World Cultures 11

Unit III: Latin America

Name: ______________________________
Date:

LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE

Directions: After reading the document below, please answer the following questions completely and
thoroughly in complete sentence format.
Background Question:
1. What three factors motivated the people of Latin America to rebel against their European
controllers?
The American Revolution, the French Revolution, and Enlightenment

Haitian Independence
1. Who controlled the colony of Haiti and what two leaders where responsible for their
independence?
Saint Dominque controlled the colony of Haiti. Toussaint LOuverture Jean-Jacques Dessalines were
responsible for their independence

2. Why were they able to win their independence so quickly and easily?
They outnumbered their opponent. The French revolution was ongoing so they didnt have many people
to back them up

3. How was this movement for independence different from revolutions in the rest of Latin
America? [You will have to answer this question after reading the entire document.]
They outnumbered their opponent while their leaders were creoles who are wealthy and have power to
begin with. While other movements did not have leaders who had power or wealth. This movement used
the slaves as people to help the Revolution, unlike all of the other Latin American Revolutions.

Viceroyalty of Peru
1. Identify and explain the specific events on the European continent effected the movement for
independence in Peru.
Sam martin led and army on a march across the Andes to Chile. From 1817 to 1821 Sam martin planned
to drive remaining Spanish out of Lima.

2. The movement from independence was spearheaded by what two creoles. Who were they and
explain how they were able to gain it.
Napoleons conquest of Spain in 1808 triggered revolts in colonies. The creoles were Simon Bolivar and
Jose de san martin. Bolivar led 2000 soldiers in a March through Andes into what is Colombia now. He

took the Spanish army by surprised and won. 1821 won Venezuelas independence. San Martin Argentina
declared independence in 1816. 1817 led army across the Andes to Chile. Bolivars army defeat the
Spanish at the battle of Ayacucho on Dec 9, 1824

3. What name did they give to the independent viceroyalty?

Gran Colombia
Viceroyalty of New Spain
1. How did the movement for independence differ from that of Peru?
The Indians and mestizos lead the movements.

2. The movement began with the leadership of what two leaders? Explain their rebellion and its
successes/failures.
Miguel Hidalgo issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish on Sept. 16 1810. Cry of Dolores Began
march to Mexico city. The army defeated them and Hidalgo then rallied around another stronger
leader. Jose Maria Morelos who led the revolution for 4 years and in 1815 he was defeated

3. Ironically, a creole DID eventually was successful in gaining freedom from Spain. Who was he,
and whey did favor independence in 1820 when he did not earlier?
Ironically, Augustin de Iturbide the man who had defeated the rebel Padre Morelos proclaimed
independence in 1821

4. What government/title did this liberator give the newly independent viceroyalty?
What happened to his government?
Iturbide became the new emperor of New Spain. Other areas did not declare their leader

Brazil
1. Why was this colony governed differently than the Spanish colonies just prior to independence?
The colony was different because the Royal family of Portugal had to flee and move to Brazil from
Napoleon. After Napoleon was overthrown Pedro I stayed and began to control.

2. How did the movement for independence differ in this Portuguese colony than those of the
Spanish colonies?
Set new kingdom when father returned to Portugal in 1821 he asked Pedro for independence and Pedro
agreed.