Friction Coefficients of Spheres

coefficient of a single sphere

1,2 = A 3 2d1 3 10 N mol m s

12

1 1

A 6 10 23
spheres 1

molecules mol-1

liquid 2
FF11

Diffusion and Friction Coefficients

RT
1,2
1,2

1,2

RT

1,2

each others inverse

we use both
2
8.314 300
m
RT
9

10
1,2
s
A3 2d1 6 10 23 10 10 3 0.4 10 9

Maxwell-Stefan diffusivity of large

molecules in dilute liquids (not gases)

One Equation Missing

2 components:

1 relative velocity
1 independent equation

3 components:

2 relative velocities
2 independent equations

n components:

n - 1 relative velocities
n - 1 independent equations

Bootstrap (1)

bootstrap

only relative
velocities

Fi i , j x j (ui u j )
j i

floating transport
relations: have to be
tied to surroundings

Bootstraps (2)
N2
H2

N2
CO2

no net volume flow

He

Ar

plug does not move

H+

Na+

membrane does not move

Cl-

Cl-

(almost) no charge transfer

Fluxes
in practical problems we use fluxes:
Ni u i ci u i cx i

flux form of MS-equation:

Fi cx i i , j cx i x j (ui u j )
j

fi i , j ( x j N i x i N j )
j

force on i per unit volume of mixture

from Differential to Difference

x1
a1

u1

x1

positive
direction

x1
a1

RT da1
RT
u1 u2

x2
binary:
a1 dz
1,2

da1
u1 u 2
infinitesimal

x2
a1
1,2 dz
layer

finite layer
(approximate)

u u2
a1

x2 1
a1
k1,2

k1,2

1,2

Average Velocity
ci
0

film

average concentration c i

ui

species velocity
(depends on position in film)
ui

species velocity at the

average composition

positive velocity

Differences with Fluxes

a1
1

x 2 (u1 u2 )
a1 k1,2

c x1

a1
1
x1

( x 2N1 x1N2 )
a1 k1,2c

Multicomponent Equations
using velocities

using fluxes

(u i u j )
ai

xj
ai
ki , j
j i

( x j Ni xi N j )
ai
xi

ai
ki, j c
j i

for ideal solutions x i

Transfer
Coefficients

ki , j

i , j

100

10-2
ki , j
m s 1

gases
10 1 m s 1
in pores

10-4

10-6

liquids
10 4 m s 1
in pores