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Seminar Processing Voice and Image
Seminar Processing Voice and Image
Seminar Processing Voice and Image
TIU LUN
nh x khi Block Matching
Hc phn:
X l m thanh v hnh nh
X l tn hiu s
Li ni u
Cng ngh x l nh ngy cng pht trin v c ch trng, cht lng nh v
video ngy cng c nng cao p ng nhu cu trao i thng tin ca con ngi.
Ti liu ca chng ti ch yu tp trung ni v phn x l nh trong phng php
m chng ti mun ni ti v nghin cu y l vn nh x khi. hiu c
tm quan trng ca n cng nh li ch ca vn ny mang li ta s cng nhau tm
hiu n. Bng cch loi b d thiu trong nh s tip kim s bits dnh cho m ha v
s tit kim c bng thng trn mi trng internet qua thy c tm quan trng
ca vn ang nghin cu. Lm cch no ta nh gi s chuyn ng ca video,
khi truyn trn ng truyn ta truyn ci g v nh th no nhng cu hi s dn c
gii p qua ti liu nghin cu ca chng ti. V thi gian c hn nn s khng th
trnh c nhng sai st mong c gi v cc bn gp hon thin hn ti liu
nghin cu ca chng ti.
Nhm tc gi
Nguyn Quyt Tin
Nguyn Hu c
Phm Quang nh
H Ni thng 10/2014
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X l tn hiu s
Li ni u....................................................................................................................2
Bng biu v hnh nh.............................................................................................4
1.Gii thiu tng quan..................................................................................................5
1.1 nh x khi...........................................................................................................7
1.1.1 Khng chng ph, cch u nhau, c nh kch thc , nh x khi vi kch
thc ch nht nh..................................................................................................8
1.1.2 Tiu chun nh x.........................................................................................10
1.2 Thut ton nh x khi........................................................................................12
1.3 Th tc tm kim.................................................................................................13
1.3.1 Tm kim y ...........................................................................................13
1.3.2 Tm kim logarit-2D.....................................................................................14
1.3.3 Thut ton tm kim ba bc........................................................................17
1.3.4 Thut ton tm kim ba bc mi.................................................................19
1.3.5 Thut ton tm kim bn bc......................................................................21
1.3.6 nh x khi a phn gii..............................................................................22
1.3.7 Ngng a phn gii nh x khi..................................................................25
1.4 Hn ch ca k thut nh x khi........................................................................30
1.5 Ci tin mi.........................................................................................................31
1.5.1 Cu trc phn cp nh x khi......................................................................31
1.6.2 Li a trong nh x khi.........................................................................35
1.6.3 nh x khi qua OVERLAPPER.................................................................39
2.Kt lun.................................................................................................................... 41
3.Ti liu tham kho...................................................................................................42
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X l tn hiu s
ng sau c lng chuyn ng da trn nn video ti tit kim bits, khc bit khi
dng t nng lng v c th nn cao so vic vi gi mt khung y JPEG khi c
m ha.
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X l tn hiu s
1.1 nh x khi
Mt nh u tin c phn chia thnh cc khu vc vi nhau mt khong cch
bng nhau. Sau vector chuyn ng c c lng cho mi khu vc. Phn on v
c lng chuyn ng kt hp vi khi khun dng ty l rt kh khn. Khi c
nhiu khu vc chuyn ng phc tp trong nh, tnh hnh tr ln kh khn. Thm vo
nhng vector chuyn ng, nhng thng tin hnh dng ny trong mi khu vc cn c
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m ha. K t y, khi khu vc dch chuyn c hnh dng khc nhau, ng thi tnh
ton v m ha tng ln ng k.
K thut nh x khi c tp trung trong phn ny, n gin, khng phc tp
v cn rt hiu qu. Cho n nay c s dng ph bin nht trong k thut c lng
chuyn ng trong m ha nh. Trn thc t, n c chp nhn bi cc tiu chun
m ha video quc t: ISO, MPEG-1 v MPEG-2, v ITU H.261, v H.263.
Chng bao gm khi nim v thut ton, tiu chun ph hp, chin lc tm
kim, hn ch, v ci tin mi.
1.1.1 Khng chng ph, cch u nhau, c nh kch thc , nh x khi vi kch
thc ch nht nh
Mt nh c chia v tp hp khng chng ph, cch u, c nh kch
thc, khi ch nht nh, v chuyn ng tnh tin trong mi khi c gi nh l
u nhau. Mc d m hnh n gin coi nh ch l chuyn ng tnh tin, cc loi
chuyn ng khc, chng hn nh xoay v phng to trn cc i tng, c th gn nh
l dch tng phn theo cc khi nh vi iu kin l cc khi phi nh.
Vector chuyn ng cho cc khi ny c c lng bng cch tm cc khi
ging vi chng nht trong cc khung cho trc. Theo cch ny, c lng chuyn
ng l mt cch d dng nht so vi cc khi hnh dng ty . T dch chuyn mi
khi c m t bi vector chuyn ng, thng tin kha cnh vector chuyn ng gim
dn.
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Hnh 1. 1 nh x khi
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tng i ca hai khi ny cho vector chuyn ng. iu ny hin th trong Hnh
1.1(b).
Kch thc ca s tm kim l xc nh r bi kch thc ca s tng quan v
khong cch dch chuyn ti a c th theo bn phng din: trn, di v v pha
phi v pha tri.
Trong hnh 1.2 bn hng theo gi thit l ging nhau v c biu th l d.
Ch rng d l c tnh t mt kin thc tin nghim v chuyn ng tnh tin,
trong bao gm tc chuyn dch ln nht c th v khong thi gian gia hai
khung hnh lin tip.
1.1.2 Tiu chun nh x
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Bin php ng dng, hoc bin php tng quan, l yu t cha kha trong tin
trnh nh x. Php o tng quan c bn gia hai nh t n v tn-1, C (s, t), l vch r nhu
sau
(1.1)
y l quy vo nh l mt tiu chun ha chc nng tng quan cho hai chiu.
Tnh khng ng dng (i khi quy vo sai s, mo, khong cch) gia hai nh
tn v tn-1, D (s, t) l vch r nh sau
(1.2)
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1 N 1 N 1
MAD 2 Cij Rij
N i 0 j 0
1 N 1 N 1
MSE 2 Cij Rij
N i 0 j 1
(1.5)
2
(1.6)
Trong :
1.3 Th tc tm kim
Vn tm kim l mt vn quan trng i ph vi nh x khi.Mt s
th tc tm kim c tho lun di y.
1.3.1 Tm kim y
Hnh 1.2 : Cho thy mt ca s tm kim, mt ca s tng quan, v kch thc
ca chng.Trong vic tm kim ph hp nht, ca s tng quan c di chuyn n
tng v tr c th chn trong ca s tm kim. C ngha l, c mt tng (2d+1)x(2d+1)
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Hnh 1. 6 Phng thc tm kim 3 bc.im( j+4,k-4) ,( j+4 , k-6 ) v ( j+5,k-7) cho cc
im ti thiu khc nhau trong bc 1 ,2,3 ring tng bc.
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khung nh fn(x, y) v fn-1(x, y) tng ng. Cho php mc kim t thp biu th chy t
mt khi ti mc
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ca
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X l tn hiu s
level ( +1) tr thnh 2.b1x x 2.b1y. Phng thc thay i kch thc khi c s dng
bi v n cho nhiu hiu qu nh gi chuyn ng hn phng thc c nh kch
thc khi.
l
1 b x 1 b 1 l
MAD(i , j )l (v x ,v y ) l l | f n ( j k , j m) f l n1 ( j k v l x , j m vl y ) |
n
b x b y k 0 m0
l
c th tnh ton nh
(1.7)
vly l hai thnh phn ca vector chuyn ng dc theo trc x v y, tng ng.
Hnh 1.12 Kim t thp Gaussian c hnh thnh t hai khung hnh lin tip
ca mt chui nh t c lng c chuyn ng mong mun. Sau nh x khi
c thc hin cp cao nht vi biu tm kim ton b. c lng vector chuyn
ng c kim tra nu chng c cung cp y nn chuyn ng. Nu yu cu
chnh xc c p ng, sau vector chuyn ng s c truyn n mc phn gii
cao hn tip theo bt u lc.Thut ton tip tc theo cch ny cho ti khi hai
ngng c p ng hoc chm ti top-level. B qua mt s bc tnh ton mc
trung gian cho tit kim tnh ton.
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2552
PSNR= 10log10 MSE
(1.8)
(1.9)
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X l tn hiu s
VL(i,j) ti mc
di y m t qu trnh x
l ngng.
Hnh 1. 13 X l ngng
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Hnh 1.14 Dng li 21 chui khung ca "Miss America" s dng mt b m ha cho H.263.
1.5 Ci tin mi
1.5.1 Cu trc phn cp nh x khi
Trong phng php nghin cu kin trc phn tng cho cc block c kch thc
khc nhau v s dng cc ca s tng quan. iu kin cn thit, xem xt kin trc
phn tng vi 3 mc ca thut ton nh x khi. Khi nh x u tin l khi c kch
thc ln nht trong cc khi v cc ca s tng quan. Bng cch s vector d on
chuyn ng nh mt vector bt u ti mc th 2, ta li tm hiu vi block ln th 2
trong cc block v cc ca s tng quan. i vi mc th 3 ta cng lm tng t nh
vy trn c s kt qu tm c ca mc th 2. Mt v d vi 3 c s tng quan c
minh ha trong hnh 1.15. Cn ch rng vector chuyn ng tng l tng hp ca 3
vector chuyn ng thnh c xc nh trong 3 mc xem xt .
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tng
1
2
7pel
3pel
quan
64x64
28x28
3pel
12x12
lc LPF
con
8
4
5x5
5x5
4x4
4x4
5x5
2x2
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Kch thc b Cc mu
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s hi ngh truyn hnh in hnh, cc thut ton c xut lun thc hin tt hn so
vi khi c kch thc c nh ca k thut nh x khi trong iu kin ci thin SNR
dng li khung vi cng mt tc bt.
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Evi ( x, y ) Pvi x, y T x, y
(1.10)
WEvi x, y Evi x, y W ( x, y )
(1.11)
MAD
1 l l
WEvi ( x, y)
l 2 x 1 y 1
(1.12)
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X l tn hiu s
WPv x, y Pv ( x, y) W ( x, y )
(1.9)
2.Kt lun.
Bi n nay, nh x khi c s dng thng xuyn hn bt k k thut c
lng chuyn ng no khc trong m ha b chuyn ng. Bng phn chia mt khung
thnh khong khng chng ph, cch u, c nh kch thc, khi hnh ch nht nh
v gi nh rng tt c im nh trong mt khi cho trc ging nhau chuyn ng tnh
tin, nh x khi trnh nhng kh khn gp trong c lng khi hnh dng ty
chuyn ng. Do , nh x khi l n gin nht v ko theo gim i thng tin khc.
Kch thc khi 16 x 16 l s dng thng xuyn. Trong nhiu c lng
chuyn ng chnh xc, kch thc 8 x 8 cng thng c s dng.MAD u tin bi
v tnh n gin trong thc nghim.
Hn ch vi k thut nh x khi phn ln khng xc nh trng vector chuyn
ng v khi o. Nguyn nhn bi m hnh n gin: mi khi o n bn chnh l
c chuyn ng tnh tin. nh hng n ci thin mt hn ch. Vi k thut c s
ci thin trn k thut nh x khi tho lun trong ny.
Mc tiu cui cng ca nn chuyn ng trong m ha video l t c mc
ich cao tnh hiu qu m ha. T quan im ny, trong nh x khi a li cp
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X l tn hiu s
trc, gii quyt phn chia khi l thc hin khi bits s dng m ha thm vo motion
vector lin quan n phn chia l t hn bits tit kim t m ha gim sai s d on do
vy c lng chnh xc. Tiu chun thch nghi entropy l ngh v s dng ti u k
thut nh x khi a li.
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