Anthony Ogbuli

Comparative Politics
Symmetrical

Japan

Brazil

Chile

US

Congruent

Incongruent
Argentina
Spain

Asymmetrical
I used a list compiled through data by Aris Karsaris combined with the individual
make ups of those countries that fit the bicameral nature that Karasaris map
showed.
Chile has a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies, they are congruent because they
both serve four year terms, and half of them are replaced every two years, they
both have to have completed secondary school, and are elected by popular vote
directly. Theyre symmetrical because both of their powers come from their
constitution Articles 42 to 59 set them up fairly equal.
Japan has a House of Councillors and a House of Representatives. Both are parallel
and semi-portionally represented. Theyre symmetrical and their power relies on
both Houses passes measure together to have the force of law.
Spain has a Senate and a Congress of Deputies they all serve four years and are
elected by popular vote for the most part. Its asymmetric because the CoD has
more independent functions and can override Senate legislation, and has sole
authority over confirmation of the Prime Minister.
United States has the Senate and the House of Representative, they are
proportionately and directly made up, as well as both elected through direct
representation. They serve 2 and 4 years unlimited terms respectively. Theyre

symmetrical and their power relies on both Houses passes measure together to
have the force of law.
Brazil is shaped almost exactly like the United States it has a Federal Senate and a
Chamber of Deputies. Split by proportional and direct representation. Senate is 8
year unlimited years; CoD is 4 year unlimited terms. Theyre symmetrical and their
power relies on both Houses passes measure together to have the force of law
Argentina has a Senate and a Chamber of deputies, also spilt by direct and
proportional representation. 6 year no term limit, and 4 year no term limit
respectively. While passing law requires both Houses agreement the Senate has sole
control over federal revenue, treaties, constitutional and criminal law, the military,
the judiciary appointments, as well as impeaching the president.