The cosine and sine functions are defined to be the x, y values of

the intercept of a ray eminating from the origin at an angle from the x-axis with the unit circle.
y

(x,y)=(cos(t),sin(t))

tan =

sin
cos

cot =

1
tan

sec =

1
cos

csc =

1
sin

With regards to a right triangle,

Hyp.

Opp.
t

Adj.

sin t =

opp
hyp

cos t =

adj
hyp

tan t =

opp
adj .

(Recall sohcahtoa rhyme).

Sine and cosine are 2 periodic, whereas tangent is periodic.

Sine and Tangent functions are odd, e.g., sin(x) = sin(x).
Cosine function is even, i.e., cos(x) = cos(x).
Graphing: simplify to the form f () = A sin[( )] + v. A is the amplitude. is the wave number and is
related to the period of f () by p = 2
. The phase shift, , corresponds to the horizontal shift in the positive
x-direction, that is, a shift units to the right. A vertical shift can be taken into account by the v term.
Inverse Trigonomentric functions:
x = arcsin(y) if and only if sin(x) = y and /2 x /2
x = arccos(y) if and only if cos(x) = y and 0 x
x = arctan(y) if and only if tan(x) = y and /2 x /2
Key trig identities:
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
sin(u + v) = sin(u) cos(v) + sin(v) cos(u)
cos(u + v) = cos(u) cos(v) sin(u) sin(v)
1 cos(2u)
1 + cos(2u)
2
2
sin (u) =
cos (u) =
2
2
Derivable from above:
sin(2u) = 2 sin(u) cos(u)

cos(2u) = cos2 (u) sin2 (u) = 2 cos2 (u) 1 = 1 2 sin2 (u)

Important triangles:

2^(1/2)

pi/3

pi/4

pi/6

pi/4
1

3^(1/2)

 Law of Sines:

sin(A)
sin(B)
sin(C)
=
=
.
a
b
c

Law of Cosines: c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos(C).

Vectors: u =< u1 , u2 > and v =< v1 , v2 >.
au = a < u1 , u2 >=< au1 , au2 >, u + v =< u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 >,
u v = u1 v1 + u2 v2
||u||2 = u u and the direction angle for u, , satisfies tan() = uu12 . Angle between u and v, , satisfies
cos() = ||u||uv||v|| .
p
Complex Numbers: z = x + iy = r(cos() + i sin()),
r = x2 + y 2 and tan() = xy .
DeMoivres theorem: z n = rn (cos(n) + i sin(n).