1.

Present Simple and Present Continuous Tense 1

2. Past Simple Tense 7
3. Adjectives 12
4. Question Tags 13
5. Past Continuous Tense 14
6. Used to, Be Used to 16
7. Present Perfect Continuous Tense 18
8. Modal Verbs 21
9. Adverbs 24
10. Reported Speech 25
11. Relative Clauses 27
12. Passive Voice 30
13. Causative Have 31
14. The First Conditional 32
15. The Second Conditional 33
16. Past Perfect Tense 33
17. Past Perfect Continuous Tense 36
18. Past Modal Verbs 38
19. The Third Conditional 39

1. Present Simple and Present

Continuous Tense
Jedinica: 1 od 50

The Present Simple Tense (sadanje prosto vreme)

Simple Present Tense (Prosto sadanje vreme) se gradi od osnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv
bez to). Na primer, infinitiv sa to glagola raditi glasi to work a infinitiv bez to
glasi work. Za sva lica osim za tree lice jedninepotvrdni oblik prostog sadanjeg vremena
glasi work. Za tree lice se dodaje s.
Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
I work Ja radim
You work Ti radi
He works On radi
She works Ona radi
It works Ono radi

Mnoina (plural)
We work Mi radimo
You work Vi radite
They work Oni rade

Nastavak s u treem licu jednine moe imati razliite oblike. Ukoliko se glagol zavrava na
vokal o nastavak e glasiti es, kao u primeru glagola go koji u 3. licu jednine glasi goes ili
glagol do koji u 3. licu jednine glasi does.
Ukoliko se glagol zavrava na ch, -sh, -x, -ss, nastavak takoe glasi es. Na primer:

He teaches (teach predavati).

She washes (wash prati).
He kisses (kiss ljubiti).
She fixes (fix popravljati).
Ako se glagol zavrava na y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik, y prelazi u ie. Na primer:

He cries (cry -plakati).

It flies (fly leteti).
Ako je ispred y samoglasnik, nema promene.

She plays (play igrati).

He stays (stay ostati).
Izuzetak je glagol have (imati) koji u treem licu glasi has.
Upitni oblik
Upitni oblik glagola u Present Simple Tense-u se gradi od pomonog glagola Do,
odnosno Does (za tree lice jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola. Sva pitanja se u
engleskom jeziku dele na Yes/No pitanja i Wh- pitanja. Yes/No nemaju upitnu re i na njih se
moe odgovoriti sa Da ili Ne. Wh- pitanja poinju upitnom reju a one su: when, what, why,
where, how, how much, how many...

Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

Jednina (singular)
Do I work? Da li ja radim?
Do you work? Da li ti radi?
Does he work? Da li on radi?
Does she work? Da li ona radi?
Does it work? Da li ono radi?

Mnoina (plural)
Do we work? Da li mi radimo?
Do you work? Da li vi radite?
Do they work? Da li oni rade?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (Short answers) na sledei nain:

Jednina (singular)
Do I work? Yes, I do / No, I don't
Do you work? Yes, you do / No,
you don't.
Does he work? Yes, he does / No,
he doesn't
Does she work? Yes, she does / No,
she doesn't
Does it work? Yes, it does / No, it doesn't

Mnoina (plural)
Do we work? - Yes, we do / No,
we don't
Do you work? Yes, you do / No,
you don't
Do they work? Yes, they do/No,
they don't

Upitni oblik Wh- questions

Jednina (singular)
Where do I work? Gde ja radim?

Mnoina (plural)
Where do we work? Gde mi
radimo?
Where do you work? Gde ti radi? Where do you work? Gde vi
radite?
Where does he work? Gde on
Where do they work? Gde oni
radi?
rade?
Where does she work? Gde ona
radi?
Where does it work? Gde ono
radi?
Odrini oblik
Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog obika pomonog glagola Do (odnosno Does za tree lice
jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.
Jednina (singular)
I do not (don't) work Ja ne radim

Mnoina (plural)
We do not (don't) work Mi ne
radimo
You do not (don't) work Ti ne radi You do not (don't) work Vi ne

He does not (doesn't) work On ne

radi
She does not (doesn't) work Ona ne
radi
It does not (doesn't) work Ono ne
radi

radite
They do not (don't) work Oni ne
rade

Upotreba
Prosto sadanje vreme se koristi za:
1. Radnje koje se ponavljaju (navike, obiaji, rutine)

I get up at 6 o'clock. - Ja ustajem u 6 sati.

She wears uniform at work. - Ona nosi uniformu na poslu.
The English drink tea at 5 o'clock in the afternoon. - Englezi piju aj u 5 sati
popodne.
U ovom smislu se mogu koristiti i prilozi i fraze za uestalost (rei koje oznaavaju koliko
esto se deava radnja). To su:

Always - uvek
usually - obino
often - esto
sometimes - ponekad
never - nikad
every day - svakog dana
every month - svakog meseca
every year - svake godine, i sl.
once a year - jedanput godinje
twice a day - dvaput dnevno
three times a week - triput nedeljno, i sl.
Prilozi always, usually, often, sometimes, never dolaze pre glavnog glagola u potvrdnom
obliku. Fraze every day, every month, twice a year... najee dolaze na kraju reenice.

I always go to school at 8 o'clock in the morning. - Ja uvek idem u kolu u 8 sati

ujutru.
She usually drinks tea in the evening. - Ona obino pije aj uvee.
We never eat in the living room. - Mi nikad ne jedemo u dnevnoj sobi.
2. Opte istine (neto to je uvek tano):
People change money in banks. - Ljudi menjaju novac u bankama.
A day has 24 hours. - Dan ima 24 asa.
The Earth goes around the Sun. - Zemlja se okree oko Sunca.
The Sava flows into the Danube. - Sava se uliva u Dunav.

3. Karakteristike subjekta:

He speaks English very well. - On dobro govori engleski.

My sister plays the piano. - Moja sestra svira klavir
Present Continuous Tense (Sadanje trajno vreme)
Present Continuous Tense (Sadanje trajno vreme) se gradi od glagola TO BE u Present
Simple Tense-u (Prostom sadanjem vremenu), tj. is/am /are + present participle (sadanji
particip) glavnog glagola.
Sadanji particip se gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak ing:

go going
sleep sleeping
work working
Ako se glagol zavrava na jedan suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak, naglaen samoglasnik,
krajnji se suglasnik ispred ing udvostruava. Na primer:

hit udariti
stop prestati
permit dopustiti
begin poeti

particip: hitting
particip: stopping
particip: permitting
particip: beginning

Krajnje l se uvek udvostruava. Na primer:

travel putovati

particip: travelling

Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
I am working Ja radim
You are working Ti radi
He is working On radi
She is working Ona radi
It is working Ono radi

Mnoina (plural)
We are working Mi radimo
You are working Vi radite
They are working Oni rade

Upitni oblik
Upitni oblik Yes/No questions
Jednina (singular)
Mnoina (plural)
Am I working? Da li ja radim?
Are we working? Da li mi radimo?
Are you working? Da li ti radi? Are you working? Da li vi radite?

Is he working? Da li on radi?
Is she working? Da li ona radi?
Is it working? Da li ono radi?

Are they working? Da li oni rade?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (Short answers) na sledei nain:

Jednina (singular)
Mnoina (plural)
Am I working? Yes, I am / No, I`m not Are we working? - Yes, we are / No,
we arent
Are you working? Yes, you are / No,
Are you working? Yes you are / No,
youarent
youarent
Is he working? Yes, he is / No, he isnt
Is she working? Yes, she is / No,
she isnt
Is it working? Yes, it is / No, it isnt

Upitni oblik Wh- questions

Jednina (singular)
Where am I working? Gde ja
radim?
Where are you working? Gde ti
radi?
Where is he working? Gde on
radi?
Where is she working? Gde ona
radi?
Where is it working? Gde ono
radi?

Mnoina (plural)
Where are we working? Gde mi
radimo?
Where are you working? Gde vi
radite?
Where are they working? Gde oni
rade?

Odrini oblik
Odrini oblik Present Continuous Tense-a (Sadanjeg trajnog vremena) se gradi od odrinog
oblika pomonog glagola TO BE u sadanjem vremenu i Present Participle-a (sadanjeg
participa) glavnog glagola.
Jednina (singular)
I am not (I'm not) working Ja ne
radim
You are not (aren't) working Ti
ne radi
He is not (isn't) working On ne
radi
She is not (isn't) working Ona ne

Mnoina (plural)
We are not (aren't) working Mi ne
radimo
You are not (aren't) working Vi ne
radite
They are not (aren't) working Oni
ne rade

radi
It is not (isn't) working Ono ne
radi

Upotreba
Present Continuous Tense (Sadanje trajno vreme) se koristi za:

Radnju koja se deava u trenutku govora, te se stoga uz njega esto nalaze vremenske
odrednice now (sada) i at the moment (u ovom trenutku):
o
She is reading a book at the moment. - Ona trenutno ita knjigu.

Privremenu radnju:
o
We're living in my sister's flat until we find a new house to buy. - ivimo u
kui moje sestre dok ne naemo novu kuu da kupimo.

Planove vezane za budunost:

o
I am visiting my sister next weekend. - Sledeeg vikenda u posetiti svoju
sestru.
Glagoli koji se ne upotrebljavaju u Present Continuous-u
Jedan broj glagola najee ne moe da bude upotrebljen u trajnim vremenima. Najvaniji od
njih su:

hear uti,
see videti
taste okusiti
smell mirisati
remember setiti se
understand razumeti
wish eleti
want hteti
know znati itd.
Oni se, umesto u Present Continuous Tense-u, koriste u Present Simple Tense-u.

I hear a noise in the next room. - ujem nekakvu buku u susednoj sobi.
Stop! Don't you see the red light? - Stani! Zar ne vidi crveno svetlo?
This cake tastes good. - Ovaj kola ima dobar ukus.
Do you remember our first dance? - Sea li se naeg prvog plesa?
I wish you a lot of happiness. - elim vam mnogo sree.
I know that you don't understand me. - Znam da me ne razumete.

2. Past Simple Tense

Jedinica: 4 od 50
The Past Simple Tense (prolo prosto vreme) glagola TO BE
Potvrdni oblik
Potvrdni oblik glagol TO BE (biti) u prostom prolom vremenu glasi:
Jednina (singular)
I was Ja sam bio
You were Ti si bio
He was On je bio
She was Ona je bila
It was Ono je bilo

Mnoina (plural)
We were Mi smo bili
You were Vi ste bili
They were Oni su bili

I was at the theatre last night. - Ja sam sino bio u pozoritu.

My sister and her best friend were in London three years ago. - Moja sestra i njen
najbolji prijatelj su pre tri godine bili u Londonu.
David was in Sarajevo last summer. - Dejvid je bio u Sarajevu prolog leta.
Upitni oblik
Upitni oblik glagola TO BE u Simple Past Tense-u se gradi inverzijom glagola TO BE i line
zamenice.
Upitni oblik Yes/No questions
Jednina (singular)
Was I? Da li sam ja bio?
Were you? Da li si ti bio?
Was he? Da li je on bio?
Was she? Da li je ona bila?
Was it? Da li ono bilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Were we? Da li smo mi bili?
Were you? Da li ste vi bili?
Were they? Da li su oni bili?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (Short answers) na sledei nain:

Jednina (singular)
Was I? Yes, I was / No, I wasn't
Were you? Yes, you were / No,
you weren't
Was he? Yes, he was / No, he wasn't
Was she? Yes, she was / No,
she wasn't
Was it? Yes, it was / No, it wasn't

Mnoina (plural)
Were we? Yes, we were / No,
we weren't
Were you? Yes, you were / No,
you weren't
Were they? - Yes, they were / No,
they weren't

Upitni oblik Wh- questions

Jednina (singular)
Mnoina (plural)
Where was I? Gde sam ja bio? Where were we? Gde smo i
bili?
Where were you? Gde si ti
Where were you? Gde ste vi
bio?
bili?
Where was he? Gde je on bio? Where were they? Gde su oni
Where was she? Gde je ona
bili?
bila?
Where was it? Gde je ono
bilo?

Were you at home last night? - Da li si sino bio kod kue?

Were your parents in Belgrade last summer? - Da li su tvoji roditelji bili u
Beogradu prolog leta?
Was I clear? - Da li sam bio jasan?
Where were Marko and Sandra three days ago? - Gde su bili Marko i Sandra pre
tri dana?
Why was he here? - Zato je on bio ovde?
Odrini oblik
Odrini oblik glagola TO BE u Past Simple Tense-u (Prolom prostom vremenu) glasi:
Jednina (singular)
I was not (wasn't) Ja nisam bio
You were not (weren't) Ti nisi bio
He was not (wasn't) On nije bio
She was not (wasn't) Ona nije bila
It was not (wasn't) Ono nije bilo

Mnoina (plural)
We were not (weren't) Mi nismo bili
You were not (weren't) Vi niste bili
They were not (weren't) Oni nisu bili

My father wasn't here yesterday. - Moj otac jue nije bio ovde.
Her sister and John weren't in Madrid last summer. - Njen sestra i Don nisu bili u
Madridu prolog leta.
Sandra wasn't happy when she was a child. - Sandra nije bila srena kada je bila
dete.
I wasn't ill yesterday. - Jue nisam bio bolestan.

The Simple Past Tense (prosto prolo vreme)

Simple Past Tense (Prosto prolo vreme) pravilnih glagola se gradi od osnovnog oblika
glagola (infinitiv bez to) i nastavka ed.
Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
I worked Ja sam radio
You worked Ti si radio
He worked On je radio
She worked Ona je radila
It worked Ono je radilo

Mnoina (plural)
We worked Mi smo radili
You worked Vi ste radili
They worked Oni su radili

Ako se infinitiv glagola zavrava na e, nastavak glasi d

He closed (close zatvoriti)

Ako se glagol zavrava na y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik, y prelazi u i.

He cried (cry -plakati)

Ako je ispred y samoglasnik, nema promene.

She played (play igrati)

He stayed (stay ostati)
Ukoliko se infinitiv zavrava na jedan suglasnik ispred koga je kratak, naglaen samoglasnik,
taj krajnji suglasnik se podvostruava pred nastavkom za Simple Past Tense.

plan planned (planirati)

stop stopped (zaustaviti)
Nepravilni glagoli imaju posebne oblike za prolo vreme i oni se ue napamet.
Upitni oblik
Upitni oblik glagola u Simple Past Tense-u se gradi od pomonog glagola Do u prolom
vremenu koji glasi Did i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.
Upitni oblik Yes/No questions
Jednina (singular)
Did I work? Da li sam ja radio?
Did you work? Da li si ti radio?
Did he work? Da li je on radio?

Mnoina (plural)
Did we work? Da li smo mi radili?
Did you work? Da li ste vi radili?
Did they work? Da li su oni radili?

Did she work? Da li je ona radila?

Did it work? Da li je ono radilo?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (Short answers) na sledei nain:

Jednina (singular)
Did I work? Yes, I did / No, I didnt
Did you work? Yes, you did / No,
youdidnt
Did he work? Yes, he did / No, he
didnt
Did she work? Yes, she did / No, she
didnt
Did it work? Yes, it did / No, it didnt

Mnoina (plural)
Did we work? Yes, we did / No,
we didnt
Did you work? Yes you did / No,
you didnt
Did they work? Yes, they did / No,
theydidnt

Upitni oblik Wh- questions

Jednina (singular)
Where did I work? Gde sam ja
radio?
Where did you work? Gde si ti
radio?
Where did he work? Gde je on
radio?
Where did she work? Gde je ona
radila?
Where did it work? Gde ono
radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Where did we work? Gde smo mi
radili?
Where did you work? Gde ste vi
radili?
Where did they work? Gde su oni
radili?

Nepravilni glagoli grade upitni oblik na isti nain.

Subjekatska pitanja (Subject questions)
Kada je upitna re subjekat reenice, glagol stoji u potvrdnom obliku. Ovakvo pitanje se
naziva subjekatsko. U reenici:
Who told you that? (Ko ti je to rekao?) Who je subjekat, za razliku od:
Who did you see last night? (Koga si video sino?) gde je Who objekat.
Odrini oblik
Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika pomonog glagola Do u prolom vremenu i
osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.

Jednina (singular)
Mnoina (plural)
I did not (didn't) work Ja nisam radio We did not (didn't) work Mi nismo
radili
You did not (didn't) work Ti nisi
You did not (didn't) work Vi niste
radio
radili
He did not (didn't) work On nije
They did not (didn't) work Oni nisu
radio
radili
She did not (didn't) work Ona nije
radila
It did not (didn't) work Ono nije
radilo

Nepravilni glagoli grade odrini oblik na isti nain.

Upotreba
Prosto prolo vreme se koristi za radnju koja je zavrena u prolosti. Karakteristine
vremenske odrednice uz koje se upotrebljava su:
Yesterday jue,
the day before yesterday prekjue,
two years ago pre dve godine,
three hours ago pre tri sata,
last Monday prolog ponedeljka,
last year prole godine,
in 1977 1977.-e i sl.

I worked in a shop last year. - Radio sam u prodavnici prole godine.

My brother finished his homework an hour ago. - Moj brat je zavrio domai pre
sat vremena.
Last week we decided to buy a new house. - Prole nedelje smo odluili da kupimo
novu kuu.
Sandra closed the window a few minutes ago. - Sandra je zatvorila prozor pre
nekoliko minuta.
My father built this house in 1997. - Moj otac je sagradio ovu kuu 1997.-e
The day before yesterday Marko bought a nice hat. - Prekjue je Marko kupio lep
eir.

3. Adjectives

Jedinica: 8 od 50
Adjectives Ending in ing or ed (pridevi koji se zavravaju na ing ili -ed)
"-ing pridevi" (Adjectives) opisuju situaciju, osobu ili stvar:

an interesting life interesantan ivot

a boring teacher dosadan profesor
an exciting film uzbudljiv film
"-ed pridevi" (Adjectives) opisuju kako se neko osea:

I'm very interested in modern art. - Ja sam veoma zainteresovan za modernu

umetnost.
We were bored at the end of the lesson. - Bilo nam je dosadno na kraju lekcije.
Shes excited about going on holiday tomorrow. - Ona je uzbuena zbog sutranjeg
odlaska na odmor.
Evo jo nekoliko primera:

I'm confused by this confusing letter. - Ja sam zbunjen ovim zbunjujuim pismom.
I am boring. - Ja sam dosadan.
I am bored. - Meni je dosadno.
She was very surprised when he came. - Ona je bila veoma iznenaena kada je on
doao.

It was very surprising that he came. - Bilo je veoma iznenaujue to je on doao

4. Question Tags
Jedinica: 11 od 50
Da bi se napravio upitni izraz koji odgovara izrazu zar ne, u srpskom jeziku, u engleskom
koristimo pomone i nepotpune glagole. Ukoliko je reenica potvrdna, nakon nje se koristi
upitno-odrini oblik pomonog glagola:

You have finished your homework, haven't you? - Zavrio si domai zadatak, zar
ne?

She's working in the garden, isn't she? - Ona radi u bati, zar ne?
Sanja goes to school, doesn't she? - Sanja ide u kolu, zar ne?
There is a fridge in your kitchen, isn't there? - U tvojoj kuhinji se nalazi friider,
zar ne?
Martha bought a lovely dress yesterday, didn't she? - Marta je jue kupila divnu
haljinu, zar ne?

He was out when she came, wasn't he? - On je bio napolju kada je ona dola, zar ne?
Ukoliko je reenica odrina, koristi se upitni oblik pomonog glagola.

Marko didn't buy the car, did he? - Marko nije kupio auto, zar ne?
Sandra isn't a student, is she? - Sandra nije student, zar ne?
Stefan doesn't speak English, does he? - Stefan ne govori engleski, zar ne?
Milica won't come tomorrow, will she? - Milica nee doi sutra, zar ne?
I`m not good at singing, am I? - Nisam dobra u pevanju, zar ne?
Upitna re iza I am glasi aren't I.

I'm new here, aren't I? - Ja sam nov ovde, zar ne?

Iza imperativa, upitni izraz (Question Tag) glasi will you i neto drugaije se prevodi na
srpski jezik.

Open the window, will you? - Otvori prozor, hoe li?

Don't speak so loud, will you? - Nemoj govoriti tako glasno, hoe li?
Upitni izraz (Question Tag) nakon Let's (Let us) glasi shall we.

Let's go to the theatre tonight, shall we? - Hajdemo veeras u pozorite, hoemo li?
Let's start, shall we? - Hajde da ponemo, hoemo li?

5. Past Continuous Tense

Jedinica: 13 od 50
Past Continuous Tense (Prolo trajno vreme) se gradi od glagola TO BE u Past Simple
Tense-u (Prostom prolom vremenu), tj. was/were i present participle-a (sadanjeg
participa) glavnog glagola
Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
I was working Ja sam radio
You were working Ti si radio
He was working On je radio
She was working Ona je
radila

Mnoina (plural)
We were working Mi smo radili
You were working Vi ste radili
They were working Oni su
radili

It was working Ono je radio

Upitni oblik
Upitni oblik glagola u Past Continuous Tense-u (Prolom trajnom vremenu) se
gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomonog glagola TO BE (u prolom
vremenu) i line zamenice.
Upitni oblik Yes/No questions
Jednina (singular)
Was I working? Da li sam ja
radio?
Were you working? Da li si ti
radio?
Was he working? Da li je on
radio?
Was she working? Da li je ona
radila?
Was it working? Da li je ono
radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Were we working? Da li smo mi
radili?
Were you working? Da li ste vi
radili?
Were they working? Da li su oni
radili?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (Short answers) na sledei nain:

Jednina (singular)
Was I working? Yes, I was / No, I
wasn't
Were you working? Yes, you were /
No, you werent
Was he working? Yes, he was / No, he
wasn't
Was she working? Yes, she was / No,
she wasn't
Was it working? Yes, it was / No, it
wasn't

Mnoina (plural)
Were we working? - Yes, we were / No,
we weren't
Were you working? Yes you were /No,
you weren't
Were they working? Yes, they were /
No, they weren't

Upitni oblik Wh- questions

Jednina (singular)
Where was I working? Gde sam ja
radio?
Where were you working? Gde si ti
radio?
Where was he working? Gde je on
radio?
Where was she working? Gde je ona

Mnoina (plural)
Where were we working? Gde smo mi
radili?
Where were you working? Gde ste vi
radili?
Where were they working? Gde su oni
radili?

radila?
Where was it working? Gde je ono
radilo?

Odrini oblik
Odrini oblik Past Continuous Tense-a (Prolog trajnog vremena) se gradi od odrinog obika
pomonog glagolaTO BE u prolom vremnu i Present Participle-a (sadanjeg participa)
glavnog glagola.
Jednina (singular)
I was not (I wasn't) working Ja
nisam radio
You were not (weren't) working Ti
nisi radio
He was not (wasn't) working On nije
radio
She was not (wasn't) working Ona
nije radila
It was not (wasn't) working Ono nije
radilo

Mnoina (plural)
We were not (weren't) working Mi
nismo radili
You were not (weren't) working Vi
niste radili
They were not (weren't) working Oni
nisu radili

Upotreba
Past Continuous Tense (Prolo trajno vreme) se koristi za:

Radnju koja je u prolosti due vreme trajala:

She was reading a book all day yesterday. - Ona je ceo dan jue itala
knjigu.

Dve radnje koje su se u prolom vremenu paralelno deavale:

While I was watching TV, my sister was doing her homework. - Dok sam
ja gledao TV, moja sestra je radila svoj domai.

Prolu radnju koja je due trajala a prekinuta je nekom drugom prolom radnjom. Ta
druga radnja se obino izraava prostim prolim vremenom (Past simple tense):
o
I was watching TV when the telephone rang. - Ja sam gledao TV kada je
telefon zazvonio.
o
When we arrived they were playing cards. - Kada smo stigli oni su igrali
karte.
Napomena: Glagoli koji se ne koriste u Present Continuous Tense-u, ne koriste se ni u Past
Continuous Tense-u. Umesto njih se obino koristi glagol u Past Simple Tense-u.

6. Used to, Be Used to

Jedinica: 15 od 50
Glagolska konstrukcija Used To + infinitiv se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se
nekada deavale ili o naim ranijim navikama i stalnim deavanjima koja se vie ne
ponavljaju.

I used to go to school but I have a job now. - Nekada sam ila u kolu ali sada
radim.

She used to get up at 6 every morning until she started working in the
afternoon. - Nekada je svako jutro ustajala u 6 sati dok nije poela da radi popodne.
Konstrukcija Be Used To + Present Participle se koristi kada govorimo o stvarima na koje
smo se navikli i najee se koristi u sadanjem vremenu.

I am used to living with my sister. - Navikla sam se da ivim sa sestrom.

They are used to living in Australia even though it is so far away. - Navikli su se
da ive u Australiji iako je tako daleko.

Present Perfect and Past Simple Tense

Jedinica: 17 od 50
Present Perfect Tense se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se dogodile u
neodreenom trenutku u prolosti.

Mary has travelled to America. - Meri je putovala u Ameriku.

I have broken my leg. - Slomila sam nogu.
Karakteristine vremenske
odrednice: ever, never, just, yet, already, since, for, lately, recently, this morning,this
summer...
Past Simple e se upotrebiti kada imamo vremensku frazu koja nam jasno ukazuje na to kada
se neto odigralo u prolosti.
Karakteristine vremenske odrednice: yesterday, last month, last summer, three days
ago, in 1989, when I was a child...

Mary travelled to America last year. - Meri je putovala u Ameriku prole godine.
I broke my leg when I was ten. - Slomila sam nogu kad mi je bilo deset godina.

Izuzetak je IN THE LAST koji zahteva upotrebu Present Perfect vremena.

Kada opisujemo odreeni dogaaj esto emo praviti kombinacije ova dva vremena. Kada
navodimo injenicu do koje je dolo moemo upotrebiti Present Perfect. Ali ve svaka druga
detaljnija informacija vezana za tu situaciju e biti izraena Past Simple Tense-om.

I have lost my wallet. - Izgubila sam novanik.

It happened in a supermarket. - To se desilo u supermarketu.
I came to the cashier but there wasn`t a wallet in my bag. - Dola sam na kasu ali
novanik nije bio u torbi.
I was desperate. - Bila sam oajna.
Uz re when ide Past Simple Tense, jer se trai tano vreme u prolosti.

Have you ever been to England? - Da li si ikada bio u Engleskoj?

Yes, I have. - Da, jesam.
When did you go there? - Kada si iao tamo?
I went there three years ago. - Iao sam pre tri godine.

7. Present Perfect Continuous

Tense
Jedinica: 19 od 50
Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Sadanje svreno trajno vreme) se gradi od glagola TO BE
u Present Perfect Tense-u (Sadanjem svrenom vremenu), tj. have/has been i present
participle-a (sadanjeg participa) glavnog glagola.
Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
Mnoina (plural)
I have been working Ja sam radio We have been working Mi smo
radili
You have been working Ti si
You have been working Vi ste radili
radio
He has been working On je radio They have been working - Oni su
She has been working Ona je
radili
radila
It has been working Ono je radilo

Upitni oblik

Upitni oblik glagola u Present Perfect Continuous Tense-u (Sadanjem svrenom trajnom
vremenu) se gradi kao upitni oblik Present Perfect Simple Tense-a tj. inverzijom (u odnosu
na
potvrdni
oblik) pomonog
glagola
TO
HAVE i line
zamenice.
Upitni oblik Yes/No questions
Jednina (singular)
Have I been working? Da li sam ja
radio?
Have you been working? Da li si ti
radio?
Has he been working? Da li je on
radio?
Has she been working? Da li je ona
radila?
Has it been working? Da li je ono
radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Have we been working? Da li smo mi
radili?
Have you been working? Da li ste vi
radili?
Have they been working? Da li su oni
radili?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (Short answers) na sledei nain:

Jednina (singular)
Have I been working? Yes, I have /
No, Ihaven't
Have you been working? Yes
you have / No, you haven't
Has he been working? Yes, he has /
No, hehasn't
Has she been working? Yes, she has/
No, shehasn't
Has it been working? Yes, it has / No,
ithasn't

Mnoina (plural)
Have we been working? - Yes, we have /
No, we haven't
Have you been working? Yes,
you have / No, you haven't
Have they been working? Yes,
they have / No, they haven't

Upitni oblik Wh- questions

Jednina (singular)
Where have I been working? Gde
sam ja radio?
Where have you been working? Gde
si ti radio?
Where has he been working? Gde je
on radio?
Where has she been working? Gde je
ona radila?
Where has it been working? Gde je
ono radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Where have we been working? Gde
smo mi radili?
Where have you been working? Gde
ste vi radili?
Where have they been working? Gde
su oni radili?

Odrini oblik
Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika glagola BE (u Present Perfect Simple Tensu)
i Present Participle-a glavnog glagola.
Jednina (singular)
I have not (haven't) been working Ja
nisam radio
You have not (haven't) been
working Ti nisi radio
He has not (hasn't) been working On
nije radio
She has not (hasn't) been working
Ona nije radila
It has not (hasn't) been working
Ono nije radilo

Mnoina (plural)
We have not (haven't) been working
Mi nismo radili
You have not (haven't) been working
Vi niste radili
They have not (haven't) been working
Oni nisu radili

Upotreba
Sadanje svreno trajno vreme se koristi za:
Radnju koja je zapoeta u prolosti, jo uvek traje i moe se nastaviti u budunosti.

She has been learning English for three years. - Ona ui engleski ve tri godine.
U ovom kontekstu koristimo priloge for i since.
For oznaava ukupan vremenski period trajanja radnje.

I have been swimming for an hour. - Plivam ve sat vremena.

Since oznaava poetak deavanja radnje.

I have been living here since 1998. - ivim ovde od 1998.

Radnju koja se do skoro deavala i ostavila jasne posledice u sadanjosti:

It has been raining. The ground is still wet. - Padala je kia. Zemlja je jo mokra.
Napomena: Kao to se iz prethodnih primera moe videti, Present Perfect Continuous Tense
se moe prevesti i sadanjim vremenom, u zavisnosti od konteksta.
Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Simple Tense se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se dogodile u
neodreenom trenutku u prolosti i gde je jasno naznaeno da je radnja zavrena. Tako je pri
upotrebi Present Perfect Tense-a subjekat vie zainteresovan za rezultat radnje.

Mary has bought a new car. - Meri je kupila novi auto.

I have broken my leg. - Slomila sam nogu.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama za koje nismo sasvim
sigurni da su zavrene.Ovim vremenom istiemo da smo vie zainteresovani za duinu
trajanja radnje nego posledice koje ona ostavlja.

He has been working for the same company since 1966. - On radi za istu
kompaniju od 1966. godine.
I have been talking to my sister for more than two hours. - Razgovarala sam sa
svojom sestrom vie od dva sata.
Tako se Present Perfect Simple koristi uz How much i How many, a Present Perfect
Continuous Tense uz How long.

How many cakes have you made? - Koliko kolaa si napravila?

How much sugar have you bought? - Koliko eera si kupio?
How long have you been making cakes? - Koliko dugo pravi kolae?
Razliku emo videti i u primerima:

I have read a book. You can have it back. - Proitala sam knjigu. Moe je uzeti
natrag.

I have been reading a book, so you can't have it back. - itam knjigu, pa je ne
moe uzeti natrag.
U prvoj reenici radnja je kompletirana dok u drugoj nije.
U nekim sluajevima oba vremena se mogu koristiti sa istim znaenjem. esto sa
glagolima Live i Work.

I have been working for this company for 5 years. - Radim za ovu kompaniju ve 5
godina.

I have worked for this company for 5 years. - Radim za ovu kompaniju ve 5
godina.
I've been living in London since 1997. - ivim u Londonu od 1997.-e
I've lived in London since 1997. - ivim u Londonu od 1997.-e
U sluajevima kada je duina trajanja radnje naglaena, koristiemo Present Perfect
Continuous.

I have been working here for ages. - Radim ovde ve godinama.

8. Modal Verbs
Jedinica: 21 od 50
Modalni glagoli su glagoli nepotpunog znaenja, koji odgovaraju naim: moi, hteti, umeti,
smeti...
U engleskom jeziku oni imaju tri vane karakteristike.
1. trae dopunu u vidu infinitiva bez to
2. imaju isti oblik za sva lica
3. u odrinom i upitnom obliku ne koriste glagol to do
Must je jedan od modalnih glagola koji oznaava postojanje obaveze (obligation). To je
najee obaveza koja dolazi od prvog lica, tzv. unutranja obaveza.

I must call my sister tonight. - Moram da pozovem sestru veeras.

She must win the competition. - Ona mora da pobedi na takmienju.
Glagolska konstrukcija have to ima slino znaenje kao i must. Razlika je u tome to have
to oznaava obavezu koja dolazi od drugog lica, tzv. spoljanja obaveza. To se uglavnom
odnosi na pravila i zakone koji su nam propisani.

Children have to go to school. - Deca moraju da idu u kolu.

You have to fill in this form to get a visa. - Morate da ispunite ovaj formular da biste
dobili vizu.
Glagol Have to se takoe koristi umesto modalnog glagola must u prolom i buduem
vremenu, jer must nema oblike za njih.

I had to leave the house at 4 because I had a meeting at 5. - Morao sam da odem iz
kue u 4 zato to sam imao sastanak u 5.
You didn't have to come if you didn't want to. - Nisi morao da doe ako nisi eleo.
I'll have to find a better job. - Morau da naem bolji posao.
Treba voditi rauna o tome da Have to nije modalni glagol.
Mustn't je odrian oblik glagola must i oznaava zabranu (prohibition).

You mustn't smoke in the classroom. - Ne smete puiti u uionici.

We mustn't play with matches. - Ne smemo se igrati sa ibicama.

Can oznaava postojanje sposobnosti (ability) u sadanjosti dok can't oznaava nepostojanje
sposobnosti.

I can play the guitar. - Umem da sviram gitaru.

She can`t drive a car. - Ona ne ume da vozi auto.
Could govori o sposobnosti koja je postojala nekada u prolosti. S tim u
vezi couldn't oznaava nepostojanje sposobnosti u prolosti.

Michael could climb trees as a child. - Majkl je mogao da se penje na drvee kao
dete.
I couldn't read when I was 4. - Nisam umela da itam kada mi je bilo 4 godine.
Za sposobnost ili mogunost u prolosti, koristi se jo i glagol be able to

I wasn't able to come yesterday. - Nisam mogao jue da doem.

Razlika u upotrebi could i was/were able to se ogleda u tome to se could koristi
za generalnu sposobnost(general ability) u prolosti, dok was/were able to za sposobnost u
nekoj specifinoj situaciji (ability on a specific occasion). Kada ima znaenje uspeti neto
uraditi = manage

I could drive when I was nineteen. - Umeo sam da vozim auto kada sam imao
devetnaest godina.
The prisoner was able to escape by climbing over the wall. - Zatvorenik je uspeo
da pobegne tako to se popeo na zid.
Be able to se takoe koristi za budunost.

I'll be able to come tomorrow. - Moi u sutra da doem.

Can / can't moe znaiti i imati / nemati dozvolu (permission) da neto uradite.

You can leave the room. - Moete da napustite prostoriju.

We can't vote if we are 16. - Ne moemo da glasamo ako imamo 16 godina.
Should / shouldn't (trebalo bi / ne bi trebalo) se koriste za
davanje saveta, predloga, sugestija (advice,suggestions).

Mary should go home. She has high temperature. - Meri bi trebalo da ode kui.
Ima visoku temperaturu.
You shouldn't walk alone by night. It is dangerous. - Ne bi trebalo da eta sam
nou. Opasno je.
May / Might se koriste da oznae verovatnou (probability) da e se neto
desiti. Might nosi neto manju mogunost da se radnja ostvari.

It may rain. It is cloudy. - Moda e padati kia. Oblano je.

It might rain. It is still sunny. - Moda e padati kia. Jo uvek je sunano.
Would se koristi za zamiljene situacije. esto se skrauje i glasi 'd

Where would you go? - Gde biste ili?

I wouldn't go by plane. - Ne bih ila avionom.
I'd stay at some hotel. - Odsela bih u nekom hotelu.
Znaenje modala se esto moe zameniti glagolskim konstrukcijama koje imaju gotovo
identino znaenje.
Obaveza (obligation) se osim sa MUST moe izraziti i upotrebom konstrukcije BE
OBLIGED TO i BE SUPPOSED TO gde ova druga ima znaenje slabije obaveze koja je
uglavnom rezultat pravila ili tradicije.

She is obliged to attend the meeting tomorrow. - Ona ima obavezu da prisustvuje
sastanku sutra.
They are supposed to kiss at the end of the wedding ceremony. - Oni treba da se
poljube na kraju obreda venanja.
Davanje ili oduzimanje dozvole se izraava i konstrukcijom BE ALLOWED TO.

We are allowed to enter the temple. - Dozvoljeno nam je da uemo u hram.

Ovom konstrukciojm moemo i zabranjivati.

You are not allowed to smoke in the classroom. - Ne dozvoljava ti se da pui u

uionici.
Konstrukcije TO BE ABLE TO i TO HAVE TO su ranije objanjene.

9. Adverbs
Jedinica: 24 od 50
Prilozi su rei koje blie odreuju glagole, prideve i druge priloge.
Najvei broj priloga se gradi tako to se na osnovu prideva doda nastavak ly:

quick + -ly = quickly (brzo)

easy + -ly = easily (lako)
beautiful + -ly = beautifully (lepo)

gentle + -ly = gently (neno)

Neki prilozi imaju potpuno isti oblik kao pridevi. Takvi su sledei prilozi:
fast (brzo)
hard (teko)
late (kasno)
early (rano)
Prilog koji odgovara pridevu good (dobar) je nepravilan i glasi well.
Prilozi se najee nalaze na kraju reenice. Prilozi stoje iza direktnog objekta, ako on
postoji, inae posle glagola sledeim redom: prilog za nain (manner), prilog za mesto
(place), prilog za vreme (time).

I didn't feel well at work yesterday morning. - Nisam se oseala dobro na poslu
jue ujutru.
Well je prilog za nain, at work za mesto, a yesterday morning za vreme.
Ako u jednoj reenici postoji vie priloga za vreme, na prvo mesto dolazi onaj koji pokazuje
blie vreme.

The next class is on Monday, April 27th, 2005. - Sledei as je u ponedeljak, 27.-og
aprila 2005.-e.

10. Reported Speech

Jedinica: 26 od 50
Doslovno navoenje neijih rei se naziva direktni govor (Direct Speech).

Mark said: "I have bought a new car." - Mark je rekao: "Kupio sam novi auto."
Sandra: "Peter is doing his homework." - Sandra: "Piter radi domai."
Meutim, prepriavanje neijih rei se naziva indirektni govor (Reported Speech ili Indirect
Speech)
Prilikom prebacivanja direktnog govora u indirektni, deavaju se izvesne promene.

Mark said (that) he had bought a new car. - Marko je rekao da je kupio novi auto.
Sandra said (that) Peter was doing his homework. - Sandra je rekla da Piter radi
svoj domai.
Statements (izjavne reenice)
Pri prebacivanju direktnih potvrdnih i odrinih izjavnih u indirektni govor one se obino
uvode glagolom say. Mogu se meutim upotrebiti jo neki glagoli sa slinim znaenjem:

tell (rei),
add (dodati),
answer (odgovoriti),
declare (izjaviti).
Nakon ovih glagola moe doi veznik that, ali to nije obavezno. U indirektnom govoru
dolazi do obaveznogslaganja vremena. Ako je uvodni glagol (say, tell...) u prolom
vremenu, dolazi do promene vremena iz direktnog govora.

He said: "I am a teacher." - On je rekao: "Ja sam nastavnik."

He said that he was a teacher. - On je rekao da je on nastavnik.
"Mary is reading a book." Meri ita knjigu."
She said that Mary was reading a book. - Ona je rekla da Meri ita knjigu.
Sarah: "John bought a present for his wife." - Sara: "Don je kupio poklon svojoj
eni."

Sarah said that John had bought a present for his wife. - Sara je rekla da je Don
kupio poklon svojoj eni.
Milan: "They are working in the garden." - Milan: "Oni rade u bati."
Milan said that they were working in the garden. - Milan je rekao da oni rade u
bati.
"We have made a cake." - "Napravili smo tortu."
They said that they had made a cake. - Oni su rekli da su napravili tortu.
Mark: "Paul will do it." "Mark: Pol e to uraditi."
Mark said that Paul would do it. - Mark je rekao da e to Pol uraditi.
Evo do kojih promena u vremenima dolazi pri slaganju vremena.

Present Simple Tense prelazi u Past Simple Tense

Present Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Simple Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Tense
Past Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Will prelazi u Would
Shall najee prelazi u Would ili Should
Can prelazi u Could
Might se ne menja
Should i Ought to se ne menjaju
Must prelazi u Had to
Takoe se deavaju i promene u vremenskim odrednicama:

Today postaje that day

Yesterday postaje the day before
The day before yesterday postaje two days before

Tomorrow postaje the next day ili the following day

The day after tomorrow postaje In two days' time
Next week postaje the following week
A year ago postaje a year before ili the previous year
Mary: "I met him the day before yesterday." - Meri: "Srela sam ga prekjue."
Mary said she had met him two days before. - Meri je rekla da ga je srela prekjue.
John: "I'll come tomorrow." - Don: "Doi u sutra."
John said he would come the next day. - Don je rekao da e doi sutra.
Questions (upitne reenice)
Pri prebacivanju direktnih pitanja u indirektna vodi se rauna o tome da li je pitanje tipa
Yes/No (bez upitne rei) ili Wh- pitanje (sa upitnom rei). Reenice se uglavnom uvode
glagolima ask (pitati), inquire (pitati,
raspitivati
se),want
to
know (eleti
znati), wonder (pitati se)
Ako se radi o Yes/No pitanjima nakon uvodnog glagola dolazi if (ili whether) a zatim
prepriano pitanje. Pravilo o slaganju vremena vai i ovde.

Ann: "Are you English?" - En: "Da li ste vi Englezi?"

Ann asked if they were English - En je pitala da li su oni Englezi.
Obratite panju da je red rei iza if kao u potvrdnoj reenici. Evo jo nekoliko primera:

Sandra: "Can John play the piano?" - Sandra: "Da li Don zna da svira klavir?"
Sandra wanted to know if John could play the piano. - Sandra je htela da zna da li
Don zna da svira klavir.
Mark : "Do you work in a bank?" - Mark: "Da li radi u banci?"
Mark asked whether I worked in a bank. - Marko je pitao da li radim u banci.
Mario: "Has anyone been to Madrid?" - Mario: "Da li je iko bio u Madridu?"
Mario wanted to know if anyone had been to Madrid. - Mario je hteo da zna da li
je iko bio u Madridu.
Ako se radi o Wh-pitanjima if nije
reima When, Which, Who, Why...

potrebno.

Wh-

pitanja

poinju

upitnim

Ivana: "Where does Mary live?" - Ivana: "Gde ivi Meri?"

Ivana asked where Mary lived. - Ivana je pitala gde Meri ivi.
Tom: "Why has Ann gone?" - Tom: "Zato je En otila?"
Tom wanted to know why Ann had gone. - Tom je eleo da zna zato je En otila.
Orders (naredbe)
Naredbe se najee uvode glagolom tell (rei). Jo se javljaju order, command (oba u
znaenju narediti) dok se molbe uvode glagolom ask (zamoliti).
Glagol tell zahteva iza sebe direktan objekat.

Imperativ iz
direktnog
govora
postaje infinitiv u
imperativ (prohibitiv) postajenegativni infinitiv.

indirektnom,

dok negativni

Ann: "Open the window." - En: "Otvori prozor."

Ann told me to open the window. - En mi je rekla da otvorim prozor.
Ann: "Don't open the window." - En: Nemoj da otvori prozor.
Ann told me not to open the window. - En mi je rekla da ne otvaram prozor.
Tom: "Please, pass me the glass, John." - Tom: "Molim te, Done, dodaj mi au."
Tom: "John, will you pass me the glass, please." - Done, da li bi mi dodao au,
molim te."
Tom: "John, could you pass me the glass, please." - Done, da li bi mogao da mi
doda au." (su molbe i kao takve se u indirektnom govoru uvode na isti nain, glagolom
ask)
Tom asked John to pass him a glass. - Tom je zamolio Dona da mu doda au.

11. Relative Clauses

Jedinica: 28 od 50
Odnosne reenice se dele na dve grupe: Odredbene odnosne reenice (Defining relative
clauses) i umetnute odnosne reenice (Non-defining relative clauses).
Defining Relative Clauses (odredbene odnosne reenice)
Odredbena odnosna reenica (Defining relative clause) blie odreuje imenicu ili zamenicu
na koju se odnosi. Ona se ne moe izostaviti jer bez nje reenica ili nema smisao ili ga menja.

The police have caught the thief who stole the jewels. - Policija je uhvatila lopova
koji
je
ukrao
dragulje.
(who stole the jewels je odredbena odnosna reenica (defining relative clause))
Ove reenice poinju odnosnim zamenicama who, whose, whom, which, that.
Kada govorimo o ljudima, koristimo who ili that.

I talked to the man who won the race. ili

I talked to the man that won the race. - Razgovarao sam sa ovekom koji je pobedio u
trci.
Kada govorimo o stvarima ili ivotinjama koristimo which ili that.

I liked the car which my father bought. ili

I liked the car that my father bought. - Svideo mi se auto koji je kupio moj otac.

Kada odnosna zamenica menja prisvojnu zamenicu (his, her, their...) koristimo whose (iji,
ija, ije)

Marko is the boy whose parents live in our neighbouhood. - Marko je deak iji
roditelji ive u naem kraju.
Odnosne zamenice who, that i which mogu biti subjekat ili objekat odnosne reenice. Na
primer u reenici:

I talked to the man who won the race (who je subjekat)

ili u reenici:
That is the dog that attacked me (that je takoe subjekat reenice)
Meutim, u reenici:

The letter which she sent me was nice (which je objekat)

Ili u reenici:

The man that I met yesterday was very kind (that je takoe objekat)
Kada je odnosna zamenica objekat reenice ona se moe izostaviti.

The man that I met yesterday was very kind - The man I met yesteday was very kind.
The letter which she sent me was nice. - The letter she sent me was nice.
Whom se koristi umesto who ili that kada predstavlja objekat, pa se moe rei i:

The man whom I met yesterday was very kind.

Zamenica whom se retko koristi u govornom jeziku.
Odredbene odnosne reenice se ne odvajaju zarezom od glavne reenice.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses (umetnute odnosne reenice)
Umetnuta odnosna reenica (Non-defining Relative Clause) daje dodatno obavetenje o
glavnoj reenici koje nije bitno za znaenje reenice kao celine. Glavna reenica bi i bez nje
imala smisla.

Belgrade, which is the capital of Serbia, has about 2 milion inhabitants. - Beograd,
koji je glavni grad Srbije, ima oko 2 miliona stanovnika.
which is the capital of Serbia je umetnuta odnosna reenica (non-defining relative clause) i
odvaja se zarezima od glavne reenice.

Odnosne reenice poinju odnosnim zamenicama who, which, whom i whose.

U umetnutim odnosnim reenicama za stvari i ivotinje, koristi se odnosna
zamenica which (ali ne i that kao to je sluaj sa odredbenim odnosnim reenicama).

Mary gave the book, which she had already read, to her best friend - Meri je knjigu,
koju je ve bila proitala, dala svojoj najboljoj drugarici.
U umetnutim odnosnim reenicama za osobe koristimo odnosnu zamenicu who (ali ne
i that kao to je sluaju sa odredbenim odnosnim reenicama).

Ivo Andric, who was born in Travnik, was a great writer. - Ivo Andri, koji je roen u
Travniku, bio je veliki pisac.
U sluajevima kada je who objekat reenice, umesto njega se moe koristiti whom.

Milan, whom I saw yesterday, is today in London - Milan, koga sam jue video, je
danas u Londonu.
Varijanta sa who:

Milan, who I saw yesterday, is today in London - je manje formalna i ee se koristi.

U znaenju njegov (his), njen (her), njihov (their) koristimo whose.

Madonna, whose parents were born in Italy, is a famous American singer - Madona,
iji su roditelji roeni u Italiji, je poznata amerika pevaica.
Which se takoe moe odnositi ne samo na re iza koje stoji ve i na itavu reenicu.

She gave me her watch as a present, which was very nice of her. - Dala mi je svoj sat
na poklon, to je bilo veoma lepo od nje.

12. Passive Voice

Jedinica: 31 od 50
Glagoli imaju dva stanja: aktiv ili radno stanje i pasiv ili trpno stanje.
Ako subjekat reenice vri radnju, onda je glagol u aktivu.

Somebody cleans the office every day. - Neko isti ovu kancelariju svakog dana.

Ako subjekat reenice trpi radnju, onda je glagol u Pasivu.

The office is cleaned every day. - Ova kancelarija se isti svakog dana.
Objekat aktivne reenice (the office) postaje subjekat pasivne reenice i dolazi na poetak
reenice, a glavni glagol (clean) se stavlja u pasiv (is cleaned).
Pasiv se gradi od odgovarajueg oblika glagola to be i past participle-a (prolog participa)
glavnog glagola.
Tako e u sadanjem vremenu pasiv glagola clean glasiti:

am cleaned, are cleaned, is cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica)

a u prolom vremenu:

was cleaned, were cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica)

Reenica koju smo imali u sadanjem vremenu, ovako bi izgledala u prolom:

Somebody cleaned the office yesterday - Neko je jue oistio ovu kancelariju. (aktiv)
The office was cleaned yesterday - Ova kancelarija je oiena jue. (pasiv)
Ostala vremena pasiva
Present Continuous

Somebody is cleaning the office. (aktiv)

The office is being cleaned. (pasiv)
Past Continuous

Somebody was cleaning the office. (aktiv)

The office was being cleaned. (pasiv)
Present Perfect

Somebody has cleaned the office. (aktiv)

The office has been cleaned. (pasiv)
Past Perfect

Somebody had cleaned the office. (aktiv)

The office had been cleaned. (pasiv)
Modali

Somebody will clean the office. (aktiv)

The office will be cleaned. (pasiv)

Somebody can clean the office. (aktiv)
The office can be cleaned. (pasiv)
Upotreba
Pasiv se koristi:
Kada ne znamo ko je izvrio radnju:

The house was built in the 19th century. - Kua je izgraena u 19.-om veku.
Kada izvrilac radnje nije bitan:

Wine is served during the lunch. - Vino se slui tokom ruka.

Ako elimo da oznaimo izvrioca radnje, koristimo predlog by:

These cakes have been made by my mother. - Ove kolae je napravila moja majka.
Napomena: Samo prelazni glagoli (glagoli koji imaju objekat iza sebe) mogu da se stave u
pasiv.

13. Causative Have

Jedinica: 34 od 50
Causative have je konstrukcija koja oznaava radnju koju za subjekta izvrava neko drugo
lice. Postoji ustaljeni obrazac koji glasi:
SUBJECT + HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE
gde se glagol HAVE menja po vremenima na standardan nain.

I had my house repainted last month. - Okreili su mi kuu prolog meseca.

She must have had her hair cut. It looks much shorter! - Mora da je skratila kosu.
Kosa joj izgleda mnogo kraa.
Nekada glagol HAVE u ovakvoj konstrukciji moe imati drugaije znaenje, pa esto dobija
znaenje iskusiti, osetiti, rezultovati.

My brother had his nose broken in a fight. - Mom bratu su polomili nos u tui.

They have a lot of money saved to buy a new car. - Oni imaju dosta uteenog
novca za kupovinu auta.

14. The First Conditional

Jedinica: 36 od 50
Conditional Sentences (uslovne/pogodbene reenice)
Kondicionali (uslovne reenice) su zavisne reenice koje se uvode veznikom if (ako). U
zavisnosti od toga kolika je mogunost za ostvarenje radnje svi kondicionali se dele
na prvi, drugi i trei kondicional.
The First Conditional (prvi kondicional)
Prvi kondicional se jo naziva i realni. Sam naziv kae da postoji velika mogunost za
ostvarenje radnje koja se uslovljava. Kao i u svakoj sloenoj reenici,
razlikujemo kondicionalnu (uslovnu) reenicu i glavnu reenicu.
Uslov se u prvom kondicionalu izraava u Present Simple Tense-u, dok se u glavnoj reenici
javlja Future Simple (will + infinitiv bez to).

If you finish your homework on time, you will get a good mark. - Ako zavri domai
zadatak na vreme, dobie dobru ocenu.
If she spends all the money, she will not go shopping. - Ako potroi sav novac, ona
nee ii u kupovinu.
Kao varijacije prvog kondicionala javljaju se sledee izmene.
Umesto oblika will+infinitiv mogu se javiti ostali modalni glagoli sa infinitivom.

If you want to lose weight, you should/must eat less bread. - Ako eli da oslabi,
trebalo bi / mora da jede manje hleba.
If everything is in order, you may/can leave at once - Ako je sve u redu, moe odmah
otii.
U glavnoj reenici se moe desiti da se takoe javi Present Simple Tense. To se deava kada
govorimo o naunim injenicama ili drugim izvesnim radnjama.

If you heat ice it turns to water. - Ako zagreva led pretvorie se u vodu.
If there is an economy crisis prices go up. - Ako nastane ekonomska kriza cene rastu.

15. The Second Conditional

Jedinica: 38 od 50
Drugi kondicional nosi sa sobom manju verovatnou da e se radnja ostvariti iako to nije
potpuno nemogue.
Uslov se izraava Past Simple Tense-om, dok se u glavnoj reenici nalazi modalni glagol
would + infinitiv bez to.

If I had a map, I would lend it to you. - Kad bih imala mapu, pozajmila bih ti je.
If someone stole my car, I would call the police. - Kad bi mi neko ukrao auto,
pozvala bih policiju.
Proli oblik glagola TO BE se esto u drugom kondicionalu javlja samo kao WERE za sva
lica.

If I were you, I wouldn't do that. - Da sam ja na tvom mestu, ne bih to uradila.

Varijacije se
takoe
mogu
javiti
zamenjuju would+infinitiv u glavnoj reenici.

obliku modalnih

glagola koji

If I knew his number, I could ring him up. - Kad bih znala njegov broj, mogla bih da
ga pozovem.
If you tried again, you might succeed. - Kad bi ponovo pokuao, moda bi uspeo.

16. Past Perfect Tense

Jedinica: 40 od 50
Past Perfect Tense (Davno prolo vreme) se gradi od pomonog glagola TO HAVE u Past
Simple Tense-u (prolom prostom vremenu), tj. had i past participle-a (prolog participa)
glavnog glagola.
Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
I had (I'd) worked Ja sam bio
radio
You had (You'd) worked Ti si bio
radio
He had worked (He'd) On je bio
radio
She had worked (She'd) Ona je

Mnoina (plural)
We had (We'd) worked Mi smo bili
radili
You had (You'd) worked Vi ste bili
radili
They had (They'd) worked Oni su
bili radili

bila radila
It had worked (It'd) Ono bilo je
radilo

Jednina (singular)
I had (I'd) slept Ja sam bio
spavao
You had (You'd) slept Ti si bio
spavao
He had (He'd) slept On je bio
spavao
She had (She'd) slept Ona je bila
spavala
It had (It'd) slept Ono je bilo
spavalo

Mnoina (plural)
We had (We'd) slept Mi smo bili
spavali
You had (You'd)slept Vi ste bili
spavali
They had (They'd) slept Oni su bili
spavali

Upitni oblik
Upitni oblik glagola u Past Perfect Tense-u (Sadanjem svrenom vremenu) se
gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomonog glagola TO HAVE (u prolom
vremenu)
i line
zamenice.

Jednina (singular)
Had I worked? Da li sam ja bio
radio?
Had you worked? Da li si ti bio
radio?
Had he worked? Da li je on bio
radio?
Had she worked? Da li je ona
bila radila?
Had it worked? Da li je ono bilo
radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Had we worked? Da li smo mi
bili radili?
Had you worked? Da li vi ste bili
radili?
Had they worked? Da li su oni bili
radili?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (Short answers) na sledei nain:

Jednina (singular)
Had I worked? Yes, I had / No,
I hadn't
Had you worked? Yes, you had / No,
youhadn't
Had he worked? Yes, he had / No,

Mnoina (plural)
Had we worked? - Yes, we had / No,
we hadn't
Had you worked? Yes you had / No,
wehadn't
Had they worked? Yes, they had / No,

hehadn't
Had she worked? Yes, she had/ No,
shehadn't
Had it worked? Yes, it had / No,
it hadn't

theyhadn't

Upitni oblik Wh- questions

Jednina (singular)
Where had I worked? Gde sam ja bio
radio?
Where had you worked? Gde si ti bio
radio?
Where had he worked? Gde je on bio
radio?
Where had she worked? Gde je ona
bila radila?
Where had it worked? Gde je ono bilo
radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Where had we worked? -Gde smo mi
bili radili?
Where had you worked? Gde ste vi
bili radili?
Where had they worked? Gde su oni
bili radili?

Odrini oblik
Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika prolog vremena glagola Have i Past Participle-a
glavnog glagola.
Jednina (singular)
I had not (hadn't ) worked Ja nisam
bio radio
You had not (hadn't) worked Ti nisi
bio radio
He had not (hadn't) worked On nije
bio radio
She had not (hadn't) worked Ona
nije bila radila
It had not (hadn't) worked Ono nije
bilo radilo

Mnoina (plural)
We had not (hadn't) worked Mi nismo
bili radili
You had not (hadn't) worked Vi niste
bili radili
They had not hadn't)worked Oni nisu
bili radili

Upotreba
The Past Perfect Tense (Davno prolo vreme) se upotrebljava za:
Radnju koja se zavrila pre neke druge prole radnje.

She suddenly found that she had lost her camera. - Odjednom je shvatila da je
izgubila foto aparat.

The Past Perfect Tense se upotrebljava u zavisnim reenicama uz after. Takoe se mogu
pojaviti i prilozi when ibecause.

After we had reached the top, we began to feel tired. - Poto smo se popeli na vrh
poeli smo da oseamo umor.
His friends tried to help him after he had lost all his money. - Prijatelji su pokuali da
mu pomognu nakon to je izgubio sav svoj novac.
When he had finished his homework, he went to play. - Kada je zavrio domai,
izaao je da se igra.
Because he'd spent so much, he had very little money. - Poto je bio potroio toliko,
imao je vrlo malo novca.

17. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Jedinica: 42 od 50
Past Perfect Continuous Tense (davno prolo trajno vreme) se gradi od glagola TO BE u
Past Perfect Tense-u i Present participle-a (sadanjeg participa) glavnog glagola."
Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
I had (I'd) been working Ja sam bio
radio
You had (You'd) been working Ti si
bio radio
He had been working (He'd) On je
bio radio
She had been working (She'd) Ona je
bila radila
It had been working (It'd) Ono je
bilo radilo

Mnoina (plural)
We had been working (We'd) Mi smo
bili radili
You had been working (You'd) Vi ste
bili radili
They had been working (They'd) Oni
su bili radili

Odrini oblik
Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika HAVE u past Perfect Tense-u i Present
Participle-a glavnog glagola.
Jednina (singular)

Mnoina (plural)

I had not (hadn't ) been working Ja

nisam bio radio
You had not (hadn't) been working Ti
nisi bio radio
He had not (hadn't) been working
On nije bio radio
She had not (hadn't) been working
Ona nije bila radila
It had not (hadn't) been working
Ono nije bilo radilo

We had not (hadn't) been working Mi

nismo bili radili
You had not (hadn't) been working Vi
niste bili radili
They had not hadn't) been working
Oni nisu bili radili

Upitni oblik
Upitni oblik glagola u Past Perfect Continuous Tense-u (davnom prolom trajnom vremenu)
se gradi upitnim oblikom glagola TO HAVE (u Past Perfect Simple vremenu).
Jednina (singular)
Had I been working? Da li sam ja bio
radio?
Had you been working? Da li si ti bio
radio?
Had he been working? Da li je on bio
radio?
Had she been working? Da li je ona
bila radila?
Had it been working? Da li je ono
bilo radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Had we been working? Da li smo mi
bili radili?
Had you been working? Da li ste vi
bili radili?
Had they been working? Da li su oni
bili radili?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (Short answers) na sledei nain:

Jednina (singular)
Had I been working? Yes, I had / No,
Ihadn't
Had you been working? Yes, you had /
No, you hadn't
Had he been working? Yes, he had /
No, hehadn't
Had she been working? Yes, she had/
No, she hadn't
Had it been working? Yes, it had / No,
ithadn't

Mnoina (plural)
Had we been working? - Yes, we had /
No, wehadn't
Had you been working? Yes you had /
No, youhadn't
Had they been working? Yes, they had /
No, they hadn't

Upitni oblik Wh- questions

Jednina (singular)

Mnoina (plural)

Where had I been working? Gde sam

ja bio radio?
Where had you been working? Gde si
ti bio radio?
Where had he been working? Gde je
on bio radio?
Where had she been working? Gde je
ona bila radila?
Where had it been working? Gde je
ono bilo radilo?

Where had we been working? Gde

smo mi bili radili?
Where had you been working? Gde
ste vi bili radili?
Where had they been working? Gde
su oni bili radili?

Upotreba
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense se upotrebljava za radnju koja je trajala do nekog trenutka
u prolosti. Tako se ne naglaava da je radnja zavrena nego se potencira njeno trajanje.
esto se uz ovo vreme koriste for i since.

When we came Sally had been waiting for half an hour. - Kad smo mi stigli, Seli je
ekala ve pola sata.
When I called on him he had been reading for a while. - Kada sam ga posetio, on
je itao ve neko vreme.

18. Past Modal Verbs

Jedinica: 44 od 50
Modalni glagoli se mogu kombinovati sa prolim infinitivom (Perfect Infinitive).
Perfect Infinitive se gradi od glagola HAVE i Past Participa glavnog glagola npr. have been,
have taken, have gone
Should (ili shouldn't) u kombinaciji sa prolim infinitivom oznaava radnju koja je u
prolosti bila pogrena ili zbog koje se subjekt kaje.

I should have listened to your advice. - Trebalo je da posluam tvoj savet.

She shouldn't have given up her job. - Nije trebalo da da otkaz na poslu.
Should se esto koristi za kritikovanje nekoga.

You shouldn't have worn that dress in the street. - Nije trebalo da nosi tu haljinu
na ulici.

Modalni glagoli may, might i could se kombinuju sa prolim infinitivom kada govorimo o
tome da se neto moda desilo u prolosti.

The child might have imagined the situation. - Dete je moda izmislilo situaciju.
I might have done the right thing. - Moda sam uinila pravu stvar.
They could have played a trick on you. - Moda su te prevarili.
Must i cant se koriste uz proli infinitiv kada govorimo o tome da se neto sigurno desilo ili
se sigurno nije desilo u prolosti.

She must have been terrified. - Mora da je bila preplaena.

Robert cant have spoken to Mr. Markovi. He doesnt know a word of Serbian. Robert sigurno nije razgovarao sa gospodinom Markoviem. On ne zna ni re srpskog.
Modali se mogu kombinovati i sa Perfect Continuous Infinitivom. Perfect Continuous
Infinitive se gradi od HAVE BEEN i Present Participa glavnog glagola, npr. have been
reading, have been travelling.
Znaenja koja smo pomenuli e ostati ista, jedino se panja usmerava na trajanje radnje.

Mark must have been trying to tell you something with such a sad face. - Mark je
sigurno pokuavao da ti neto kae sa tako tunim licem.
She might have been listening to you talking on the phone. - Moda te je sluala
dok si razgovarao telefonom.

19. The Third Conditional

Jedinica: 46 od 50
Trei kondicional oznaava zamiljenu ili potpuno nerealnu situaciju. On nam daje do
znanja da vie ne postoji mogunost za ostvarenje radnje.
Uslov se izraava Past Perfect Tensom, dok se u glavnoj reenici nalazi modalni
glagol would + proli infinitivbez to.
Proli infinitiv (Perfect Infinitive) je oblik infinitiva koji se gradi od glagola HAVE + PAST
PARTICIP glavnog glagola, npr. have been, have gone, have taken...

If I had seen him, I would have told him the news. - Da sam ga videla, rekla bih mu
vesti.
If someone had stolen my car, I would have called the police. - Da mi je neko ukrao
auto, pozvala bih policiju.

Varijacije se takoe mogu javiti u obliku razliitih modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would u
glavnoj reenici.

If he had invited me, I might have come to the party. - Da me je pozvao, moda bih i
dola na zabavu.
If the police had come on time, they could have caught the burglar. - Da je policija
dola na vreme, moda bi uhvatili provalnika.
U uslovnoj reenici se takoe mogu javiti neke varijacije. Umesto Past Perfect Tensa moe se
javiti Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

If we had been travelling by car, the accident might not have happened at all. - Da
smo putovali autom, moda do nesree ne bi ni dolo.