A.

Cc bo co chung

TNG CNG N NH, TIN CY CA LI IN 500 kV

SAU CC S C MT IN DIN RNG
V S CN THIT PHI TRANG B H THNG BO V
CHNG MT IN DIN RNG
Nguyn c Ninh
Trung tm iu h thng in Vit Nam
Tm tt: Cng vi s pht trin ca ngun in nhm p ng tc tng trng
ph ti cao, h thng in truyn ti xng sng 500 kV lin kt cc min ng vai
tr rt quan trng trong vic cung cp, trao i in nng an ton v kinh t. Vi
xu hng truyn ti ngy cng ln c v cng sut ln sn lng, vic vn hnh h
thng in 500 kV tr nn rt phc tp.
Trong bi cnh nhu cu truyn ti trn h thng in 500kV c xu hng ngy
cng tng, bo co trnh by nhng kh khn, nguy c mt n nh trong qu
trnh vn hnh v tng kt mt s s c nghim trng in hnh trn HT 500kV
trong nhng nm gn y.
Xut pht t nhu cu thc t, bo co cng nu r s cn thit phi trang b
h thng bo v chng s c din rng v nu nhng c im c bn ca h
thng ny.
1. QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA H THNG IN 500 kV BC - NAM
1.1. H thng in Vit Nam trc nm 1994
Cng ngh pht in xut hin ti Vit Nam vo cui th k XIX di hnh thc mt s nh
my pht in c lp cung cp trc tip cho li in khu vc. Khi min Bc Vit Nam c
gii phng nm 1954, tng cng sut in quc gia ch t 100 MW vi li in tha tht v
cp in p cao nht 30.5 kV. H thng in pht trin tt trong giai on 1975-1994 vi s
tham gia ca mt s cng ngh tin tin, cc nh my in ln nh nh my nhit in Ph Li
(4x110 MW), Nh my thy in Tr An (4x100 MW) v c bit l Nh my thy in Ha
Bnh (8x240 MW) ln lt c a vo vn hnh. Trong giai on ny, li in truyn ti
pht trin trn ton quc vi cp in p cao nht l 220 kV nhng vn cha lin kt h thng
in ba min thnh mt h thng hon chnh. H thng in ti ba min c iu hnh c lp
bi cc trung tm iu ca cc cng ty in lc min Bc, min Trung, min Nam. Do cha
c lin kt gia cc min nn cc thi im khc nhau mt s khu vc d tha in nng
trong khi nhng khu vc khc b thiu ht, cc vn v n nh ca cc h thng v cht
lng in nng cng thng xuyn gp phi.

HI NGH KHOA HC V CNG NGH IN LC TON QUC 2014

1.2. Vn hnh ng dy 500 kV Bc - Nam mch 1
T nm 1994, ng y siu cao p 500 kV mch 1 c a vo vn hnh kt ni h thng
in min Bc, Trung, Nam thnh mt h thng duy nht. ng dy 500 kV vi chiu di
1488 km lin kt h thng in 3 min qua 5 trm bin p 500 kV (Ha Bnh, H Tnh,
Nng, Pleiku, v Ph Lm) ng vai tr quan trng to nn s cn bng nng lng ti u
gia ba min. Trong nhng nm u, in nng d tha ca thy in Ha Bnh v cc nh my
in min Bc c truyn ti p ng nhu cu cp in cho min Trung v Nam. Trong cc
nm t 1994 n 2000, tng in nng trao i gia cc min t 40 t kWh, t 13.8% tng
sn lng in quc gia.
1.3. Vn hnh ng dy 500 kV Bc - Nam mch 2
Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t, h thng in 500 kV ang ngy mt m rng vi nhiu
ng dy lin kt gia cc vng min. T nm 2004, cc d n lin quan n ng dy 500
kV Bc - Nam mch 2 bt u c thc hin. ng dy 500 kV mch 2 c tc dng nng
cao kh nng truyn ti gia cc min v nng cao kh nng hot ng an ton ca h thng
trong cc ch s c N-1.
Bn cnh , cc ng dy quan trng khc cng c a vo vn hnh: ng dy Ph Lm
- Nh B - Ph M gii ta cng sut trung tm nhit in Ph M vi cng sut lp t
4000 MW (2004 - 2005); cc ng dy truyn ti v tng cng lin kt vi khu vc ng
Bc min Bc; cc ng dy lin kt vi cc ngun thy in khu vc Sn La - Lai Chu;
ng dy 500kV mch 3 Pleiku - M Phc Cu Bng (2014) Ngoi ra, cc d n thay
th thit b tng cng kh nng truyn ti trn li 500 kV/220 kV v ang tng bc
c thc hin p ng nhu cu cung ng in.
Nh vy, trong bi cnh nhu cu trao i in nng gia cc vng/min ngy cng tng, h
thng 500 kV pht trin tr thnh xng sng ca ton b h thng in quc gia, ng
vai tr quan trng trong vic kt ni cc khu vc ph ti/ngun in trn ton quc gp phn
m bo vn hnh h thng in an ton, kinh t.
n cui nm 2013, h thng 500 kV c tng chiu di 4887 km v 20 trm bin p (tng cng
sut 19350 MVA). Ph ti ln nht c ghi nhn trong nm 2013 l: quc gia - 20010 MW;
min Bc - 9081 MW; min Trung - 2383 MW; min Nam - 9687 MW. Sn lng tng ng
l: Quc gia - 129655 t kWh; min Bc - 51539 t kWh; min Trung - 12801 t kWh; min
Nam - 64207 t kWh [1].
2. MT S VN V TRUYN TI IN V VN HNH H THNG IN
500 kV N NH
c im a l ca t nc di v hp, nh hng n vic phn phi cc ngun pht ti
Vit Nam. Cc dng ngun in chnh bao gm thy in, nhit in than, nhit in turbin kh
(chu trnh n v chu trnh hn hp). Cc nh my thy in tp trung cc khu vc Ty Bc
min Bc, khu vc min Trung v khu vc Cao Nguyn min Nam. Cc nh my nhit in
than c xy dng gn ngun nng lng s cp trong khu vc ng Bc min Bc, khu vc
Bc Trung B. Cc nh my in turbin kh nm hai khu vc ng Nam B v Ty Nam B.

A. Cc bo co chung
Bn cnh , ph ti h thng in quc gia tp trung ch yu min Bc v min Nam c
bit l khu vc th H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Do c im phn b khng ng u cng nh ch hot ng khc nhau ca cc dng
ngun in, li in 500 kV thng xuyn phi truyn ti mt lng cng sut rt ln, c bit
l cc ng dy Nho Quan H Tnh Nng trn giao din Bc Trung, cc cung on
ng dy t Pleiku n Ph Lm trn giao din Trung Nam. Xu hng trao i in nng
gia h thng in cc min ngy cng tng th hin trong bng 1 [1],[2].
Bng 1. in nng truyn ti gia cc min nm 2013 v c tnh cc nm 2014 - 2020

Sn lng truyn ti nm (GWh)

3683

9535

12009

17460

18921

18513

17888

14967

->

5379

9678

12009

17460

8921

18513

17932

15091

<-

-1696

-142

-44.3

-124

Trung - Nam

12260

15426

17493

22419

22523

20423

18231

21769

->

12471

15456

17493

22419

22523

20423

18231

21769

<-

-211

-30

NQ-HT
HT-N
N-PK

-400

-600

-800

-1,000

-1,200

-1,400

-1,600

-1,800

S gi (h)

N-DS

-200

1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

1,800

Bc - Trung

1,600

2020

1,400

2019

1,200

2018

1,000

2017

800

2016

600

2015

400

2014

200

2013

Giao din truyn

ti

Mc cng sut (MW)

Hnh 1. Tn sut truyn ti trn cc ng dy 500 kV Bc - Nam

Theo thc t vn hnh, kh nng truyn ti trn li in 500 kV cn c tnh ton xem xt
m bo cc yu t: (1) n nh in p, (2) n nh ng.

HI NGH KHOA HC V CNG NGH IN LC TON QUC 2014

Hin tng sp in p gy st gim in p ti u nhn cng sut thng xut hin khi
truyn ti 500 kV cao. Sp in p cng c th xut hin u nhn cng sut do hu qu
ca s c cc ng dy 500kV quan trng hoc s c gy mt mt lng ngun ln u
nhn cng sut (s c t my, s c gim/ct kh) gy ra hin tng tng cng sut truyn ti
trn cc ng dy lin kt. Theo kt qu tnh ton hin tng vi cu hnh h thng in nm
2014, hin tng sp in p c th xut hin trong ch cao im trn ng dy H Tnh
- Nng khi truyn ti trn 2400/1980 MW ng vi ch vn hnh 2 mch/1 mch, trn cc
ng dy t Pleiku n Ph Lm l 3600/2600 ng vi ch vn hnh 3 mch/2 mch
ng dy [3].
Hin tng mt n nh ng trn h thng in c th xut hin khi c s c ln trn h thng
in. Tng kt cc s c ln cho thy mt n nh ng thng do s c cc ng dy 500 kV
khi ang truyn ti cao, in hnh l cc ng dy Nho Quan - H Tnh - Nng, cc ng
dy t Pleiku - Ph Lm. Theo tiu ch s c N-1 cc ng dy 500 kV, gii hn truyn ti
trn cc giao din Bc - Trung, Trung - Nam nm 2014 c tnh ton t xp x 1600 MW
v 2300 MW (ng vi cu hnh 3 mch ng dy 500 kV) [3]. Trong cc s c trn, vic
cc mch sa thi c bit, mch sa thi ph ti theo tn s, mch sa thi ph ti theo in p tc
ng ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong vic lm gim nguy c s c lan rng. Nh , c
th xem xt cho php truyn ti cng sut trn cc giao din mc cao hn gii hn truyn ti
tnh ton trong mt s trng hp cn thit.
Mt s hin tng, s c in hnh trn h thng in trong mt vi nm tr li y:
(1) S c ngy 27/12/2006 lc 14h43 ti trm bin p 500 kV Pleiku. Mt my ct 500 kV
khng thc hin ct c khi c lnh ct do li h thng ngun nui DC. Chc nng chng h
hng my ct (50BF) tc ng thc hin ct thanh ci ti trm Pleiku. Trong thi im trc s
c, mt my ct kt ni vi thanh ci khc ca trm Pleiku c tch ra khi vn hnh, gy
ra hin tng tro lu cng sut chy vng t Ialy ti Ph Lm, tr li thanh ci Pleiku v ti
Nng. Hin tng dao ng in xy ra do lin kt 500 kV qu yu;
(2) Dao ng in trn ng dy 500 kV Pleiku - Nng lc 11h30 ngy 24/4/2008. Bo v
khong cch (F21) ti trm Nng nhn bit c dao ng cng cng sut trn ng
dy. Ti thi im ny, ng dy 500 kV Nng - H Tnh ang vn hnh mt mch duy
nht. Cng sut truyn ti trn cc ng dy Pleiku - Nng, Nng - H Tnh ln lt l
1040 MW v 690 MW;
Hin tng dao ng gy ct cc ng dy 500 kV Nng - H Tnh, Nng - Pleiku, h
thng in b tch i ti H Tnh, Nng. Tip theo bo v qu p tip tc ct ng dy 500
kV H Tnh - Nho Quan;
(3) S c ngy 04/10/2012: s c gy nhy ng dy Di Linh Tn nh khi ang truyn ti
cao cng sut vo min Nam, dn n dao ng v gy nhy c ng dy kNng Ph
Lm lm tch mng h thng in min Nam khi h thng in Quc gia. H thng sa thi ph
ti theo tn s thp tc ng ct 2147 MW;

A. Cc bo co chung
(4) Ngy 02/4/2013, NM C Mau 2 (620MW), Ph M 1 GT3 (174 MW) ln lt ngng do
s c. Trong ngy c thi im in p ti cc thanh ci 500 kV Ph Lm, Tn nh xung ti
417 427 kV, k s vn hnh ra lnh sa thi 300 MW u ngun 110 kV m bo ch
in p min Nam;
(5) S c ngy 26/4/2013: Do iu kin vn hnh phi bypass 2 t b dc ti Nho Quan trn
ng dy Nho Quan - H Tnh v 4 t b dc ti H Tnh trn ng dy H Tnh - Nho Quan
v H Tnh - Nng dn n hin tng dao ng cng sut v gy nhy 2 mch ng dy
H Tnh - Nng lm tch mng h thng in min Bc vi h thng in min Trung v
min Nam;
(6) S c ngy 22/05/2013: s c gy nhy ng dy Di Linh - Tn nh khi ang truyn ti
cao cng sut vo min Nam, dn n dao ng v gy nhy mt s t my khu vc min Nam
v ng dy kNng - Ph Lm lm tch mng v gy mt in ton b h thng in
min Nam.
3. CC PHNG PHP HIN HU PHNG CHNG MT IN DIN RNG
Vi mc tiu m bo cung cp in an ton, n nh, tin cy v m bo cht lng in nng,
Trung tm iu h thng in Quc gia (A0) nghin cu v phi hp vi cc n v lin
quan trong vic ra cc gii php phng trnh mt in din rng. Cc gii php ny c
thit k da trn cc nhm nguyn nhn sau:
Mt n nh tn s do s c mt mt/ mt nhm cc t my hoc do s c gy mt lin
kt h thng in;
S c ng dy, my bin p 500, 220 kV quan trng;
Phng chng in p thp v sp in p.
Trn c s cc h thng bo v, mch lin ng c s dng:
(1) H thng sa thi theo tn s thp (F81);
(2) H thng sa thi ph ti c bit b sung;
(3) Cc mch sa thi ngun; hiu chnh sa thi t my min Bc;
(4) Cc mch sa thi c bit khi s c 1 phn t ng dy/ my bin p quan trng;
(5) Cc mch sa thi ph ti theo in p ti Ph Lm, Tn nh v mt s trm 220 kV min
Nam.
Cc mch sa thi trn ng vai tr quan trng trong cng tc vn hnh h thng in, phng
chng mt in din rng. Tuy nhin, do cu hnh h thng in thng xuyn thay i, nn cc
mch trn cn thng xuyn c cp nht, hiu chnh cho ph hp.
4. S CN THIT PHI TRANG B H THNG BO V CHNG MT IN
DIN RNG

HI NGH KHOA HC V CNG NGH IN LC TON QUC 2014

Cng tc vn hnh cho thy rng, c th kp thi a ra cc lnh iu ph hp nhm ngn
chn cc s c mt in din rng, nhn vin vn hnh cn c trang b cc cng c mnh
phn tch, a ra c cc cnh bo nhanh chng, chnh xc v tnh trng vn hnh ca h
thng in trong h thi gian thc. Thm ch, h thng in cn c trang b cc bo v
thc hin mt lot cc hnh ng t ng trc khi h thng b tch ra hoc phn chia theo cch
thc c th kim sot c.
Cc s c din rng c th xy ra khi h thng vn hnh ch bin, xut pht t mt hoc
mt vi phn t b tch ra khi vn hnh v gy phn ng dy chuyn dn n vic mt lot cc
phn t b tch ra khi vn hnh. Trong khi , nhc im ln ca cc h thng iu khin v
gim st truyn thng l khng cung cp c cc hnh nh mang tnh ng ca h thng ngha
l cc nhn vin vn hnh khng c c bc tranh tng th xem ci g ang din ra trn h
thng. Hn na s c mt in din rng c th xut hin v din bin trong thi gian ngn, m
bn thn ngi vn hnh khng th kp a ra cc phn tch hay tnh ton nhm a ra c cc
quyt nh hp l. Cc mch sa thi & lin ng hin hu trong trng hp tc ng ng s c
tc dng phng trnh s c lan rng. Tuy nhin, cc mch ny c thit k cho nhng trng
hp c th v c th khng t hiu qu mong mun khi cu hnh h thng thay i.
H thng o lng, gim st v bo v din rng khai thc cc tin b mi nht trong cc k
thut v cm bin, truyn thng, my tnh, thut ton v c bit l cng ngh o lng c
ng b ha. S xut hin ca cc thit b o gc pha c ng b ha (Phasor Measurement
Unit) lm nn cuc cch mng ton din trong lnh vc gim st, iu khin v bo v h
thng in.
Theo nh ngha ca IEEE th thit b o gc pha Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) l thit
b c kh nng ng b gc pha, tn s v tc thay i ca tn s thng qua vic o cc tn
hiu in p v/hoc dng in v tn hiu ng b thi gian. Thit b PMU c th thc hin cc
chc nng khc v c t tn theo cc chc nng ny (v d: nu thit b PMU c kh nng
ghi li dng sng ca cc tn hiu o s c gi l thit b ghi s c).
Thit b PMU rt ph hp theo di cc trng thi ca h thng in trong thi gian thc.
PMU c s tin b ng k so vi h thng SCADA/EMS, trong khi h thng SCADA/EMS l
h thng c tc cp nht t vi giy n vi pht, ch o cc gi tr RMS ch khng o cc
gi tr gc pha th PMU thng c tc cp nht cao (thng khong 10; 25; 50 gi tr o/s do
ngi dng ty chn), mi gi tr o c dn nhn thi gian c ng b ha vi chnh
xc cao thng qua h thng GPS v c th o c cc gi tr pha (bin v gc pha) ca
dng in v in p.
Gc pha ca in p v/hoc dng in t nhiu im o trn h thng in khi c ng b
thi gian thc c th gip nh gi tnh trng vn hnh ca h thng in mt cch tin cy v
chnh xc. Nhng thng tin v gc pha ny c th c s dng cho vic gim st h thng in
din rng (WAMs).
Ngy nay, vic o gc pha ng b c ng dng ch yu cho vic xc thc cc m hnh ho
h thng in, phn tch sau s c, hin th thi gian thc... v ha hn s ngy cng c vai tr

A. Cc bo co chung
quan trng trong vic nng cao tin cy, n nh v tnh kinh t ca h thng in thng qua
vic iu khin v trang b phng thc bo v thi gian thc.

PMU: Phasor measurement unit; PDC: Phasor Data Concentrator

Hnh 2. Cu trc mt h thng gim st bo v v iu khin din rng
vi thit b o gc pha (PMU)
PMU c mt s ng dng c th nh sau:
o lng v gim st h thng in din rng phc v bo v chng mt in din rng;
Gim st v iu khin thi gian thc: gip cho cc nhn vin vn hnh nm bt mt cch
trc tuyn v ch vn hnh ca h thng;
nh gi v a ra cc cnh bo v tnh trng vn hnh ca h thng in;
Gim st n nh in p v n nh qu ;
H tr cng tc phc hi h thng...
Nh phn tch trn, h thng in 500 kV Vit Nam hin nay v nhng nm tip theo
thng truyn ti mt lng cng sut ln t h thng in min Bc, Trung vo min Nam.

HI NGH KHOA HC V CNG NGH IN LC TON QUC 2014

Trong mt s ch vn hnh cc oan, nguy c xy ra mt n nh l rt cao (v d s c ngy
26/04/2013 gy nhy ng dy mch kp H Tnh - Nng sau khi 06 t b dc ti H Tnh
v Nho Quan b Bypass). Vic trang b cc b PMU (hoc cc b ghi s c c chc nng o
ng b gc pha) tng bc trin khai, khai thc cc tnh nng ca PMU nh tnh nng cnh
bo tnh trng vn hnh ca h thng in s gip cho ngi vn hnh c c nhng phn ng
kp thi v hiu qu
Hn na, theo l trnh trin khai xy dng h thng li in thng minh (Smart Grid) ti Vit
Nam c Chnh ph ph duyt (Quyt nh s 1670/Q-TTg ngy 08/11/2012 v vic Ph
duyt n pht trin Li in Thng minh ti Vit Nam) th trong giai on 2012 - 2016 s:
Trin khai cc ng dng nhm tng cng tin cy, ti u vn hnh li in truyn ti, li
in phn phi, gim tn tht in nng; tng cng h thng ghi s c, h thng pht hin v
chng s c mt in din rng nhm m bo truyn ti an ton trn h thng in 500kV. Do
, vic trang b cc b o gc pha cng l bc quan trng chun b c s h tng cho vic p
ng l trnh trin khai li in thng minh Vit Nam.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]

Tng kt vn hnh h thng in quc gia nm 2013.

[2]

Bo co nh gi trnh hnh cung cp in giai on 2014-2020.

[3]

Bo co vn hnh li in quc gia nm 2014.

A. Cc bo co chung
[1]