N TP AN TON V BO MT THNG TIN

I.
H Mt M C in .
1. Mt m dch vng (caesar) .
- M ha: e(k)=x +k mod 26
- Gii m: dk(y)=(y+26) - k mod 26
- Chn k: 0<=k<=25;
2. M ha thay th .
- Cho mt hon v: 1 2 3 4 5 6
462351
- M ha : ABCDEF = DFBCEA ch hon v cc ch ci thi .
- Gii m tng t nh m ha
- E (x)= (x)
-

1
D (y)= (y)

3. M Affine
- K=(a,b) thuc Z26 . UCLN(a,26)=1
- M ha: ek(x)= ax + b mod 26
- Gii m: dk(y)=a^-1 (y-b) mod 26
- x, y thuc Z26.
4. M Vigenere .
- Cho m l s nguyn dng. Chn k=(k1,k2km)
- M ha: ek(x1,x2xm)=(x1+k1,x2+k2.,xm+km)
- Gii m: dk(y1,y2ym)=(y1-k1,y2-k2,.,ym-km)
5. Mt m hill.
- Cng thc tnh ma trn nghich o p dng vi ma trn vung cp 2
- A^-1=(detA)^-1 (a22, -a1,2)
(-a2,1, a11)
- Ch : sau khi nghich o ma trn th cn tnh li ma trn theo mod 26 ri
nhn vi (detA)^-1 .
- M ha: ek(x)=xK;
- Gii m: dk(y)=yK^-1
II.
H Mt M Hin i
1. H m RSA .
- Cc bc tnh h m RSA .
- Bc 1: Ngi nhn to ra hai s nguyn t ngu nhin p, q;
- Bc 2: Tnh n=p*q; pi(n)=(p-1)*(q-1) ;
- Bc 3: Chn mt s ngu nhin e .(0<e<pi(n)) sao cho UCLN(e,pi(n))=1;
- Bc 4: Tnh d=e^-1 mod pi(n)
- Bc 5: Cng b kha cng khai v kha b mt.
- (n,e) l cp kha cng khai ,(n,d) l kha b mt
- Cc bc m ha v gii m .
- Bc 1: A nhn c kha cng khai t B .

- Bc 2: A biu din thng tin cn gi thnh s M (0<M<n-1)

- Bc 3: Tnh C=m^e mod n
- Bc 4: Gii C cho B
- Bc 5 : Gii m, tnh m=c^d mod n
- M l thng tin nhn c
2. H m bal MHK (Herkle-Hellman)
- Bc 1: chn mt dy siu tng S={s1,s2sn} . V chn mt mod p sao cho
n

p>
-

Si
i=1

Bc 2: Chn mt s ngu nhin a sao cho (1< a < p-1 v UCLN(a,p)=1)

Bc 3: Tnh t=a.Si mod p
+ Kha cng khai l t={t1,t2tn}
+ Kha b mt l a, p, s
Bc 4: M ha , chn bn r x={x1,x2xn}
n

xiti

+ Tnh y=

Cc bc gii m : khi nhn c bn m tin hnh gii m nh sau

Tnh C=a^-1 y mod p

Tm x theo gii thut siu tng C=

i=1

xi . si

3. H m DES .
- V mt khi nim des l mt thut ton m rng ngha l mi ngi u bit
ti thut ton ny.
- Tuy nhin cha kha ca des c di 56bit ngha l s ln th ti a tm
c cha kha ln n 2^56 trung bnh l 2^55=36.028.797.018.063.968
ln ,mt con s rt ln.
- DES c thc hin bi cc php dch , hon v ,v cc php ton logic trn
cc bit.
- DES nhn vo mt thng ip M 64 bit , mt cha kha K 56 bit v cho ra mt
bng m C 56 bit .
- u tin, p dng mt php hon v bit khi to IP vo M cho ra M=IP(M).
- Bc 2: chia M thnh 2 phn , na tri L0=32 bit v na phi R0 =32 bit.
- Bc 3: thi hnh cc php ton sau vi i=1, 2.16(c 16 vng) .
- Li = Ri-1
- Ri = Li-1 f(Ri-1, Ki)
- Cui cng hon v vi php hon v IP^-1 c bn m cui cng C
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M ASCCI =S k t +65