha cnh
sau:
- Hp l: H thng c cung cp cc chc nng m h tr tt nht cho cc yu cu ca
ngi s dng hay khng?
- Nht qun: c yu cu no xung t nhau hay khng?
- Hon thin: tt c cc yu cu ca khch hng c xc nh y cha?
- Hin thc: cc yu cu c th c ci t vi mt ngn sch v cng ngh cho trc?
- Xc thc: cc yu cu c th c kim tra hay khng?
Cc k thut nh gi yu cu sau y c th c s dng n l hoc hn hp:
- Xem xt li cc yu cu: phn tch cc yu cu mt cch h thng.
- Mu th: S dng cc m hnh h thng kim tra cc yu cu
- To ra cc trng hp kim th
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Lp k hoch qun l yu cu
K hoch
Mc tiu
- Nm r quy trnh qun l yu cu
- Khi yu cu thay i, cn phi bit thc hin nhng thao tc g.
Qun l yu cu l quy trnh qun l s thay i ca cc yu cu trong qu trnh pht
hin yu cu v pht trin h thng.
Cc yu cu thng khng y v khng ng nht. l do mt s nguyn nhn
sau:
- Nhng yu cu mi xut hin trong quy trnh khi cc yu cu nghip v thay i v
khi chng ta c hiu bit su hn v h thng s xy dng.
- cc khung nhn khc nhau s c cc yu cu khc nhau v do thng xut hin
cc mu thun.
- Th t u tin t cc khung nhn khc nhau cung thay i trong sut qu trnh pht
trin h thng.
- Mi trng nghip v v mi trng k thut ca h thng cng thay i trong c trnh
xy dng.
Cc yu cu lu di l nhng yu cu n nh k tha t nhng hnh ng chnh ca
khch hng. V n c th k tha t nhiu m hnh min ng dng khc.
Cc yu cu thay i l nhng yu cu d b thay i trong qu trnh xy dng hoc khi
h thng c a vo s dng.
Quy trnh lp k hoch qun l yu cu:
- Xc nh yu cu: cch xc nh tng yu cu
- Qun l thay i: xc nh cc hot ng tip theo khi yu cu thay i.
- Cc chnh sch tm vt: lng thng tin v mi quan h gia cc yu cu cn phi c
lu gi. Thng thng, n cp ti quan h gia ti nguyn v bn thit k h thng.
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Cc m hnh Qun l
Cc m hnh h thng
Gii thiu
Cc yu cu ca ngi s dng thng c vit bng ngn ng t nhin nhng
ngi khng c kin thc v mt k thut c th hiu c n. Tuy nhin, nhng yu
cu h thng chi tit phi c m hnh ho. M hnh ho h thng gip cho ngi phn
tch hiu r cc chc nng ca h thng.
Ta c th s dng cc m hnh khc nhau biu din h thng t nhiu kha cnh khc
nhau.
Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu v mt s m hnh ho h thng.
Mc tiu
- Hiu c m hnh ho h thng l g? V ti sao phi m hnh ho h thng.
- Phn bit c cc m hnh h thng.
- C kh nng la chn v ng dng cc m hnh h thng vo tng trng hp c th
M hnh ng cnh
t vn
- Khi xem xt mt vn , bao gi chng ta cng mun c ci nhn tng th v vn
.
- M hnh ng cnh cho thy nhng thnh phn ct li ca h thng.
Trong qu trnh pht hin v phn tch yu cu, chng ta nn xc nh phm vi h thng,
tc l phn bit ci g l h thng v ci g l mi trng ca h thng. iu ny s gip
gim chi ph v thi gian phn tch.
Khi xc nh phm vi ca h thng, hot ng tip theo ca quy trnh phn tch l
nh ngha ng cnh ca h thng v s ph thuc gia h thng vi mi trng ca n.
Thng thng, m hnh kin trc n gin ca h thng s c to ra trong bc ny.
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M hnh ng x v my h thng
M hnh ng x
Gii thiu
M hnh ng x c s dng m t ton b ng x ca h thng. C hai kiu m
hnh ng x l:
- M hnh lung d liu: biu din cch x l d liu trong h thng v
- M hnh my trng thi: biu din cch p ng ca h thng vi cc s kin xy ra.
Hai m hnh ny biu din nhng gc nhn khc nhau, nhng c hai u cn thit m
t ng x ca h thng.
M hnh lung d liu
M hnh lung d liu c s dng m hnh ho quy trnh x l d liu ca h
thng. M hnh ny s biu din cc bc m lung d liu phi tri qua trong h thng
t im u ti im cui.
M hnh lung d liu m hnh ho h thng t gc mt chc nng. Vic tm vt v
t liu ho quan h gia d liu vi mt quy trnh rt c ch i vi vic tm hiu ton
b h thng.
M hnh lung d liu l phn ct li ca rt nhiu phng php phn tch. N cha cc
k php rt d hiu i vi khch hng.
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M hnh d liu
Gii thiu
M hnh d liu c s dng m t cu trc logic ca d liu c x l bi h
thng. Thng thng, chng ta hay s dng m hnh thc th - quan h - thuc tnh
(ERA) thit lp cc thc th ca h thng, quan h gia cc thc th v thuc tnh ca
cc thc th. M hnh ny c s dng trong thit k CSDL v thng c ci t
trong cc CSDL quan h.
Tuy nhin, m hnh d liu thng khng chi tit. Cho nn, chng ta c th s dng t
in d liu lm cng c b tr. T in d liu l danh sch tt c cc tn gi c s
dng trong cc m hnh h thng. c th l cc thc th, quan h v cc thuc tnh
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V d: t in d liu ca LIBSYS
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M hnh tha k
M hnh tha k t chc cc lp i tng theo mt cu trc phn cp. Cc lp nh
ca cu trc phn cp phn nh nhng c trng chung ca tt c cc lp. Cc lp i
tng tha k nhng thuc tnh v phng thc ca cc lp cha ca n n c th b
sung nhng c im ca ring n.
Thit k lp phn cp l mt quy trnh kh phc tp, ta nn loi b s trng lp gia cc
nhnh khc nhau.
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M hnh kt hp
M hnh kt hp biu din cch cu to ca mt lp t cc lp khc. M hnh kt hp
tng t nh quan h hp thnh (part-of).
V d: M hnh kt hp
i tng t c to thnh t nhiu i tng khc nh: ca, bnh xe ...
M hnh ng x
M hnh ng x m t tng tc gia cc i tng nhm to ra mt s ng x c th
ca h thng m c xc nh nh l mt ca s dng.
Biu trnh t hoc biu cng tc trong UML c s dng m hnh ho tng
tc gia cc i tng.
V d
M t ca s dng Rt tin ca h thng ATM.
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- B dch
- Cng c to m lnh t ng
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Thit k kin trc l pha sm nht trong quy trnh thit k h thng. Thit k kin trc
thng c thc hin song song vi mt s hnh ng c t. N bao gm c vic pht
hin cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng v giao tip gia chng.
Nu chng ta c c bn thit k kin trc r rng th ta s thy c cc u im ca
n trong nhng hot ng sau:
- Giao tip gia cc stakeholder: kin trc h thng thng c s dng lm tm im
ca cc bui tho lun gia cc stakeholder.
- Phn tch h thng: tc l phn tch xc nh liu h thng c tho mn cc yu cu
phi chc nng ca n hay khng.
- Ti s dng vi quy m ln: kin trc c th c ti s dng trong nhiu h thng.
Cc c im ca kin trc h thng:
- Hiu nng: hn ch cc thao tc phc tp v ti thiu ho giao tip.
- Bo mt: s dng kin trc phn lp vi nhiu kim sot cht ch cc lp su hn.
- An ton.
- Sn dng.
- C kh nng bo tr.
Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh thit k kin trc c th xy ra cc xung t v mt kin trc
nh sau:
- S dng nhiu thnh phn ln s tng hiu nng nhng gim kh nng bo tr.
- Nu d liu b d tha th s ci thin tnh sn dng nhng lm cho vic bo mt kh
khn hn.
- Hn ch cc thuc tnh c lin quan n tnh an ton c ngha l nu c nhiu giao tip
th s lm gim hiu nng.
Thit k kin trc l mt quy trnh sng to cho nn s phc bit ca quy trnh ny ph
thuc vo tng loi h thng c xy dng. Tuy nhin, cc quy trnh thit k u da
trn nhng quyt nh sau:
- Kin trc ng dng chung c c s dng li hay khng?
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- Cc h thng con khng cn quan tm ti nhng hot ng lin quan n d liu nh:
sao lu, bo mt, v c b qun l trung tm thc hin nhim v ny.
Tuy nhin, vic s dng kho d liu dng chung cng c mt s nhc im sau:
- Tt c cc h thng con phi chp nhn m hnh kho d liu.
- Vic ci tin d liu rt phc tp v tn km
- Kh phn tn mt cch hiu qu
- Khng c gii hn cho cc chnh sch qun l c th.
M hnh phn lp
M hnh phn lp t chc h thng thnh nhiu lp v mi lp cung cp mt tp cc
dch v. Mi lp c th c coi nh mt my tru tng (abstract machine) m ngn
ng ca my c nh ngha bi cc dch v m lp cung cp. Do , m hnh ny
thng c s dng m hnh ho giao din (interface) ca h thng con.
M hnh phn lp h tr pht trin cc h thng con theo kiu tng vng nhiu lp
khc nhau. Khi giao din ca mt lp thay i th ch nhng lp lin k n mi b nh
hng.
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Cc chin lc iu khin
Gii thiu
Cc m hnh cu trc h thng c lin quan ti cch phn r h thng thnh nhiu h
thng con. h thng lm vic tt, ta phi iu khin c cc h thng con; cho nn,
cc dch v ca chng phi c thc hin ng ch v ng thi im.
C 2 loi chin lc iu khin:
- iu khin tp trung: mt h thng con chu trch nhim kim sot, khi to hoc dng
cc h thng con khc.
- iu khin hng s kin: mi h thng p ng vi cc s kin xy ra t cc h thng
con khc hoc t mi trng ca h thng.
Mc tiu
- Gii thch c ti sao phi thit lp chin lc iu khin h thng?
- Nm c cc chin lc iu khin h thng v nh gi chng.
iu khin tp trung
H thng con iu khin chu trch nhim qun l vic thc hin ca cc h thng con
khc.
Chin lc iu khin tp trung gm 2 loi m hnh:
M hnh gi - tr li (call-return)
Gm cc th tc con c sp xp phn cp, th tc iu khin nm nh ca cu trc
phn cp v di chuyn dn xung di. M hnh ny thng c p dng cho cc h
thng tun t.
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M hnh qun l
Thng p dng cho cc h thng song song. Mt thnh phn h thng iu khin vic
khi to, ngng, hoc cng tc vi cc quy trnh h thng khc.
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Mc tiu
- Hiu c quy trnh thit k giao din ngi dng
- Nm c chi tit tng hot ng trong quy trnh thit k giao din ngi dng
- Vi mi hot ng, chng ta c rt nhiu cch thc hin. Do , phi c kh nng
la chn phng php no l thch hp nht cho tng hon cnh c th.
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Ci tin v bo tr phn mm
Ci tin phn mm
Gii thiu
Thay i phn mm l mt iu khng th trnh khi v nhng l do sau:
- Nhng yu cu mi s xut hin khi s dng phn mm
- Mi trng nghip v thay i
- Cc li phn mm cn phi sa cha
- My tnh v cc thit b mi c b sung vo h thng
- Hiu nng hoc tin cy ca h thng phi c ci thin.
Tuy nhin, vn quan trng l chng ta phi thc hin v qun l cc thay i i vi
h thng phn mm tn ti. V chng ta phi thy c tm quan trng ca vic ci
tin phn mm:
- Cc t chc thng u t mt lng vn kh ln vo cc h thng phn mm ca h.
Cho nn h c quyn i hi phi s hu mt h thng hon ho.
- bo tr gi tr s hu ca t chc, h phi thay i v ci tin h thng.
- Ngn sch phn mm chnh trong cc cng ty ln thng dng cho vic ci tin cc h
thng tn ti hn l pht trin mt h thng mi.
Ngi ta thng s dng m hnh xon c ci tin h thng phn mm.
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Mc tiu
- Hiu c vai tr ca vic bo tr phn mm
- Nm c cc vn lin quan n bo tr: phn loi, phng php, chi ph bo tr
- Hiu c mt s quy trnh v cc chin lc ci tin phn mm
Bo tr phn mm
Mc tiu
- Bo tr phn mm l lm g?
- Ti sao phi bo tr?
- Phn bit r cc kiu bo tr phn mm
- Nm c cc yu t nh hng ti chi ph bo tr, nhm gim chi ph khi p dng
trong thc t.
Bo tr phn mm chnh l hot ng chnh sa chng trnh sau khi n c a
vo s dng.
Bo tr thng khng bao gm nhng thay i chnh lin quan ti kin trc ca h thng.
Nhng thay i trong h thng thng c ci t bng cch iu chnh nhng thnh
phn ang tn ti v b sung nhng thnh phn mi cho h thng.
Bo tr l khng th trnh khi v:
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D on bo tr
D on bo tr c lin quan ti vic nh gi nhng phn no ca h thng c th gy
ra li v cn nhiu chi ph bo tr.
Kh nng chu c s thay i ph thuc vo kh nng bo tr ca cc thnh phn b
nh hng bi s thay i . Thc hin cc thay i c th lm hng h thng v gim
kh nng bo tr ca n.
Chi ph bo tr ph thuc vo s lng cc thay i v chi ph thay i ph thuc vo
kh nng bo tr.
D on thay i
D on s lng cc thay i c th xy ra v tm hiu mi quan h gia h thng v
mi trng ca n.
S thay i yu cu h thng c lin quan cht ch ti s thay i ca mi trng. Trong
, cc nhn t nh hng ti mi quan h ny bao gm:
- S lng v phc tp ca cc giao din h thng
- S lng cc yu cu bt n nh c tnh phn cp
- Cc quy trnh nghip v ca h thng.
Ta c th d on bo tr thng qua vic nh gi phc tp ca cc thnh phn h
thng. phc tp ph thuc vo:
- phc tp ca cu trc iu khin
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Trn y l nhng quy trnh c bn. Tuy nhin, vi cc yu cu thay i khn cp, ta c
th ci t chng nay m khng cn phi tri qua tt c cc pha ca quy trnh cng ngh
phn mm. Nhng yu cu thay i khn cp thng xy ra khi:
- Nu c mt li h thng nghim trng xy ra v cn phi sa cha.
- Nu nhng thay i v mi trng ca h thng gy ra nhng hiu ng khng mong
i.
- Nu s thay i v mt nghip v yu cu phi c p ng nhanh.
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- Nhng ni ngi s dng phi nhp thng tin u vo th tt c cc chc nng phi
c kim th vi nhng u vo chnh xc hoc khng chnh xc.
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Kim th tch hp
Kim th tch hp bao gm vic xy dng h thng t nhng thnh phn ca n v kim
tra xem c vn g xy ra t cc tng tc gia cc thnh phn. C hai cch tch hp
h thng:
- Tch hp t trn xung: xy dng khung ca h thng v a cc thnh phn vo trong
n.
- Tch hp t di ln: tch hp cc thnh phn c s, sau b sung thm cc thnh
phn chc nng.
n gin hoa vic xc nh li, h thng nn c tch hp tng vng.
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Kim th c lp
Gii thiu
Mc ch chnh ca kim th c lp nhm tng tin cy ca nh cung cp, m bo
h thng tho mn cc yu cu ca n.
Kim th c lp c th l kim th hp en hoc kim th chc nng; tc l ch da
trn ti liu c t h thng, ngi kim th khng c nhng hiu bit v vic ci t h
thng.
V d: Kim th hp en
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Kim th lp i tng
Kim th lp i tng nhm kim tra mc hon thin ca lp, bao gm:
- Kim th tt c cc thao tc c gn vi i tng.
- Thit lp v kim tra tt c cc thuc tnh ca i tng.
- Thc nghim tt c cc trng thi c th ca i tng
K thut tha k gy kh khn cho vic thit k kim th lp i tng v thng tin
c kim th khng c hn ch.
Trong qu trnh kim th lp i tng, chng ta cn phi xc nh cc trng hp kim
th i vi tt c cc phng thc ca i tng. ng thi, s dng m hnh trng thi
xc nh chui dch chuyn trng thi v chui cc s kin gy ra s dch chuyn .
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T ng kim th
Gii thiu
Kim th l mt pha c chi ph kh cao. Chng ta c kh nhiu cc cng c h tr kim
th gip gim thi gian v chi ph. Phn ny s gii thiu mt s loi cng c h tr t
ng kim th.
- Qun l kim th: gip qun l cc chng trnh kim th nh lu vt d liu kim
th, cc kt qu mong mun
- B to d liu kim th
- Oracle: to ra cc d on v kt qu kim th
- B so snh file: so snh kt qu ca cc chng trnh kim th
- B to bo co
- B phn tch ng: b sung m lnh cho chng trnh m s ln thc hin ca mi
cu lnh.
- B gi nh
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Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: Nhp mn Cng ngh phn mm
Bin tp bi: Phm Th Qunh
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/fb584480
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Phn mm l g?
Cc tc gi: Phm Th Qunh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e7887c82
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Vn v tnh chuyn nghip v ng quy tc
Cc tc gi: Phm Th Qunh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/0f087761
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Mt s m hnh pht trin phn mm
Cc tc gi: Phm Th Qunh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/243ca3cb
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc hot ng trong quy trnh phn mm
Cc tc gi: Phm Th Qunh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/7cc1ff63
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Qun l d n
Cc tc gi: Phm Th Qunh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/eb4928a4
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Mt s yu cu v nhp mn cng ngh phn mm
Cc tc gi: Phm Th Qunh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/65e662bd
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URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/47c20c25
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc phng php kim th
Cc tc gi: Phm Th Qunh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/5eac4108
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Thit k cc trng hp kim th
Cc tc gi: Phm Th Qunh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/355eb7f3
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: T ng kim th
Cc tc gi: Phm Th Qunh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/1f842c44
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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