Citation:

Michener, Charles Duncan. Structures and Anatomical Terminology of Adults. The Bees of the
World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2007. 40-52 . Print.
Summary:
Female bees collect and transport pollen
Female bees have scopae which aids in pollen collection
Male bees do not have a scopae
Antennae rise out of the alveoli and almost all bees have a subantennal suture
The facial margin is the inner orbit
The genal margin is the outer orbit
Anatomy described using detailed scientific names
Evaluation:
This article connects with my previous research about the adult honey bee because it
gives a more detailed description about every single part of the anatomy. Through this article, I
discovered the scientific names for the parts of the honey bee and what they do. For example,
in another article, I read about the eyes and how bees have two compound eyes and three
simple eyes. This article connects with others because it explains the facial margins and where
the eyes are located on the head of the honey bee. The facial margin of the bee is the inner
orbit and the genal margin is the outer orbit. This article also does a good job of connecting with
my other articles because it goes into great depth about legs and their different segments, along
with the various types of hairs that protrude from them and their individual purposes. I plan to
use this article in my project as a detailed reference for my dissection of the outer parts and
exoskeleton of the adult honey bee. This article has great, detailed diagrams that are labeled
thoroughly with the scientific names. This will be helpful after I have dissected my honey bee
because I will need to pin the individual parts on a board and then clearly label them for other
people to see the inside of a honey bee.
Evidence:
The term orbit is often used for the eye margin, inner orbit for the frontal or facial margin
and outer orbit for the genal margin. An expression like eyes converging below is ordinarily
exactly equivalent to inner orbits converging below. Imaginary lines tangent to the upper or
lower extremities of both eyes, as seen in a frontal view of the head, are sometimes useful in
indicating the positions of the ocelli or the clypeal apex. Such lines are called the upper or lower
ocular tangents. (Page 42 Structures and Anatomical Terminology of Adults)
The genal area is the region behind the eye and in front of the preoccipital ridge. The
ridge surrounding the concave posterior surface of the head above and laterally is called the
preoccipital ridge. A carina sometimes found on this ridge is the preoccipital carina. It can be
dorsal (behind the vertex only), lateral (behind the eye only), or complete (both dorsal and
lateral). (Page 42 Structures and Anatomical Terminology of Adults)

Female bees have scopae for holding and transporting pollen; males do not. Exceptions
are the Hylaeinae and Euryglossinae in the Colletidae, parasitic and robber bees in the various
families, and queens of the eusocial bees, all of which lack scopae. The scopa consists of
pollen-carrying hairs. These are not usually the hairs and brushes with which pollen is removed
from flowers, but are the brushed on which the pollen is carries back to the nest. Some pollen
may be carried on various parts of the body, but scopae occur principally on the hind legs.
(Page 48 Structures and Anatomical Terminology of Adults)