PRATIWI PUTRI SUCUNG MEASUREMENT OF GAS BY TURBINE METERS Transmission Measurement Committee Report No. 7 Q rane American Gas Association OPERATING SECTION. * AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION 1515 WILSON BOULEW ARLINGTON, VIRGINA 22208 Catalogue No. XQ0SK5AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION ‘TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENT COMMITY TURBINE METER TASK GROUE ' 1980 COMMITTEE YEAR TASK GROUP MEMBERS GG Les, Chairman macezal Gas Pipeline Co. of Amecica Owcag0, iinais 1G Bickhead Dmied Gas Pipeline Co. esston, Toms AC Boytin @avonic Flo-Meters, Ine. eb, Tear CL Briuon @escrizh Standerd Carp. evider, Colorado. =A Thomas awarican Meter Division BeSinger Coo Peladelphis, Peonsylvania @e Fuhon fiers Meters, Ine, @ecraaii, Ohio Bed La Nast Qui! Industries Beeston, Tews ‘ Lanswerk, [Merida Gas Transcrisslon Co. [WWieeer Park, Florida Bf Induney, California Perrine ell Jolernational uch, Pronsylvenia R.A. Price Southern Califoroia Gus Ca, Las Angeles, Cetifornia WL. Rutherford Adbera Gas Trunk Line Co Led. Calgary, Alberta, Canada, TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES LA Bonnet ROBSA International S.A. Belgium . Hatry Seheoyer Americin Metet Division “The Singer Co, Philedelpbte, Pennsylvania ‘inston F, 2, Lee. Rockwell International Pittsburgh, Pennsytvania Joe Pond Rockwell Taterrational Piaburgh, Peansylvanig DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENT COMMITTEE REPRESENTATIVES R.D. Nichoison Oklahoma Natural Gas Co. Tulsa, Oklahoma WW. B. Richardson, HL Southern Union Ca Dallas, Texas RA Suion Columbia Gas Disrita Coluebus, Ohio® , AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENT COMMITTEE, TURDINE METER REPORT NO. 7 REVISION TASK GROUP 7 1984 COMMITTEE YEAR MEMIERS: ASSOCIATE MEMII GG, Less, Chairman J.C. Boykin Natur Gas Pipeline Co. of America Elearonic (lo-Meters, tne. Lombsed, nals Dallas, Texas WG, Bickhead O.M. Craburce ‘United Gas Pipeline Co. American Meter Division Houston, Texas ‘The Singer Co, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania BJ. McConaghy NOVA, An Albers Corp. DR. Fulton ' Edmoaton, alberta, Canada Mercury Tastruments, Ine CincinnatiOhio 4.8. McDonald . ‘Trans Canada Pipelines Lid. . ALB Hass ‘Toronta, Gntacta, Canada Daniel Industries, Ine +, Howson, Texas CB Mercer . . Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. + RG Outey ‘Charishan, West Virginia . Rockwell Intercational . ‘Piwsburgh, Penntylvenie. RA Price Southern California Gas Co, Los Angeles, Californta- DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENT: W.€ Robeson COMMITTEE REPRESENTATIVES Arkansas Louisiana Gas Co, . sisis RM. Nicholson Shreveport, Louisiana ‘ . Oklahoma Natural Gas Ca. LE Young - ‘Talsa, Okfshoma 7 Florida Cas Trimmitsion Co, : , aie WR Richanton i Winter Pati, Florida ‘Southern Union Co, : mo Dallas, Texas. *TAMLE OF CONTENTS Cansieuction . Zl Generat 22 Body , 3° Measuring Mechanism 24 Output end Readout Device -., 3 Iestallotton . Oeneral Ansullatlon Configuration: . Recommended Installation far In-Line Meter - ‘Optional Installation for In-Line Meters Optional Shior-Coupled tnsisifadTon Optional Close-Caupted Instalfation Recommended Installation for Angl ‘Straightening Vanes Strainers or Filters . Over-Ranse Protection - Bypass Additionat Installation Requirements Accestory Insliation . ‘Temperature Measurement 342 Presture Measurement . 343 Denslly Mescureraent 284 Accessory Insiruments Bummenannann Ja Operetion 41 General. 42 Tniist Starup . 43 Maintenance and Inspection Frequency _ Performance Ckaructeristics Swirl Effert ss... Velocity Profile Effect Fluid Drag Effect Non-Fluid Drag Effex - Repeatability Accuracy) Turbine Meier Arcurscy Curve. Attual Flaw Race Dase Flow Rate Linearity. Pressure Lass. .....0. Maximum Flaw Rate - Minimina Plow Rate and Rangeat Pulsation Effects Jé Yohawerric Flow Measurement 61 Equations fer Catz G12 Flow Rare ot Pa 613 Flow Rte at Bare ConditionsPreaure Factor Fa. Pressure Siste Factor By Flovies Tercperature Factor Tempersrece Pars Foctor Fy - Campressihuhy Rade Facior “17. 1B Macs Flow Mevsurement « 31 Equation for Calculating Mace Flow & Celitvation .. General Determination of Calibration Fectar , Presentalton of Calibration Data .. Cslibeation Methade General Rall Prover Transfer Prover Critical Flow Orifice Prover end Sonic Nozile Peover « In Line Orifice Maers Module Interchanse Freld Checks , $1 Oeneral 92 Vigwal Inspection . 93 Spla Time Test . ables far Fuel Gas Volumetric Coleulotions . 301” Pressure Multiplier Factors. wO2 Pressure Base Factoré «4. 403 Flowing Reyperature Facto -.,.., Mat “Teaperature Base Factors. 05 Compressiblity Ratio Pastore = sess ves NomenclatureSUBJECT- RECOMMENDATIONS COVERING TRE USE OF AXIAL-FLOWTYPE TURBINI | METERS IN THE MEASUREMENT OF GAS ake repo of the Mewurement Comenitlees of the American Gag Axcariation is wibusinned ns am apnamach 10 the tent of Gan throush Turline Meters, 11 is published for iofarmarlon only und ix run iakiied us a standard, ON 0, INTRODUCTION . G11 Ferny F976 the AGA, Teinamsicsion Measureisent Commitee extablistied «Ta with the dutios as outlined: Meter Tash Group A,t.1—Te recammend the carreet methads of insealting turbine meters for meusuring feel pas. 6.1.4 —Ta recommend the necessary Cormctive factors 20d operative cequisernenits inthe use of turbine meters, ‘Q.1.3-— To secure, if possible, (he assignment of members (rom the International Organization for Standard iaman Technical Corcraitice ISO/TC3G “Measuement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits," and the ASME Standards Commitcer on “Measorement of Flold Flow Ia Closed Conduits” to the Turbine Meter Task Group ca assist in this work and to coordinate any foregotog Commitise-spomsored standards on turbiae meters te prevent major differences in published materlal, a is Turbine Meter Task Group held its first meeting Ja May 1976'end discussed the various aspects of the ‘work ausigned {o it In subsequent meetings, daaNs of the document were conipleted, and the final draft wes approved by the AG.A. Transmission and Distribution Measurement Committess in February 1980. Tke American Gas Assoclation published Report Na. 7 in Inte 1980. @3 The maserial presemed In this report was developed based on.numerous tests condueted by the enginces and research staffs of the various manufacturers, get distribucion, (consmission, and production compa The latest techniques were employed to determaine the resultant degree of performance. JON 1. SCOPE Li This report and its recommendations relate and are Timiled 19 tly axtal-low rype gas ewrbine meter un whis the entire gas system passes through the (urbine meter rotor. {Ls ~ This report covers the measurement af fuel gas by turbine meters es elated to the installaliow, cyieration, calibra. tion praciizes and ealeulation methods for determining valumeirie and mass (es. This rerort does ny! cuver Ihe equipmem wsed In the deteeunation of the pressures, ermperstuyes, densities and other vaciatles that nus: be kann for theaccurate measurement of eas. Referenze (o other-publicatians is made in the discussion oF tais equipment. . . ON 2. CONSTRUCTION . 2b Genet 2A1 —The turbine meter consists of (hree basic components: 1d The body 24.1.2— The measuring methane » 21.1.3 — The output and readout device 22 = Schematics of axlal-flow cas turbine metert are shoud it Piewres C aud PA. Gas enersig the meter increases in velocity throucl the annular parssse formed by she ase cone and (He interior wall oF the bouy. The movement af G9 ow the angled olor blades ienparie a force va the rotor, caus ta revalve. The ides! rotatignal speed is divecily proportional to, the Mow rate, Tiie wctual roiatiomat speed ig a function of the pastageway sits and chaps, and the rotor design. Wi alza dependent upon the toad that is imposed duc ta internal mechanical friction, fluid draa, evtgral loading, and the gas density.Turbine Mechsnical or Body Rotor Electroni¢ Readout End Connection Annular ‘ -_ Passaga Outtel Mechanism Housing and Tail Cone FIGURE 1 Electronic Body Pickup je | . ~ End Connection Upstream Downstream . Stator Stator intet —— Outlet Turbine Rotor (————F FIGURE 14Bo Hage 4 —The body and all other -pacis-comp Ng the peste containing stvetures akould be desipted and eonsisartedt of material ble far the service-cunditions to be encaudcred, 224.— The body end ronnestions chould be dtslaned in accordance withthe appropriate Mange and yhrened eormertion seandards. 22.1— The bady should be identified to shaw the fetlowing: 2.24.1 = Manufaciurar's name 2.23.2 — Maximum capacity in actual volume uoits—acwat cubic feet per hour, 2.233 = Maximum) allowable operating precnms psig. 2.23.4—Serial number, 3.5 — Inlet, stamped on the appropriate-end connection, of an arraw indieating whe direction af flow, 29~ Messuring Mechanism, 22.1 — The messurtng mechapism consists of the rotor, folor 3 Ung. structure. king, bearings, and the necessary suppor. 33.—Thete are two general mechanism con{igurations estegorized by the way they are installed in the meler body: 2.32.1—The top or side entry type — the measuring meckanlim is removable, es a unit, through 2 top or side flange without disturbing ahs end.connectians. : 752.2 The ead entry type—the measuring mechanism is removable, cither 24. unit or assepzraie Wieces, through the end onncctions, 2.4.3 ~ The meaturing gucelianism shold be permatteolly identified information: removable 25 4 Unit with the following 293.1 — Serial Number 2332 —Direcion of Flow if module mounting i reversible, ' MMA Output and Readout Devies 2.41 ~ Turbine mnuters are available with mechenieal drive and/or elecarieal pulse ourpuis, 2, For mechanizal drive mee, Ute outpot consists of chatting, gesring ant other drive components needed {o transmit the indicated rotor revol tions oviside she body for uncorrected volume repistration. Maters shovld be marked near the ouput driveto indicate the direcion of retation and the uncorrected volume iter revolution. The intermediate gear assembly should be markad with the besic gear mio, excluding «the change gears Change gears should be «(amped with the size and the nomber af teeth, 243 ~ For electrical pulse micters, the output Includet the pulse detector syttens snd all lesirical connections Neeckanry Lo teanvmit the indicated rarer revalatioas outside the hody for uncorrected valunie Asa— Ths ceuaoun Uevites may be ol any form coitable far the application.P secrios.s, asin ATION 3 — General ' ~The wrbine meter 154 velacity-messiming Ueelce The sping configursiin immediately upstream al the deter should be such hat the flow profile etvering. the mete? haS « uniform distribution without Jettms or swicl Sige the turhine meter construction 1 dexigned 10 digect the Mow In Ihe 3 ular passage upstreaca Of the rotor, 11 effectively teade (aacerage the welhity petite of mest sun flow conivinns, thus miniatiring the influence of minor Naw digeetians on meres performance A — Straighieaing vanes are eeommented; however, regardless af location ‘Vhey With cue elemunate the ele fect of arong Setlioas tntegra 1 vanes installed in the entrance o a mciet and & parl of the meter design will effmingte minor swirl conditions. Straightening vancs located in the opriecam meter pining in accordance with piping evilfeguratians (Section 3.2) will eliminaie staut normal Mow swirl conditions AAS The instalasion ofa ¢hroteling device such as a regulstor Or partially closed valve is nol eccommentled in close proximity to the meter. Where such insiallafons are necessary, he throllling devive should be placed an sdditioua) aight nominal pipe diameters upsream ot an additional 149 nominal pane tauneler dowattream in the fling rebammendod installation in Figute 2. In insallation enna. Wane itstrated ia Figures 3, 4, and 5. the throttling devise should be placed eight addilionil nonsnul bine diaescters ahead of the inlet vertical tiger or an adtitional two uontinal pipe diamasters dow roleeam ‘of the quiet vertical rise. Pincement of suck device id claser proximity to the meter tay rele tn securucy degradation and/or redueed beacing fife Nation Configurultong (Minimum Lengths) . —Recaramended Installation for In-Line Meters 3215 — The recommended installation requites & jength of 10 nominal pipe aizmerecs upstream ‘wih the stcaightening cang outlet located at fixe cominal pipe diameters froza mest as shawn in Figure 2, A fengul of five nominal pine diameisss is ecommended downsircam “et the meter Both inter and oust pipe should be of the sxme nominal size is the meter 3.22 — Optionad Lasullations for In-Line Meters ‘The wse of opttanal invtaitations may result in sorme degradation in meter necuracy 3.2.2.1 Optional Short-Coupled Installation Inahote instannes where the ¢equited space for the recommended iusiatlation af Figure 28 net available a.stor-coupted instaliation may be employed as shown in Figute 3. [his sonfiguraticn wiilizes @ mininaurs of four nanimal pipe dismeters upstream with strei vanes located at the inlet of the piping. The distance hetween the struighlening vale «let : and the meter intet sbowld be x minimum of wo nominal pipe diamesccs The nicies is connected to the veriieal titers using a standard tee oF elbow. The maximum pijie reduction te the cisers is one nominal pipe size Valving, filters, ar sieziners may be intiallerl on risers, - 32.22 — Optional Ctose-Caupted Installation Cloce-coupled instalation of 2 £35 turbine meice it shown Jn Faure 4. The 1 ‘wus incorporste iniegeat Now conaitioncrs upstream af the rotor, This wold . bbe used where the available space for a mexer fstalleticn i critical atid design conswesa- Sions have eliminaed jetting and abnarmal scisl eanditions. The meter is cannected to 1h ‘even! risers using ates or elbow. The ntaximum pipe reduction to tle viet ue ane wolninal pipe size. Valviug, flies, or streiners may be installed on the risurs. 323 = Recummended Installution far Angte Bady Meters , 32M ~The weconenceded justallariun (9F an agele badly gocicr is shew in Figure & tis recast= ‘metided-that ahe mater inlet piping be contaected ta the siser using w $0° clbaw ar Wee Wul- ‘ing, filer, or a stminge may be Tasialted on the riser. When giraighlening vanes are nat 4 . '(SHLON|T WOIWINIA) Y3LEW ANIguAL s¥D ANITNI NV 3O NOILYTIVISN| CAONSWWOOsu—z s¥NDIa suuDy, Buway8jeng 2 . | 7 —— eM oujepny amyesodwiay am SIBIBWEIG adig [eUWOR §(SHLENAT WaWiNIW) UBLIW SNIGHNL SYD INITNI Ny do NOLVTIVLSNI GaTdn0D MdOHS—e aunBis 480013 005 ey, ates 0 14 Sunes 10} eoeds BUS aig [T} FULWON BUG Buo] sigjeuarg edief feuRON Alguiassy joadg90° Elbow or Tee Maximum Reduction ‘One Nominal Pipe Size Space for Valving Space for Valvin Filter or Strainer ° 3 90° Elbow ‘90° Elbow FIGURE 4—CLOSE COUPLED INSTALLATION OF AN IN-LINE GAS TURBINE METER WITH INTEGRAL. STRAIGHTENING VANES lotet Piping 10 Nominal Pipe Diameters Leng meters with Staightening Vanes} {8 Nominal Pipe Oar 80° Elbow or Tee Maximum Reduction, On2 Nominal Pize Size Gas Turbine Meter Space for Valving Space for Valving Filler or Strainer and Temperaiura Weil 30° Elbow 30° Elbow Horizontal Instaflation (Inlet in Horizontal Plane, Outiet Down) FIGURE 5—RECOMMENDED INSTALLATION OF AN ANGLE Bony Gas TURBINE METER (MINIMUM LENGTHS} 7wet, the upstream tute iatet piping Ravyst sinwldl be we spteming anes ate used lie beg i ripe diameter. The seraiehtiing. athe ameter fale, There ie mee reiricutis tt Ute enn ci rion ftarpe atiached te the meter wutlet aust he fallalze. unital pine tamelers am ac he een 3.2.3.2—A venieal installation may be usd and the in the herlzomal installation, ne basic pining eninfiguratien aplied as used I3—Sterightening Vanes 33.1 — The purpose ofa straightening vane isto eliminate swicls and cross currents st up by the pre GILMES, valves, of regulators preceding the meer inlet piping. Wule the speed fications which fallow apply p34 Aicataty to tle type of wanes showin in Figure 6, vanes of ovher designs ean be used if hey nicet these specifications 3.3.1 tm conticvetion of wanes the craximum transverse diprentivrt, "3," OF any patesye theouglk he should nat exceed one-fourth the inside diamgrer, “D," of the pine. Alio, he crossrtectional ona, “A,” of any patience within the assembled vanes should 101 exceed one-sixtecnh of the cross-seclianal area, of the conta dimension, : 3.3. — The vanes may be bailt of standard we/ght pipeor thin-walled tubing, either welded together and securely attached into the meter inlct piping,or mounted into two end-tings small enough to skp jata the pipe ‘The amount of passage blockage caused by the end-rings should be kept az email 25 practical. All tubes should be reamed as thin ax practical at both ends. 3.34 — Square, hexagonal, or other stuped tubing may be uted in making the vanes MW (s nat nceccrary (hat all the vane passages be of the tame size, bul their arrangement shauld be symaretzical. “A” AREAS a FIGURE 6—STRAIGHTENING VANES - . ~ Poreign substances im & pips kine can cause series damage {a (uroine mclers. Suainers arc recom mended when the presence of damaging [oreign material in (he ext steam can beamiciosted, Si should be sized x0 thor at maximum flow there is nilniiions presstte drop asd flo alistortion. — A greater degree of meter protection can be accomplishce dhrouyh the use af w dey-tyyer ae cemerar- type filter installed upstseasa of the meter inlet piping Te is cccomimerded tha the dificrental pressur: across filer be monitored sc maintain icin geod conditian so-2s to prevent flaw distoseian and poss ble customer outage. veOme Range Protection : AL1 Sudden rater neermpeeding caured by curcme gax velocities eacquntered Waving pens ‘of purging eon cause sever damage, 5. YO 352 Some nctecs and readout dies ray ue damaged when they ate roa bochuands. Terefore the prs Blowdown valke shovld be located downstream of the meter While turlsine ansiers can be operated up to 150% of rated eanscity with no damaging effecss for short periods af tins, over-sized blow-dawn valvcy ean cau rotational wsceds greatly in excene af the jempum, Therefor the Blowdown vafve should be cized as follows Meter Rust Valve Size Pa “en r nr o ne o r s r a r ‘Asa role of thumb, ts blowdown valve should not be larger then onessicath of the cneter size, ‘4S3— In those installations where adequate pressure le available either wetitieal Now orifice or sonte vencurs stozale may be insaled inthe piping dowostreem of the meter and should be sized volt Une mee TURBINE METERS VENTURI & ORIFICE CHOKE DtAMETER 12054 CAPACITY, 0.6 GRAVITY RATING 2x VENTURI ORIFICE MCFIT RATING DIA-IN, DIA~IN. 4 103 0.96 ou) 10 2 1a 16 192 sar (178) 1 26 las @ 11732) 30 6 ina nwa 36 B2 Lot 0 29/37) 0 n 2a? Q 1s73) 40 168 an G 49/64) 150 189 390 @ym) ‘Abjowe hated on emperical forma: esi aie aren ( DIAS 06 gas mte= J7OGxait rate 291 xair rate : S6 es axentan (Beg BBIA.-IN. (VENTURI) Orifice DIA.—IN-& 17x VENTURE DIA.tu aparasi num rated capacity. A-crivieal uw anifice so designed will rexull {na 50% peruneat presture less and a sonic venruri nozzle will sult ia 9 10-20% permanent peessure Toss. 1 Ba — Brpass 44.1 ~ Lis goad practice to provide a bypass sa the meter can fe maintained sud cafibrated without a sevice tnterteption. This should inelude proper valving eeatve to the typeof cuiibraiing equpaet 9 be used. 37 — Additional Tost Iatioa Requirements 1—The meter and meter piping shauld be installed co as to reduct strain dur to pipeline atvecers, 3.2— A concencrie alignment of the companion plpe Ganges with the rier inlet ane outlet connections should b+ obtained. This concentric alignment will eliminale any appreciable efferi upon ihe meter accuracy Chal mipht be caused by an olféet in the infernal diamerers thor may occur in Some inwrallacions 3.24 A jaskel protrusion into we bore oF flaw pattern at the meter connecions shautd nbt ke permiwed 3.7.4 — Pipe Interior should be of commercial roughness, and the flanee LD. strould be the same as that af the pipe, Welds on piping 2¢ the meter inlet and ovder should be ground to the 1D. of the bwe ‘JAS — Lnsulavions where liquid can be eacountevcd should bs designed to prevent liquid coewanuarjant the metec, 32.6 — No welding shoufd be done in the imsardiace-ares of the meter to prevent possible intesnal meter dunzgs ‘used for integrating uncorrected valurae (9 base conditions or far essoeding Oxerstme ‘parameters must be properly installed and their contsctions made as specified hercin, JBI — Temperature Meaturesent Since upstream disturbances should be'kept 10.4 minimum, the recommeaded location for a ther- mometer well it downstreara oF the meet It should be loewed beween ¥ and § pipe ‘diametec: of the meter outlet and upstream oCany valve or Tow resrictet, The thermameler wel siiauld be intl eeduo inture that che temperature fe not inTuenced by heat transfer from ihe piniog and well stiachvent, 38.2 — Pressure Measurement A pressure tap at provided by the:manufacturer.on the meter Baty slioulAé be ured as (he point ‘of pressure kenging for seconding oe incegrating instrament. 343. — Density Measurenteot In the vse of densitometecs, white it is desirable ro sample the gas a3 close 2s porvible 10 the zatey conditions, care must be extstised not to disturb the meter inlet Mow ar to crente an unmerered by Tass. References should be made to manuals on the various desisliemeters fee [uri uunfermaisa BA. — Accessory Devtess . Accessory devices and instrumentation suck as volumedciven chan retarders or to conven uncorrected roluracs rw base conditions must be peaperl installed and ‘vem execss torque losds on tha (urbine meicr which could cause erraneaie, roriied devices manne! £0 Fe caturemem| st Yo Mew TION 4. OPERATION 41 — General : o A—Far maximum life aad sustained accuracy, turbine meters should be opemted within thar specified. Mow range. Overspeeding af the rotor & lll cause premature wraring of the internal parts and eu cause ‘damage (a the roior, As mentioned exrfieg, turbine meters sre capable of Operating at modest averlaade for shor eeriads, but. continued-averlosding should be avaided by proper nicter sizing. 10resins and pice scte We seedy tcl emdong a sina Wyyus Hine supwrating ev lt bb My ses om eft dans The in Hig Se «A ALD As veal a lens, tut by wy calves cutee wall iy arupNe Hve wpNteraM meer bl Pressure nitéal Sturcop 42.1 ~ Removal uf pipeline isu must and, ay encmteened in Senor No Va. can be b Matson of either a filter or strainer, ta sedan, added care should Me chest whe a ition #s placed in seevice, The tent shovld be blown down 19 emo any caller shewls or large quantities of dirt. This should be done before the eneier ut ussealled, Yu feasible, then the meter mechanism must be remered lw prevent damige. Likewise, testing oust be done with the meter or meter mechanism removed. 43—Mafucenance und Inspection Freacnc: In addition ta sound design and installation procedures, turbine meter accuracy sh depend maintenance and frequen adequate inspections. Wasically, the trae belween meter inspeciion pesiails i eee deat on the gs« condition and/or contract specifications Melers used in dirty gas applications wll requice ryare Crequow attention than those used wilh clean gas, and inspection periads should reflect this asqcer Wien Hteains:s or filters.are fastalled, scheduled visual inspections thould tur made as requied ae the jpewame die ferential secass the srainer or Biker shauld be checked, SECTION 5. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 412 Swi Esteet 5.1.1 — The turbine meter is designed for, and calibrated unex, a condition which approac! the solor inlet. TF the fluid at the roLor inlet has significsat swiel ai rolor speed at 4 given flow rate will be different fross that for axial flow, A swirl m the dicervion of rotor sofation will increase che toto¢ speed wheszas a swirl inthe amposite direction will dectesse te olor spted For high-decuracy Mow measurement, sch a swith cffezt nrvat be reduced 1v an insignii- cant level through proper installation practices 2: deseribed previ Velocity Pratily Effect 5.21 — Meter designs and piping (auallstian configuraion adnan bee flav: to achieve a symrazirie, uniforn! velocity dertribution athe ratar inlet Ta those cases whese these fs s distortion of the velocity profile at the rorar inlet, the ratar anced at 3 given Mla ete will alfected..Por a given average Maw race, generally a nan-vatforn“‘velecity yeafile resulty $2.1 — Flurd yetaraume toruues on the rotor system [eg Aud ray ow the voter blades, save cps aml nub) cause the rotar ra slip from its idea} speed The armonat ef rotor stip due 40 she ove drag is known to bea fenetign of a dimcnsionicss ratio of inertia to viscows forces valled thn Re Numitws, sad therefoce 8 fiequcstly termed {he ~Rcenolds nuraher effect.” Fire Falwes Ler effect on the ster spied wf m ENS turbine aveTer. Ate eg, tect 4.1 — There isa decrease in rowoe speed (F108 Min (eb hendng Wicon: elnino ered trade sag) For 2p Se ding toujue anda given Neve vulocies, the amtouns of the pax,and therefore is reaucmily catled the “Cewsny effect sity’ De Well a4 the Reynolds mmumber effects in the low Revnilds umber eeyon wn ihe ust verformange curse (solid fives} (or various press ou009°000'l OL 000'} WOUs HAEWnN SQTONAZY ddld HOI SONVWYOIUSd BSLEN SNIQUML SYD NO OVNG GINT4 20 LOadd2—2 B4NoId (HdDS 99 [suo}OdDIg) HAGWN SQIONAAY dere n OO SO hooya Jequion spjoudou) DY¥G aintd OL 3N0 AIIS HOLOW oat gages YOLOY TwaarO00'00} MOTSS SUSEWNAN SCIONASY Bald HOS JONVAYOSIH3d YSLSW INIDUNL SYD NO SANOUOL ONIGEVISH CIATS-NON ONV GINTS SO $1944d539 GSNISWOO—a ayNDld (JOS Ob levoloderd) BABWAN SQIONASH Bald 2 & 3 3 a S 4 {Sy ia) a g b= {97 1g) 204 tn99913 A1)3u09) | a Ovid O|NT-NON OL 3f0 ans HOLOU a“ . ° {i99H03 mqWUON splauroy) — | + 9Vv¥d GIN OL BMG dis HoLou — Do's aaads HOLOU Ty3GI 8B5 — Repeatahiliny of the meier ta dupficate a geeea ouipet er perfarma Iam idoutical wet of lowing condinass, ‘Tucte ace tee typer oF sepectabulus: (2) yon auccursive identicat Uist runs and (2) repeatabiluy wer a loger time (rasis such a3 G2iy. sonttily, or yearly (also under ideatieat operating cnaditions). 5.8. ~ Disreyarding random errors caused by the prostog sytlem, most gis twbive meters wader worl eon dnions are capable of +0.10% repeatability at 984% confidence level on successive shrorc-duration test Fung and +0.)5% an a dsy-to-day basis, Goad repeatabiluy aver unger perlods clersnds on possible changes in the physical conditions of the meter. $.6— Anrwruey S41 — The secatacy of a meler is the depres of conlbr nity of the indicated value of the meses fo the true value ofthe messused quantity. In the Now measurement of nalucal pas, the aecutscy of a g24 turbine meter asinuicated by the mster output i generally specified ax within =£1.0% of the true valosiy over 2 cerualn specified range and pressure tangeasing air a¢ the calibration Mow mediuim, The (tus volome senerally refers co the test volume indleated by the prover used ta calibiate the meter. For accuracy beter than 1.0% manufacturers shoutd be congnited far tee specific apoticatlon ot miters should br calibrated under conditions nea? the mcier’ intended operating coudition agsinet an nctepteSte or appioved secondary stamcard. 3:7 —Turbrine Meter Accueucy Curve sa — The wurbiine sncter accurcy curve is exxentially Hie performance curve developed +n Figure 7 that kas been shifted through biasing of the meter oulpur (gearing of clecicle polis). to achieve an aceepiabte fecarary 84 indicated by a tclerence standard. Ascurary eau be plotted ax a fustenon of actuat (aneace rected) or tase (corrected) flow mace, S2~ Actual Flow Rute Men plotted again actual Now rate, the meter accuracy cutees 1 various pessces are ge 2 family of distmetive cusves, deviating sartexhat from the etmoypheria pressure cecve Musiraieg at Figure 9 FA —Ruse Flow Rate, When tcter sesuracy is plotted agzinst the base flow rate of Reynolds number, the meter 28cy Sune lends 19 approach asingls characteristic curve when ths Reynolds number effec ix pred a3 shown in Figure 10, 5B— Linearity SA ~The tinzarny af a turbine meter is the maxians across the linear compe sensitivicy 1) S42— The tincar ange af a turbine Mow meter is that Now range owes whish the aulput frequency prope: Hausd to How (conrtant K (acter) within the mits specified by the manulaciarsr, Turbine yneters be applied over more than one range {xithin the Minium and woarinum rings By the araaut: rer}, Bae range say have a differen! nea = Presa Lass 5.16 The peessure 108s af 2 turbine meter ic atcribured to the cuerey: required for driving the water ae the losses due to the ialermal passage Friction iucbadine chvnges in aw drevand, “The pres {o4s is usually measured at 3 point upsirram and a point dawnsterarn of te me inne of ame sxc as the meter, These locations afe specified by the manuTuciuver [usually une poe vlame ‘wpstrcamt and dawstreUv SYNSSAHd OSHASOWLY NESLVY MOS TYNLOV LSNIVOY G5LLO Id YSLAW SNISHNL SV V XO BAUND AOVENDDY—5 aHNDld WIV HdOWJaWe MOTs Woy 5 ADVENOSY & ne ee = = mew don 7 ayNSSHud USHESOWLYBIUNSSAU SROTNVA AV ALY MOTS JSVE ISNIVOV OALLOTd HalaW SNISHNL SVD V 40 BANND AOWUNSOV—OF SHnOL Hsquingy splousay odig vi yeuo}odoid) 1495 Ni aL¥Y MOIS aSvE AavENISV %eessure loxR, Aly for eonificions ever than AP, for raled Conditions spetified by snnnafsc- lated since the pwcssurs Yaxs basicsfy foflews dhe Turkwient flaw toss relavionstin (except ail very Yow flow rates) AP S65 (Qat Bet Je terms of pce ue lass at cated conditions and from the equstion of state of 2 teal gus, it follows AP AP, & (ey Fae) ~orte) CG) dl) uo J=Meximuis Flow Rate S101 — Gas turbine meters are generally designed for 9 etaximam How me Q,__ not to exceed a cersin rolor ‘Speed fe rpm. This maximum flow race of the meter remains Che same (unless stated otherwise] for all pressures within the sated maximum meter operating pressure, Le, the maximum folor speed 10 saains che same regardless of the preswure. . n= Vous ¥q t4) ‘The maximum base flow mute Q._, e2n be expresced ax, oe where aubscript b=Base conditions at specified base peeesure, temperature, and fluid compo: —Minimunt Flow Rate end Raugevbitins S11 —The minimum flow rate (or minioam capacity rating) fer a turbine metee ix te lowest fiow ‘which the metet will operate within some specified accuracy limit, Obviously, the suindum tow race depends on the acturacy limit choscm. Usually, this accuracy ficit if ssl at 1.0%, Generally the tminimurn flaw rare depends ox the magnitude of non-fluid drag aad the density af ths measured cue The miniowara bare flow rate is: VGHHRAAe m6 Quen f Generally the cited temperatures and pressures ace elose (a the bese temperabue snl pressures VE OGE) Eien 1um fing Row rate 1st ~v (6) 2) f @ 2a 18) 7Frequently the tempcrsiure and compressibility ti’ » are close 10 unity and seu be nenfecied for pur porcs of eantoxination. The operating mnge of the gas turbine meter it the flow range over xh she meter will operate within ls specified nerfarmance (generally = 1%), tn ctl, mas range will vary direedy with the squire reol of the gas density. As the denits linearny of the meter will he extended j9 3 lowes line flaw rare wile the upper limit oF the line flow race reanalne fixed by other deciga considerations as stated ehove. Thus Veen) ea The vance of operating flows for accurate mesturement sncrense approximately 85 the 44 a & QL Oe Qin, Rungeali nate reat of the pressure ratio Y 75, The turbine mever has a seladvely large range at a¢mospicne conditions and this increases us the systema presen iiceeasts. ulsation Btects S121 In 2 number of measurement spplications (t.¢. compressor stations) the flaw may be pulisung in- stead of stcady. Frequently this ean be rectified by placing the meter Favahes from the pulsation sovrce ‘or by adding 4 pulsation damper, but sometimes thi is nat possible. Thus, i may Ue important to know whattier the magnitude of the ecrar due to pulsating flow enndnions is significant. The soluion af the problem ix conspler, but the error is usually pasitive slice the rolor respands faster at high fuw Ahan at low Naw (ic, the rotor overruns more during the [ow velocity panion oF the flow cycle tnan iC underruns during the high velocity portion—see Figure WD. Major (actors 2ffexting the meler ereor due to pulsation are the ampiitide, frequcacy and wave shape of the pulsation ond the rolar sespo:ice time (which incluces roter inenfa and mass (low rate). I.is important co wate that che pulsation exrer depends an the variation in flow velocity and not on the variation 1n pressure (which may ar ray ‘at be related). OF practical usc in determining whether the pulsacian erroe i supnificant is the pulse. Son threshold. & peak-to-peak Slow variation of 10% of the average flow generally will result wn tor pulsstion error of less tha 0.25% and can be consdered e ¢ pukwiwn tnreshold. HOW MATRON AOUON APEFO —__ FLOW Rave = ROTOR SPEED THA FIGURE 11—TURBINE METER RESPONSE TO STEP PULSATING FLOW SHOWING A NET METER OVERRUN{SECTION 6. VOLUMETRIC FLOW MEASUREMENT 6.1 —Kawations for lating. Yofumeirte Ha 64, — The turbine meier ig a velocity measuring device. That is, it depends upwn the flaw of gas lo cause the ineter olor to kurM aL & speed proportions 16 the Mou ra‘=. Rotor revalutions are counted mechaal- cally or electrically and converted to a continuowsly talalized voluinciyic registration. Since te regissered volume is a Mosting pressure and demmperature canditions, it must be carzeried to che specified base conditions for billing purposes, The Index of dee turbine meler indiesres volume al flosrine, candi 0 this value must be corrected to the base conditions, The basic gas law relationstup i exprensed as follows: ' OMS ZANKRYT,) Far Flewing Conditions Ey (10) and . GIMI=ZNMRIT) Far Base Conditions ¥y (1) Where p =Abealute pressure VeVolome Z = Compssssibility facior Ne Number of moles of gee T+ Absolute Temperature R ~ Universal gas consume subscripts € Flowing condi =Base Conditions, . Since W is a constant for the gas regardless of pressure and tem: of moles of ga¢ N, the twa aquations can be eambined to gield: “EEE Pay Equation (12) can be caleutated for te specific conditions at the meter ar false, can be employed Ths following is an expansion of equation (12) thar inclu toss ta convert Vy lo any presturc ‘or temperequre base other thas 16.93 pste and 60°F The equation i wn a form similar ¢a tleat used in orifice maclering and certain factors ace the «am ¥, Ve MAU ead Fra) Fend(alls] Eq Ud) —Flow state at owing Conditions yy ae Eq cley Where Qr-+Flow rate st flowing conditions VpcVolume timed at flowing conditions = Counter difference an mechanical avtput Teel pulscs x | on eleerricet ourput mu ¢ or tsTime K © Pulses per cubic foot 613— How Rute af Huse Coadlttons ' © Gee (CDF KP el Fan )F NS) Eq (IS) 1”Eu (841 P,=Statie gauge presture psig -Atmiasnhetic Pressure sis ‘Tble Na. 10.1 Tits pressure multiplier faster precuure hase of (4 73 pia Foe lig Ta «17) 6.15 — Procure Nase Factor Fy “Table No. 102 lisis a group of Pressure Base Factors 3 id is calewlated from the equation: Fan et Eq ox) Where p, ix the contract base pressure in ptia. ‘This factor is applied 10 change the base pressure from 1673 psia to.another canteact pressure Base, 1.6 —Vlowing Temperture Factor Fie ‘Table No. 10.3 lists 3 graup af Flowing Tempermmure Factors for 3 lempsracuce base of 520°R (4077). These ere catculated from the equatior 20 a i 2 Bq 19) Where T,wactual Flowing temperature af rhe gat in degrees Rankine 6.1.7 — Temperature Base Factor Fy ‘Table No. 10.4 liste a group of Temperature Bate Fac of 60°F 10 the actual contract base temperature: 5 19 change the aswumed tenmperyiie Face a 204 the sontruct base lermperature in degrees Rankine 6.1.8—Corupressibillity Ratlo Factor “s* The canspeascibility ratio “s" is defined as; z . Tqity where Z,= Compressibilny fuctor at bass conditions Compressibilny feeiar at Mowing candisvasie The campressibility catia “e" can be cxalusted [rami the capceconps is defined as sibility fae1oc Py Fe The aumeriea) calues af the supereampcessiblity ctor F, give In AG.A. Report ANSUAPE 2520 (1978) are aa exactly canal 10 Fy 02), F, ster by AGA, Report NX 39.982) ar ITE, 25 defined by Equavons (It = fseaode equal to unity at a pressure of 14.7 psia and at 2 2& temperatures, whereas F,, defined by F= JZ7Z; cau haw she value of unisy at any one tanperature for a given presiure, The discrepancy of (F,.} sven by A.G.A. Repart NXI9 “Manual for the Dster- mination of Supercawmpressibifity Factors £61 Niviral Gas.” 1462, fram (FY= = 2.72, deeds upann (he flowing temperature, she base xemersiure and base pressure and the compositian af jas, However. his discreancy in generally small ug. within =0.1% for a Os specific pruviny hydrocarbon gus al base conditvans of 14:79 psia, GOMF and flowing temperature betscen O°T and 10°F}. ‘Table No. 10.5 gives » parva! listing of compressibiliy ratlas “<" for hydracatban pas of 0.6 snctilie Esuruy based om AGA. Repart NX«I9, "Manual fer Determination af Sepescomprensiawy Faeioc for Navaral Gas.” 1962. Wiehe pas has a differen specific gravity tsa 0.8 and contains nitrogen and/or cartion viola, Nis necessary to caleulate adjusted pressure and adjusted temperature 10 Obtain like poner Frcs. The technigue is auttined in A.CA. Renart No. ON 7, MASS FLOW MEASUREMENT ~Eaoution for Catealuting Mass Flom. 2 —Mats flow measurement can be employed 19 arrive at bast volume (V,) oF Bete volume rate (Q,) ‘chrowgh the use of 4 system employing a turbine inctet and densilomeier. The densiiometer needs (a adecermine the density at the pressure tap toration of the turbine mecer. The mast or rtsx rle of flaw. ic simply defined as: WEE) Faq (23) Whea W =Total reas dhrough meter ~ V, =Total volume chrough meter 6) =Density of flowing was and =O) Fa G4) Hass rate af flaw throveh meter Vahume rate of flow (zctuai or intlex) ‘ Py Density of Mawing gas Since the mass oF niass rate af flow wt Mowing conditions equals the masc at hiite cunditiens ¥ can be stated that: “Waoa=WiKod a (25) Wav a Eq (4) ! Qa (Qa Be Baas) ' Tae above equstioas show that te tae volume (V,) Or base volume rane {Q,) cin be caleulated by Kaowing the density of the Muid = both flowing and base conditiosis withoul lhe need to meacure Aowing pressure (0) ar the Noxcing teumperatii (Ty) wid e#lenlating the cunipressbiliy rate te), ‘This is espeesliy advantages where NN-ID is nev usable As.a9 aliernate to using a deusitoateter to deterinine the base density cp, vse, The equition ie 35 fallow. beso.nsar 42 Eg Gx) symo.asora SP (6) te Absolute pressmee (psi) 31 ghavitumiter “T,=Absolvte temperaluee (*R) at pravitecter G =Specific gravity as measured by eevwileister 4 mCompressbitiy eatia a¢ P, and F. Where: Soe fale of 10x073 i the abose equation Is che Arsity Ohq/) af dry ar at 14.9 pan an aD Sra uel 9¢ store ic ¢uch that NX-19 is not appliesble "1" wil eon unceren cee oe b and, ace 14.29 prin amd $20°R, che carmpressibilty sco(s) ma, be enmmider ne a 1.00, SECTION &. CALIBRATION €1— Genecat $4.1 —Mon ges turbine merer manufacturers fangements can be made for eatibratc rex Perform eelibrations usiny aur at pressures betow 100 jig, Ar- fon aC higher prevgurer Field sesta can sho be made ar higher Mes by wring sonic nozzles or calibrated irantler tasers, a which dey will ie obained when cach Ions BPPraaching the metet’s acwual oneraling density. Hf racler callbre~ ition she eee i itprectical, ti neccrinry ta eely om ihe manutactarer’s preston of the allbration shift to be expceied between th= calibrating and epersine deme 12 —Determinstiow of Catibration Exctor SOA~ 1 ies Sonera poctee, and mox convenient ase a eal meter calatin fator ove the teleole Cutpae, ea Tate THs wil be a eaibration fecloe “e"(auees per wot selon Tan en ete meer ue RENT! OUIBUE meters, the facwr iss by choosag “change sean” ear re Daler OUD sNaFt sorolution represent a definite volume, &g, 10001 100 eubic a Mowing coven 43 = Presumadan of Calibrate Dot 84.1 —Fur near constant operating coneitions, plotitag the 1 m OF the: flow sates preferral, Howeves,forsicuations where Ucngtcating conatnanns vary considerably it may De prefered ta plat the sneer eaBbration curve asa fusction af bese Hew ce Tips Rey tals nuenber. Meter eslibyaiion curve as 2 (unet £4— Calibration Methods 84.1 — Genera ning th OF Meld Resting whieh vt be used beinee the Init insiallation, since the piying stiould Ue aesrened arf equipment,42 — Noll Beaver HAD — The helt proree is widely used ac a refer and, when paaperly: used) it ca be fone of he mos decurale and repeatable of sll List-pieawure sianddands (Reference ANSEL 1094, Section 6.5.5). ¥.4.2.2— Meera ieticd against a bell prover atc ussally operated ncar vhe bell pressuce (a fee of water); however, fs poscble to ces the yncter at several times the almaspierie pressure. “This is sccomplished by expanding He g3s Cron the,mever, IRroMBK a shearing valve, 16 the bell pressure before entering the hell £43 —Tranafer Praver 843.1 —The principle of transfer proving consists of isting armicier axainus a nlsster oF refecence meter ef known aecurdcy, Caution must be exercised in (he use af master meters to assuce shat pulaating low ar swirl condnlons sre not transmitted to abe turbine meicr. causing inaccurate calibration. A.G.A, Report No. 6, Part {It, £975 describes the general ischiiques ‘of transfer proving. 543.2—Atthough direct eaibration of a turbine meter against a belt prover is time, as wienlioned under “Bell Prover," it is posible to develop = turbine meter es mn accurate high-pressitec reference meler traceable to the belll prover. To sceamplish thie. the accuracy curve of a lange turbine meter can fe deterained using two of more smaller turbine meters which have been calibrated against a bell prover, A series of transfer proving lests back and [orth bet- ween the larger orcter and smaller ructers, in a high-pressure flow facility, can be canducied soso crndually exiead (he calibratian of the meters, based oa Reynolds (higher preseures aud to those ow rates where the son-fuid drag effec i Bed — Critieat-Flum-Orilice Braves end SaaleNassle Prover H44.L— Critical Noworifice provers and sanie-nozzls provers operate with a pressuse drop 2bav= « specified (critical) pressure rtig. The critical-flow-orifice prover requires that the pressure br fess than 08% of the inlet presture and the gat ar ais venied to «(enosphe AGA, Renort No, 6 Part 1V, 1975, sives a description of che enitcal-Naw anifice & methods for performing a several Tctd celibraiion. 84.4.2 —he mayor difference between the critical low orice and the sue woz sle 1s te the orale willoperste carrenily at» lowes overall pressure dcop. The discharge teiton af © Th operate correcily, the dischorge pressure must bs fess chan AS% of the inlet piexyure With this minimal pressuce ron, th: gas discharge can be placed ino a lower wessure syste: eliminating the nced ta diceharge to atmosphere. Preving methods and calculation dcser : tions are givem in American Meter Bulletin AIM-2iL.1 entited “Sanit Ftaw Nozsle Peew or a paper entllled “Sonic Norales” precented a1 the 1975 Appalachian Ges Mesut . Short Course K.4.8.3 — Tre ctilical-fow aries is calibrated 1o 0.54 avi ile. conte nazsbeic 14 operating: candinions. Ta obt=sn this high degree 0 the basic orifice or noztle coefficient, wpstteam Ne campasiiion must be mde. Jibesnad curacy, accurate determin: ule, upiincam remperaiwce and ¢25 Molt These provers ars Fised-Mlaw devices. This means thas a nozzie o¢a crincalfMow ani . a given throat diameter (bore) will give ane and only one Maw eae at apparticuly press Therefore, to develop an accuracy curve weer ie oparaling Mow rane of the | several norzles or orifices of diflerent unrest stars YaUsl be ue, MAGS — When checking the 2ecuraey wf a urine riety, 2 tingle Lest Fale, FUN bela of waximum eapacity, will norwtally be sufficient (9 validate its curreul accurecy level ropes Bcorrela be male p het ween the aciginal aecorac if frothy teats gee rum antler the «1 = Ina OFifice Meters HAs Uifferenniul pressure peters vane the tipthe gas industey Tar chucking trbme ster, Tales of Fara And cabculitint se ane given in ANSI/ABH 2630 (978). Is preferable shy oe a ih lee! oi sev hagig oFifigg sind Keynalds number factors for cach plare be established Wy aetii| cathe lion. Orifice meters are serenvial desiry and require knowledgs ofthe xs epeestc sC used far testing in mateal gay The control aad accurate measurement of $1 Dresiurc, and differentia! pressure acc very important if secwrete resulls ae 40 he 0 8.4.4 —Mudute faterchenge Durng the early development of the toibine meter for the gs industry, il wis Uetermaned Isat akernative methods of testing would be required when on-site proving W2é iiat economical of feasible. Some turbine metee tnanutsetuters and users conducsed tests 10 determine tunbune mister nccuracy Stability when interchanging mieter mechanisms from ane meler body Yo anaiRer of the SAME nanusac- ‘turer, size and motel. These ttsls Were conduned with meters installed in A comtentional ax well £6 1 clote-coupled piping configuration. Bated on these tests, it was concluded tne performance and, accuracy are nol adversely affected when interchanging'mechanisms [rom onc body 10 aaailies when installed in either a conventional of close-coupled siting. This prsctice enables the user 10 pre ‘modiiles at v contral location vader controlled conditions ta replece a module which 1s due fir changs-out on > scheduled basis ar one that fas been demaged or is in need of repr. | Before pursuing a testing program based on mouote ehange-aur, the usershauld first consult wi the turbine meter manufacturer ta determine is sulfieient cest dat= has been developed 10 ascure th performance and accuracy ate not adversely affected when miediules are interchanged SECTION &. FNZLY CHECKS BA General IA-—The mast cormnicnly spplied field checks are ine visual are operating uepeetion and spin-nmie test Meters which often yield infermation by the generated naise ar vibrations they emanae If ine ‘eter bay fevere vibration, il usually is Indicative af a damaged roroe whieh hax bene unlselunee, nd his condition wall lead ca complete rater Laure. Rotor cubhiig or wor hearings heard at relatively low flow rates when such noises are not masked by aormal Ilaw scinnd Da — Visual laspection : 9.2.1 =n visual inspections, the ratae should be iaspected for missing blades, accurnulation of solids, ero- sion, oF ather damage What would afieet the cotor balance and the blade configuration. Mever inter |s should alto be elweked ta insure there is no accumulating af debris. Flaw pascagewavs, drains, brea hhales, and lubriestion syateens should also be checked ro msure chece are na accumulations af de 94+ Spin Time Teel 93.0 ~The srw tiene test determines the relative level ofthe mechanial (rietion in the mewe wmahwus excess deviaet. Ifthe mechanical friction has nat sigavficamly changed, the meter is clean inlgewily and ~ Saterwal poruons of the meter shaw wo damage, the metec should display no change in ICcurEcs the meckanicat friction has increased significanly, it would indieate char the accu ‘ol the areter a0 low fica. sass ips degraded. Spin tunes for ndivideal eaciers and the drettcmbly ste plasided hy the cy chin Caesar,9.3.3 — The usual cause for a change in spin wine is ince howevee, hat there are otkee pains where mi 3nd rendour devices: The spin ter at v2 ed rotor daft hearing (eetion, ti should br aatcd, tenizal frletion does affect spin cinta, 1 Fear trains 1 singes af dissasembly will help to wlentify prablenn area ‘341~ When sane type of mechanical vexdout fide, imicgraling gauge 6Ic) i useu, cace should te taen to adsure thal io seeds Irfetian has accurnd erica inivally and periodically, & ¢nin test sould b performed with sf ines noted, €@ ascertain the erechamieil Feenext of the twee counplcte wit teadow device(s) 43-S— Shin tects should be repeared at lease three eansel ind the average tbike taken. Condi the sqm text aes: heavily lutnicared bearings, law sinbiend temperature, dtafly, and atSECTION 10. TABLESenens 2 on Fa Ey Ha 26 3: ta 1 23 wane TABLE 101 PRESSURE MULTIPLIER FACTORS Pr Atmospheric Pravsuia ty Dace Pentgute 7aTABLE 10.1 (CONT) PRESSURE MULTIPLIER FACTORS = Pie Atmatphene Pressure 0 Date Pressure 17 29TABLE 70.1 (CONT) PRESSURE MULTIPLIER FACTORS Fr ¢ dimargherle Procuure “py Fem? = en 1473 Base Fron ° esi og 1 2 340 gn 12 ih aaa 8 waz aa Bt a3: ari 25 aa baer 8380 Ms, Bos as7 Tie! Sain gaae aah, bs6a 8583 sugges baeg BBE Ms, onis jorge 18985 180. ja 1g5 $0. 33 5 1 132, 183. 3 usa we ESS 136, ase 12593 Bt! $3,188 A3223 ttiog TS.ca2 1esar 17.Dat ig 12 96 13.077 totaa gay pba AMMAN METRE eters Terr Ty noes TAGLE 10.1 (CONT) , PRESSURE MULTIPLIER FACTORS Py > Atmosphotic Pressure. ty ace Pressure aaa hoa Zaz Boe wares ieaet mse yeaa 32199 32038 mas eae ae0a5 5S53q 36253 Aooat BSRS 5 23597 24.236 rays age Eee 5: 2G Th ao 4 two Utes iesay 16335 1508 2978 ar ass 22a 24014 Bed Ny aEs W498 fo3GTABLE 10.1 (CONT) : PRESSURE MULTIPLIEA FACTORS Fy + Atmospheric Pressure _ oy Base Preseue 1673 oe 1a gee Ghia ct daw ot 3h Famer te) ahaas sndar | 79823 Bao ausio arana age anor 101350 11599 202-304 3okaee inh ser 103.935 tos.cae 3ocbos sarges | ites HESS sorcebe 100583 taeasa (83.03 105.363 fos ase 15-703 loco ieedae hac-aat Meat for 360TASLE 10.1 (CONT) PRESSURE MULTIPLIER FACTORS Pet Aimosghecie eeswte Base Pressure ap Form husoey sano ‘a 2 i a 8 i eae ies go EE $ BASE DATA — 6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY HYDROCARBON GAS TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F} 6a ac o7 im Baas Sola steno via 13632Sectlan 11, NOMENCLATURE "Fundamental dimensions M = Mass Lengih Time Symbol Description Measurement Dimensions" Epy Supercompressibility fnctor ratio Fon Pressure factor ratio Fe Pressure base factor ratio Fra Flowing temperature faclor ratio - Fo ‘Temperature base factor rabio G Specific gravity of gas ratio (acy air = 1.00) K Sensitivity pulses per {t* N Number of motes of gas Ibyemole PB Gauge pressure lbs; per in? gauge (psig) Pp Absolute pressure le, per in? abs (psia) AP Meter pressure loss ly per in? Q Volume flow rate © per hr R Universal gas constant fc thflb,,-mole *R 5 Supercompressibility ratio ratio T Absolute temperature dog Rankine (°R} 6 t Time he T v Gas volume passed re ub w Gas mass passed Toy M w Mass flow rate lbp per br ur z Compressibility factor ratio P (rho) Mass density of ges Ibg per fe? ML? * Subscript Deseription a Aumospheric conditions ® Base conditions of temperature, pressure 2nd gas composition t Flowing, conditions of temperature, pressure and gas composition + g Conditions at the gravitometer for mass calculations r Rated conditions of temperacure, pressure and gas composition as sperified by manufacturer