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Modul PPG 2 PKB 3105topic3
Modul PPG 2 PKB 3105topic3
METHODOLOGY
SPEAKING SKILLS
TOPIC 3
2 HRS
Synopsis
This is the third topic in the course profoma. This topic deals with the
definition and concept of speaking. Also discussed here are problems
about auditory expressive language, how to assess auditory expressive
language and techniques of teaching speaking skills.
Learning Outcomes
1 Give the definition and concept of speaking.
2. Identify problems in auditory expressive language.
3. Describe how auditory expressive language is assessed.
4. Explain the techniques of teaching speaking skills and using the
techniques.
Topic Framework
Speaking Skills
3.0 Definition qnd concept of
speaking
3.1 Auditory
Expressive
:Language
Problems
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
Stammering
Repetitive
Aphasia
Dysphraxia
3.2 Assessment of
Auditory Expressive
Language
3.3 Techniques of
teaching speaking
skills
3.3.1 Developing
vocabulary
3.3.2 Teaching
sentence
patterns
SPEAKING SKILLS
Introduction
Speaking is considered by learners as one of the most
difficult skills as it involves real-time processing which means that learners
don;t have much time to formulate what they want to say and how to say it.
It is for this reason, and the fact that they are afraid to make mistakes, that
students often avoid speaking and therefore never get the opportunity to
build up confidence through practice. Students also avoid speaking
because they are afraid of not being understood due to poor pronunciation.
This poor pronunciation often stems from previous learning experiences
where emphasis was on written accuracy with little chance to develop oral
skills. Students may also in many cases, have little opportunity to practise
their English speaking outside the classroom environment.
3.0 Definition and Concept of Speaking
According to the Oxford dictionary, speaking is the action of conveying
information or expressing ones feelings in speech. Speaking skills, or
sometimes known as auditory expressive language skills, is the ability to
use language to express an idea or a message to another person in a
communicational situation. For a person to be a competent speaker, he will
need to have mastered all the components of language namely listening,
reading and writing. This means he will need to be able to correctly
articulate the words, know the meanings of words, phrases and other
linguistic items in order to convey his idea adequately, be able to formulate
different kinds of sentences, and also to be able to explain ideas using
connected texts.
3.1 Auditory Expressive Language Problems
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A person who has a defect in his speech organ will have a problem in
some aspect of speech production. His speech could be too nasal or too
breathy or he may be unable to articulate certain speech sounds.
He could also have a poor auditory memory resulting in a problem of
recalling words from memory. A person with such a problem will have slow
and hesitant speech and his speech will be punctuated with mmm and
filler sentences like What do you call it? or You know what I mean.
An auditory expressive language problem could manifest itself in
1. Incorrect usage of language
2. Overuse of simple sentences and a lack of complex ones
3. An inability to express abstract concepts or ideas
4. An inability to adjust the style of communication according to the
communicational situation and
5. A tendency of not providing sufficient information
Some of the problems are discussed here:
3.1.1 Stammering
Stammering means to speak with involuntary pauses or repetitions. It can
also mean to utter with involuntary pauses or repetitions. It is a way of
speaking characterized by involuntary pauses or repetitions.Stammering
and stuttering have the same meaning - it is a speech disorder in which
the person repeats or prolongs words, syllables or phrases. The person
with a stutter (or stammer) may also stop during speech and make no
sound for certain syllables. People who stutter often find that stress and
fatigue make it harder for them to talk flowingly, as well as situations in
which they become self-conscious about speaking, such as public
speaking or teaching. Most people who stutter find that their problem
eases if they are relaxed.
We all have the capacity to stutter if pushed far enough. This may happen
during a very stressful interrogation in a police station, talking to
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Research shows that approximately half of all children who have a stutter
that persists beyond the developmental stage of language have a close
family member who stutters. If a young child has a stutter and also a close
family member stutters, his/her chances of that stutter continuing are much
greater. A child who starts stuttering before 3.5 years of age is less likely to
be stuttering later on in life. The earlier the stuttering starts the less likely it
is to continue long-term. About three-quarters of all young children who
stutter will stop doing so with one or two years without speech therapy. The
longer the stuttering continues the more likely it is that the problem will
become long-term without professional help (and even with professional
help). Long-term stuttering is four times more common among boys than
girls. Experts believe there may be neurological reasons for this, while
others blame the way family members react to little boys' stuttering
compared to little girls' stuttering. However, nobody is really sure what the
reason is.
Experts say that parents should consider visiting their general practitioner,
or primary care physician when:
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3.1.2. Repetitive
Repetitive talk and talking to self usually go together, and are exhibited by
children with a broad range of developmental difficulties. These children
usually have social difficulties as well, and tend to be resistant to change
and to display repetitive motor behaviours. They may repeat: "Are we
going to the Zoo? Are we going to the Zoo? as many as ten times or until
someone interrupts and redirects them. They may also repeat phrases to
themselves, such as, "It's ok, you are not hurt". Although just a few children
display these characteristics. These children require extensive input and
support from school and home.
Repetitive speech patterns of children with higher cognitive abilities may
get overlooked because of similarities between these children's behaviour
and that of peers who are just boisterous or too active. But there is growing
recognition that some children who are quite competent intellectually also
engage in repetitive talk. This could help explain why recent reports have
shown considerable increases in numbers of children with repetitive or
nonfunctional speech in the general population. The latest studies suggest
that about 1% of children and adolescents speak repetitively, although not
all of them will talk to themselves or say things that don't make sense for
the context.
Explain to them why they are having the problems and make sure
they understand that they are not stupid and that it is not their fault.
Organize lesson time when you help the child to articulate and
improve his/her speech.
Avoid nagging and correcting as this can make the child tense and
angry.
They get scared easily and are not happy working outside their
comfort zone. New information and teaching should be carried out
one small step at a time. Teaching should not be moved forward
until you are totally sure that the child has understood everything so
far taught.
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Exercise 1.
Collect language samples of one of your pupils. Collecting samples
basically means that you have to tape record the language used by
the pupil in a communictional situation, for example, when you are
talking with hm about himself. When you have the recorded language,
write down the whole dialoge, and study the language used. Discuss
the language inadequacies in terms of phonology, semantics,
morphology and syntax.
.
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