EmilyVierling

ResearchNotes:Source1

Citation
"TheHarmfulEffectofPesticidesonHoneyBees."
HiveandHoneyApiary
.N.p.,n.d.Web.21Apr.
2015.
http://www.hiveandhoneyapiary.com/Honeybeesandpesticides.html

Summary
Newstudiessuggestspesticidesdamagesbeesabilitytogatherfoodandarealsokillingthem
Useofpesticidesreducetheyieldofcrosspollinatedcrops
Beesprovidemainpollinationofplants
Pesticidesalsocontaminatebeeproducts,andcauselossinproductionofhoney
Somepesticideskillbeesdirectly
Otherskillbeeswhentheyreturntohive
Researchsuggeststhattwopesticides,neonicotinoidsandcoumaphostargetbeesbrainsmakingita
slowerlearnerandcausesittoforgetfloralscents.

Evaluation
a. Ilearnedaboutsomeoftheharmfuleffectsthatpesticidescanhaveonbeepopulations,
includingthetwopesticides,neonicotinoidsandcoumaphos.Theeffectscanrangefromlittle
toextensive(death).Therearesomepesticidesthatcankillbeesimmediately(occurswhen
beesareinrangewhenpesticideisapplied)andtherearesomethatcanharmthebeeswhen
theyareinthehive,orthebeescancarrytoxicchemicalsbacktothehivethatdontnecessarily
affectthemasadults,butdoaffecttheyoung.
c.Thisissueisofcoursestillskeptical,butthissourcebroughtastrongargumentthatsupported
banningtheuseofharmfulpesticidesonourpollinators.Itbroughtnewinsightontheissueand
remindedmethatbeesare
very
importanttoourcropsandthatifwekeepusingtoxic
chemicals
onourcropstokillotherbacteria,itsgoingtotakewithitourbeepopulationsandthe
most
importantpollinatorsintheworld.

Evidence
Withpesticideconsumptionincreasingseveralfoldsduringthelastfourdecades,thesideeffects
arealsoincreasingandoneofwhichisthetoxicitytohoneybees.
Accordingtoanewstudy,pesticidesdamagetheabilityofbeestogatherfoodandarealsokilling
them.Sincebeesarethemostimportantpollinatorsofcrops,theuseofpesticidescanconsiderably
reducetheyieldofcrosspollinatedcrops.Inadditiontotheaboveeffects,contaminationofbee
products,andlossinproductionofhoneyaretheothereffectscausedbypesticidesonbees.
Therearesomepesticidesthatkillthebeesdirectly.Thisoccurswhenbeesareontheflowersat
thetimeofapplicationoftheinsecticide,andthebeesdieinstantly.
Accordingtoanewresearch,twopesticidescommonlyusedbyBritishfarmerstodaycouldaffect
beesbrains.Thetwopesticidesnamely,neonicotinoidsandcoumaphostargetbeesbrains,thusmaking
itaslowlearnerandmaketheitforgetfloralscents.


Source2:ScientificSource(yousaidthiswouldcount)

Citation
Jacobsen,Rowan.
FruitlessFall:TheCollapseoftheHoneyBeeandtheComingAgricultural
Crisis
.NewYork:Bloomsbury,2008.Print.

Summary

Pesticidesareachemicalthatistoxictolife
Killspestsbutnotplants
Newgroupofpesticidesneonicotinoidsmimicnicotine,nervepoisons
Neuralpathwaysofinsectsarefarmoresusceptibletoneonicotinoids,givesinsectschemically
inducedcasesofdementiawithinthehour.
Imidacloprid=systematic
Estimatedthat10%ofbeedeathsbecauseofpesticides
Sublethaldosesofimidaclopridcouldchangebeesbehavior,underminethewisdomofthehibe,
andtriggerCCDlikesymptomswithinthehive
Dosingbeeswithimidacloprid(severalexperimentsconfirm)impairstheirbasiclearningresponse
cantmakeconnectionbetweenodorandfood,autopsiesrevealbraindamage.

Evaluation
b.ThisconnectsbacktothepreviousarticleIread(1stsource).Thepreviousarticlerelatedpesticides
tobraindamagethatbeesgotfromthesuspecteduseofpesticides,causingthemtobecomeconfused
andsymptomsofdelusiontosettlein.TheybothalsotalkaboutCCD,whichisamajorprobleminthe
beeworldrightnow,givingmanyfarmers/manufacturersascaresincemanyoftheirprimary
pollinatorsareexperiencingadeclineinnumbers.However,themainthingisthatbothofthesearticles
focusedonthenegativesideofpesticidesandhowtheyarespecificallyimpactingbees.

c.Thissourcegivesmeinsightintoaspecific,systemic,pesticidethatisusedcommonlyandits
effectsonbees.Thispesticideisusedworldwideandiscalledimidacloprid.Ilearnedspecificwaysthat
thispesticideinfluencesthebeesbehaviorandthisnewinsightprovidesstrongnewevidencetousein
myfinalconclusion.IalsolearnedaboutmanystudieswhichIcanusetheresultsasevidencetoback
upmyclaimsthattheuseofpesticidescantriggerCCDandispartofthereasonbeepopulationsare
declining.

Evidence:

Still,EricMussen,ahoneybeeexpertattheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavis,estimatesthat10%
ofbeedeathsareduetopesticides.
WhateveriskillingbeesisusingitsMO.Forinstance,FloridasJerryHayessaidthatwhenhefirst
sawcolonieswithCCD,Myfirstthoughtwasimidaclopridbecausewehavethathereintermite
control.Itmakesthemforgethowtogetbacktothenestandcausestheirimmunesystemtofallapart.
Thoseareclassicsymptomsofimidacloprid.

In2008,Frazierdroppedabomb,announcingtheresultsofherpesticidestudy.Her196pollenand
waxsamplescamefromCCDhives,controlhives,andhivesthathadbeenpollinatingPennsylvania
AppleOrchards.Ofthe196samples,193hadpesticideresidues.

Source3:

Citation:
"BeeForagingChronicallyImpairedbyPesticideExposure:StudyCornucopiaInstitute."
CornucopiaInstituteRSS
.N.p.,11July2014.Web.24Apr.2015.

Summary
Studyshowthatlongtermexposuretoaneonicotinoidpesticidehampersbeesabilitytoforagefor
pollen.
Longtermpesticideexposureaffectsindividualbeesdaytodaybehavior,includingpollen
collectionandwhichflowersworkerbeeschosetovisit.
Exposuretoneonicotinoidpesticideseemstopreventbeesthanbeingabletolearnessentialsurvival
skills.
Study:Beesfromuntreatedcoloniesgotbetteratcollectingpollenastheylearnedtoforage.Bees
exposedtoneonicotinoidinsecticidesbecamelesssuccessfulovertime.
Althoughpesticideexposurehasbeenimplicatedasapossiblecauseforbeedecline,untilnowwe
hadlimitedunderstandingoftheriskthesechemicalspose,especiallyhowitaffectsnaturalforaging
behavior.

Evaluation
a.Ilearnedsomenewinterestinginformationaboutthepesticide,neonicotinoid.Thispesticideis
anotherbigpesticidethatplaysalargeroleinthebeesgeneralbehaviorchangesandcausesbeesto
alsolosetheirwaytothehiveandtheyendupdyinginthefield.Italsoaffectstheirpollinationhabits.
Theylosetheabilitytoconnectscentstocertainflowersthatneedpollinating,causingalossof
nutritionforthebeeandforthehive.
e.Idefinitelywantfocusontheeffectsofpesticidesonthebeesbehaviorandbrainthoughtspeed.In
allofthearticlesIhaveread,theyhavecircledaroundtheideathatpesticidesaffectbees,makingthem
delusional,memoryloss,unabletoidentifyandconnectscentbacktofood,anditaffectsthegeneral
behaviorofbees.Iwanttorevolvemyprojectaroundthisideaofpesticidesonthebeesbehaviorand
how,inthelongterm,thelosswilleventuallyleadtosymptomsofCCD.

Evidence:
AstudycoauthoredbyaUniversityofGuelphscientistthatinvolvedfittingbumblebeeswithtiny
radiofrequencytagsshowslongtermexposuretoaneonicotinoidpesticidehampersbeesabilityto
forageforpollen.
Beeshavetolearnmanythingsabouttheirenvironment,includinghowtocollectpollenfrom
flowers,saidRaine,whoholdstheRebanksFamilyChairinPollinatorConservation,aCanadianfirst.

Exposuretothisneonicotinoidpesticideseemstopreventbeesfrombeingabletolearntheseessential
skills.
Theresearchersmonitoredbeeactivityusingradiofrequencyidentification(RFID)tagssimilarto
thoseusedbycourierfirmstotrackparcels.Theytrackedwhenindividualbeesleftandreturnedtothe
colony,howmuchpollentheycollectedandfromwhichflowers.Beesfromuntreatedcoloniesgot
betteratcollectingpollenastheylearnedtoforage.Butbeesexposedtoneonicotinoidinsecticides
becamelesssuccessfulovertimeatcollectingpollen.
Althoughpesticideexposurehasbeenimplicatedasapossiblecauseforbeedecline,untilnowwe
hadlimitedunderstandingoftheriskthesechemicalspose,especiallyhowitaffectsnaturalforaging
behaviour,Rainesaid.