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Curcuit Theory
Curcuit Theory
L THUYT MCH IN
Bin son: Cung Thnh Long
B mn K thut o v Tin hc cng nghip
Khoa in
Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
H Ni - 2006
Kt cu chng trnh:
A. Hc k 1
Mch in tuyn tnh
B. Hc k 2
+ Mch in phi tuyn
+ L thuyt ng dy di
C. Hc k 3
L thuyt trng in t
Chng I
Ti
H(x,y,z,t)
1. M hnh mch
+ Ch c thng tin ti mt s hu hn im trong h thng
+ Cc phn t c bn: R, L, C, g
+ Da trn c s 2 nh lut thc nghim ca Kirchhoff
Vi m hnh mch, chng ta tp trung mi hin tng in t lin tc trong
khng gian vo mt phn t c th, do khng thy c hin tng truyn
sng trong h thng!
2. iu kin mch ho
Bc sng ca sng in t rt ln hn kch thc thit b in
dn in ca dy dn rt ln hn dn in ca mi
trng ngoi
1. nh ngha
Mch in:
+ mt tp hu hn cc phn t c bn l tng ghp vi nhau mt
cch thch hp sao cho m t c truyn t nng lng in t
+ bin c trng: dng in v in p (trn cc phn t ca mch)
2. Cc yu t hnh hc ca mch in
L1
R1
e1
L2
i1
R3
R2
e2
i3
Nhnh
Nt (nh)
L3
C3
Cc phn t mch
i2
Vng
Phn t c bn
+ i din cho mt hin tng in t trn vng xt
+ c biu din bng phn t mt ca
+ c 1 cp bin bin c trng dng in v in p trn ca
+ ni ti cc phn khc ca mch in qua ca.
1. in tr R, in dn g
i
u
u(V)
u = Ri
+ Nghch o ca in tr R l in dn g. n v in
dn l Siemen (S)
i(A)
2. in dung C
+ in dung C c trng cho hin tng tch phng nng
lng in trng trong vng xt
i
u
+ Quan h dng p: q = q u
dq
,i =
dt
q
q(u)
u
q = Cu,
i = C du ,
dt
u = 1 idt
C
+ Quan h dng p: = ( i ),
u = d
dt
= Li,
i
u = L di
dt
4. H cm M
i1
= i ,i , = i ,i
1
22
u1
i2
21
12
u2
11
1 1 2
2 1
d 1 1 ' 1 '
=
i1 +
i2 = L1i1' + M12i2'
dt
i1
i2
d
4. H cm M
Nguyn tc: Khi chiu dng ging nhau vi mi cc tnh ca cc cun dy
c lin h h cm th trong mi cun dy chiu t thng t cm v h cm
trng nhau.
i1
L1
u1
u1 = L1i1' Mi2'
L2
*
i2
u2
u2 = L2i2' + Mi1'
ik
-Ngun p c lp
-Ngun p ph thuc
uk
-Ngun dng c lp
-Ngun dng ph thuc
Thc t vn
hnh khng
c php
ngn mch
ngun p, h
mch ngun
dng!
= MH + TT
+ Pht biu:
k =1
i3
i2
=0
R
i1
2. Lut Kirchhoff 2
m
+ Pht biu:
u
k =1
=0
R1
L3
R4
e1
e2
L2
R1
e1
L2
i1
R3
L3
C3
i2
e2
i3
i2
R1
i3 C
R3
*
L2
R4
L4
R2
e1
i4
+ Cy (ca Graph)
i5
R5
*
e5
3
1
Chng II
C IM CA MCH IN TUYN TNH CH
XC LP IU HO
0.8
0.6
0.4
- Bin dao ng cc i Im
1
- Tn s gc = 2 f , f =
T
- Gc pha ban u i
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
Im
-0.6
-0.8
-1
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Im
1 2
I=
i
dt
=
T 0
2
i ( t ) = I m sin (t + i )
1.1. Vi in tr
uR ( t ) = Ri (t ) = 2 RI sin (t + i ) = 2U sin (t + u )
1.2. Vi in cm
uL ( t ) = L
di
= 2 LI cos (t + i ) = 2 LI sin t + i +
dt
2
uL ( t ) = 2U L sin (t + u )
1
1
idt
=
2 I sin (t + i )
C
C
1
1
2 I cos (t + i ) =
2 I sin t + i
uC ( t ) =
2
C
C
uC ( t ) =
uC ( t ) = 2U sin (t + u )
u ( t ) = Ri + L
di 1
+ idt = 2U sin (t + u )
dt C
a + jb = Ae j
a = A cos ; b = A sin
i
a
u R = Ri = RI 2 sin (t + i )
i
uR
Biu din:
I = I i
Ta c:
U R = RI i = U u = RI
I
U
i
uL
Ta c
Do :
I
I = I i
di
uL = L = LI 2 sin t + i +
2
dt
U L = LI i + = j LIe j i
2
U L = Z L I; Z L = j L = jX L
Vi ZL l tng tr phc ca in cm L, XL l cm khng
U L
ZL
i
uC
C
Ta c
Do :
I = I i
I
1
1
uC = idt =
I 2 sin t + i
2
C
C
j i
1
1
2
UC =
Ie
=j
Ie j i
C
C
1
UC = j
I = Z C I = jX C I
C
U C
ZC
C
i
u = Ri + L
di 1
+
idt
dt C
U = RI + jX L I jX C I = R + j ( X L X C ) I = ZI
Z l tng tr ca mch, X = XL XC l in khng
U
ZL
ZC
I
U Ue j u
Z = = j i = Z e j
I
Ie
Z = R 2 + X 2 ; = artg
X
R
R = Z cos
j
U L
U X
U C
U R = U cos
U
i
U R
X = Z sin
U X = U sin
Tam gic tng tr
Tam gic in p
Ch cc mi
quan h ny
v tam gic
cng sut
phn sau!
I
k =1
=0
U
k =0
k =1
1
I 2 cos t
C
p = RI 2 (1 cos 2t ) + I 2 ( X L X C ) sin 2t
2. Cng sut tc dng
T
P=
1
1
1
2
pdt
=
p
dt
+
p
dt
=
RI
r
X
T 0
T 0
T 0
P = RI 2 = ZI .I .cos = UI cos
n v: Wat
(W)
v dn xut
Q = XI 2 = Z sin .I .I = UI sin
VAr
S = UI
VA
S = P +Q
2
= P + jQ
S = UI
Q
P
Chng III
CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH TUYN
TNH CH XC LP IU HO
Gii mch
trong min
nh phc!
1. Nguyn tc:
-Chn n l dng in cc nhnh
- Lp v gii h phng trnh i s trong min
phc m t mch theo 2 nh lut Kirchhoff
2. Lu :
- V h cm (K2)
- V ngun dng (2 cch vit)
3. V d
J
j
i1
R1
e1
R3
i2
*
i3 C
i4
L2
R2
R4
L4
I1
i5
R5
*
e5
Z1
E1
Z3
I2
Z2
*
I3
I4
Z5
ZM
I5
Z4
E 5
3. V d
1. Nguyn tc:
- Chn n l dng in khp kn cc vng c lp ca
mch
- Vit phng trnh theo lut Kirchhoff 2 cho cc dng
vng
2. Lu :
- V ngun dng
- V dng in nhnh
- V h cm
3. V d
J
I1
Z1
E1
Z3
I2
Z2
*
I3
I4
Z5
ZM
I5
Z4
E 5
3. V d
1. Nguyn tc:
+ Chn n l th cc nh c lp. Vit (h) phng trnh K1 theo
th cc nh chn
+ Gii (h) phng trnh thu c nghim l th cc nh c lp
+ Tnh dng in trong cc nhnh theo lut m tng qut
Xt lut m:
I
U AB
E
ZI E = U AB
U AB = A B
+
E
A
B
I =
= Y ( E + A B )
Z
J
Xt mch in:
I1
ZM = 0!
Z1
E1
Z3
I2
Z2
*
I3
I4
Z5
ZM
I5
Z4
E 5
J
B
A
I1
Z3
I2
Z1
Chn 2 nh c lp:
I3
I4
I5
Z5
Z2
Z4
E1
C
I3 = Y3 ( A B )
E 5
A , B
C = 0 - Gc
Z1 I1 + U AC = E1
E1 A
I1 =
= Y1 ( E1 A )
Z1
I = A = Y I = B = Y
2
2 A
4
4 B
Z2
Z4
I5 = Y5 ( E 5 B )
J
B
A
I1
Z3
I2
Z1
I3
I4
I5
Z5
Z2
Z4
E1
E 5
k
l
YAB A + YBB B = YnB EnB + J mB
n
m
Mch c 3 nh c lp:
Y Y + Y = Y E + J
hC hC
gC
AC A CB B CC C
h
g
J
A
I1
Z1
E1
Z2
*
I3
Z3
I2
I4
Z5
ZM
Z4
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
I5
E 5
V1 V2 V3
C
+ Bng s nhnh nh v ma trn nhnh nh A
+ Bng s nhnh vng v ma trn nhnh vng C
A
C
Z
1. Vi ma trn nhnh nh A
+ Vector dng in nhnh I
n
+ Vector in p nhnh
U n
+ Vector sc in ng nhnh
+ Vector th nh
d
Jd
U n = Ad (1)
A I + J = 0 ( 2 )
T n
E n
I1
I = I 2
n
...
I
n
U1
U 2
Un =
...
U
n
E1
E 2
En =
...
E
n
Jd 1
d 1
Jd = ... d = ...
J
dd
dd
(1) Lut Ohm cho cc nhnh
(2) Lut Kirchhoff 1
1
0
A = 1 1
0 1
E1
0
E n = 0
0
E
5
I1
I2
In = I3
I
4
I
5
A
d =
B
J
Jd =
J
U1
U 2
U n = U 3
U
4
U
5
A
U1
U
A
2
Ad = U n A B = U 3
B
U 4
B
U5
+ Vector
+ Ta c:
Iv
- Dng ma trn ct
- Mi phn t l mt dng vng c lp chn
1
0
C = 0 1 0
0
1
1
0 0 1
Iv1
I = I
v
v2
I v3
0
0
Jn = J
0
0
+ V d:
Z1
Z2
-ZM
Z3
-ZM
Z4
Z5
U n = ZIn E n ( 5 )
(5) lut m cho nhnh c ngun
AT In + Jd = 0
CT ZIn = CT E n
(6)
CT Z ( CIv + Jn ) = CT E n
CT ZCIv = CT E n CT ZJn
Thay vo (2) ta c:
Theo (1) U n = Ad
AT Z 1 Ad = AT Z 1 E n + Jd
(*)
Chng IV
QUAN H TUYN TNH
V CC HM TUYN T CA MCH IN TUYN TNH
U1
I2
U 2
21 1
22 2
20
I1
Z1
E1
Tm quan h:
I3
Z2
E 2
Z3
Cch 1: Gii trc tip mch xc nh cc h s
Y1 E1 + Y2 E 2
A =
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Do :
Y1Y2
I = Y ( E ) = Y1 (Y2 + Y3 ) E
E 2
1
1
1
A
1
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Y1 (Y2 + Y3 )
Y1Y2
Y11 =
, Y12 =
, I10 = 0
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
I1
Z1
E1
Cch 2: Xt cc ch c bit
I3
Z2
E 2
Z3
+ Cho:
I10 = 0
E1 = 0, E 2 0
I1
Khi , t phng trnh, ta c: I1 = Y12 E2 Y12 =
E 2
Y2 E2
A =
T mch:
V: I1 = AY1 =
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Do :
Y12 =
Y1Y2
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Y1Y2
E 2
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
I1
Z1
E1
Cch 2: Xt cc ch c bit
I3
Z2
E 2
Z3
+ Cho:
E1 0, E 2 = 0
I
T phng trnh: I1 = Y11 E1 Y11 = 1
E1
T mch:
Y1 (Y2 + Y3 )
Y1 E1
A =
, I1 = Y1 ( E1 A ) =
E1
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
I1 Y1 (Y2 + Y3 )
Do : Y11 =
=
E1 Y1 + Y2 + Y3
I1
Z1
E1
I1 Y1 (Y2 + Y3 )
Y11 =
=
E1 Y1 + Y2 + Y3
I3
Z2
Z3
In
Ynn =
E n
Vi iu kin cc ngun khc ca mch trit tiu
I1
Z1
E1
1
11
Z11 = Y
I3
Z2
Z3
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
=
Y1 (Y2 + Y3 )
Tng qut:
E n E n
Z nn =
Ek = 0, k n
=
In
I n
Jl = 0, l
I1
Z1
E1
I3
Y31 =
E1 E = 0, J = 0
I3
Z2
Z3
Il
Ylk =
E k E = 0, J = 0
I1
Z1
E1
I3
Z2
U1 U1
Z13 =
=
I3 E = 0
I 3
Ni chung:
Z3
Tng qut:
Z lk Ylk1
U l
Z lk = , ( J l = E k = 0; l , m k )
Jk
E1
I2
I1
E 2
E1 = E 2
v
v
I1 = Y12 E 2
I1 = I2
th
Y12 = Y21
I Z1
Z2
Zn
U
I
U
U = ( Z1 + Z 2 + ... + Z n ) I
n
U = ZI
E = E k
k =1
Z = Zk
I
U
k =1
I
U
E
E1
E 2
E n
I
U
Z1
Z2
Zn
I
U
U
I =
Z
I = U + U + + U
Z1 Z 2
Zn
n
1 1
1
1
= +
+ +
Y = Yk
Z Z1 Z 2
Zn
k =1
J = Jk
k =1
Z1 I1
U
I2
Z2
I3
Z3
Z1 I1
U
Z 2 .Z 3
1
1
1
=
+
Z 23 =
Z 23 Z 2 Z 3
Z 2 + Z3
I1 =
Z 23
U
Z1 + Z 23
Z
I
2 1
I3 =
Z 2 + Z3
I = Z 3 I1
2
Z 2 + Z3
Y :
Z1
Z1 =
Z2
Z3
Z12 .Z13
Z12 + Z13 + Z 23
Z2 =
Z12 .Z 23
Z12 + Z13 + Z 23
Z3 =
Y :
Z12
Z13
Z 23
ZZ
Z12 = Z1 + Z 2 + 1 2
Z3
Z 23 = Z 2 + Z 3 +
Z 2 Z3
Z1
Z13 = Z1 + Z 3 +
Z1Z 3
Z2
Z13 .Z 23
Z12 + Z13 + Z 23
I6
I1
Z6
I2
Z2
Z3
Z1
E1
I3
I4 C
Z 4 I5
Z5
E 5
ZA =
Z2 Z6
Z2 + Z4 + Z6
ZC =
Z4 Z6
Z2 + Z4 + Z6
Mch s c dng:
ZB =
Z2Z4
Z2 + Z4 + Z6
I1
Z1
E1
ZA
ZC C
ZB
B I
3
Z3
Ik , k = 1,3,5
I2 , I/4 , I6
I5
Z5
E 5
T tm nt cc dng:
U AB = U AO + U OB = Z A I1 + Z B I3
I = U AB
2
Z2
I
U
U
I1
I
Z1
E1
I2
Z2
J
U U
E
+ J
I = I1 + I2 + J I = 1
Z1
Z2
I = U 1 + 1 + E1 + J
Z1 Z 2 Z1
Z
E
Ta c:
1 1
1
= +
Z Z1 Z 2
E
U
I = +
Z Z
E Y1 E1 + J
E =Z +J=
Z1
Y1 + Y2
Chng V.
MNG MT CA V MNG HAI CA TUYN TNH
2. Phn loi
- Mng mt ca khng ngun
- Mng mt ca c ngun
I
U
U = ZI + U 0
Z v U0 xc nh t 2 ch sau:
+ H mch ca, tm U0
+ Ngn mch ca, tm Z
U 0 = U h
U 0
U h
=
Z =
I
Ing
ng
I
U
U 0
I
U
U 0
I
U Y
J
U
U
I = 0 (1)
Z Z
: T (1) v (2), ta c th
thy tnh tng ng ca hai
nh l v cch chuyn i
thng s gia hai s
Thevenin v Norton!
I
U
U 0
J ( 2 )
I = UY
I
U Y
J
Z ng
E
I
Zt
Cng sut:
E
rt
2
P = r I = rt
= E
2
2
Z
( rng + rt ) + ( xng + xt )
2
t t
xng = xt
P ln nht khi:
V:
rt
d
=0
2
drt ( r + r )
ng t
Z t = Z ng
V d
A
Z1
E1
Z 3 B I5
Z4
Z2
I5
Z5
E 5
Z td
Z5
E td
E 5
C
Cn tnh dng trong nhnh 5 ca mch in. p dng nh l Thevenin
a mch v dng hnh v pha bn phi.
Z td = Z 4 ss Z 3nt ( Z1ssZ 2 )
E td = U BC
E td c th tnh nh sau:
Z AC = Z 2 ss ( Z 3 ntZ 4 )
U AC =
E1
Z AC
Z1 + Z AC
I5 = 0
U AC
U BC = Etd =
Z4
Z3 + Z 4
I2
U 2
2. Phn loi
- Mng hai ca c ngun v mng hai ca khng ngun
- Mng hai ca tuyn tnh v phi tuyn
I1
U1
I2
U 2
1. B s A
Khng ngun:
U10 = I10 = 0
Dng ma trn:
U1 A11
=
I1 A21
A12 U 2 U10
+
A22 I 2 I10
I1
2. B s B
U 2 B11
=
I 2 B21
B12 U1 U 20
+
B22 I1 I 20
I2
U 2
U1
B=A
I1
U1 Z11
=
U 2 Z 21
I2
U1
U 2
Z 22 I 2 U 20
U10 = U 20 = 0
Z12 = Z 21
I1
U1
I2
U 2
Dng ma trn:
I 2 Y21 Y22 U 2 I 20
Y = Z 1
I1
U1
I2
U 2
Dng ma trn:
U1 H11
=
I 2 H 21
H 22 U 2 I 20
I1
U1
I2
U 2
Dng ma trn
U 2 G21 G22 I 2 U 20
G = H 1
I1
U1
I2
Z2
Z1
Xc nh b s Z ca mng 2 ca
hnh bn?
E
U 2
Xc nh qua 3 ch :
+ H mch 2 ca
I1 = I2 = 0
Ta c:
U10 = U1 = 0
U 20 = U 2 = E
I1
U1
E
Z1
- T mch, tm
+ H mch ca 1:
I2
Z2
U1 , I2
U 2
- T phng trnh, ta c:
U1
Z12 =
U1 = Z12 I2
I2
U 2 = Z 22 I 2 + E Z = U 2 E
22
I2
E )
E
Z
U
(
U
1
2
I2 = 2
, U1 = Z1 I2 =
Z1 + Z 2
Z1 + Z 2
Do :
I1 = 0
U1
U 2 E
Z12 =
= Z1 , Z 22 =
= Z1 + Z 2
I
I
2
2
I1
U1
Z1
- T mch, tm
Do :
+ H mch ca 2:
I2
Z2
E
U 2 , I1
U 2
I2 = 0
- T phng trnh, ta c:
U1
Z11 =
I1
U1 = Z11 I1
U 2 = Z 21 I1 + E Z = (U 2 E )
21
I1
U
U 2 = Z1 I1 + E , I1 = 1
Z1
U1
U 2 E Z1 I1 + E E
Z11 =
= Z1 , Z 21 =
=
= Z1
I
I
I
1
1
1
U1 Z1
=
U 2 Z1
Z1 I1 0
+
Z1 + Z 2 I 2 E
I1
U1
I2
Z2
Z1
Lu :
T dng phng trnh ny c th suy ra dng
phng trnh khc ca mng 2 ca
E
U 2
1. Ni xu chui
I2
I1
U1
A2
A1
I2
I1
U1
A
A = A1. A2
U 2
U 2
2. Ni ni tip
I2
I1
Z1
U1
I2
I1
I2
I1
U 2
U1
Z2
Z = Z1 + Z 2
U 2
I1
U1
I2
U 2
Y1
U1
U1
I2
I1
Y2
U 2
Y = Y1 + Y2
I2
I1
U 2
Z d 2 I2
I1 Z d 1
U1
Zn
U 2
H mch ca 2:
T mch, ta c: I1 =
Do :
U1Z n
U1
, U 2 = I1Z n =
Zd1 + Zn
Zd1 + Zn
Z
U1
= 1 + d1
A11 =
U 2
Zn
I1
1
A21 =
=
U 2 Z n
Z d 2 I2
I1 Z d 1
U1
Ngn mch ca 2:
T mch, ta c:
U 2
Zn
I1 =
Z n + Z d 2 ) U1
(
U1
=
Zn Zd 2
Z d 1Z n + Z d 2 Z n + Z d 1Z d 2
Zd1 +
Zn + Zd 2
Z
U
n
1
I2 =
Z d 1Z n + Z d 2 Z n + Z d 1Z d 2
Z d 1Z d 2
U1
Do :
A12 =
= Z d1 + Z d 2 +
I
Zn
2
Zd 2
I1
A22 = = 1 +
I
Z
2
Z d 2 I2
I1 Z d 1
U1
Zn
U 2
Zd1
1 + Z
n
A=
1
Zn
Z d 1Z d 2
Z d1 + Zd 2 +
Zn
Zd 2
1+
Zn
1
Zn =
A21
1
Zd1 =
( A11 1)
A21
Zd 2
1
=
( A22 1)
A21
Mng hnh
Zd
U1 Z n1
Z n 2 U 2
Z d = A12
A12
Z n1 =
A22 1
Zn2
A12
=
A11 1
U 2
+ Hm truyn t p: K u =
U1
I2
+ Hm truyn t dng: K i =
I1
S2
+ Quan h cng sut: K s =
S1
I2
I2
1
Ki = =
=
I1 A21U 2 + A22 I2 A21Z 2 + A22
U 2
I2 Z 2
Z2
Ku =
=
=
U1 A11 I2 Z 2 + A12 I2 A11Z 2 + A12
S 2 U 2 I 2
Ks =
= = Ku Ki
S1 U1 I1
U1
I1
Z v1
I2
Z2
U 2
Vi mng mt ca:
S dng nh l Thevenin v Norton
Vi mng hai ca:
S dng b s Y, Z v da vo h phng trnh c trng ca
mng gii (thay th bng ngun dng v ngun p ph thuc)
+ Dng phng php th nh cho ngun dng
+ Dng phng php dng vng cho ngun p
- in tr vo
- in tr ra
- H s khuych i trong
+
+
( + )
Rv
Rr
Rv
Rv
( + )
Rr
Chng VI
MCH IN TUYN TNH VI KCH THCH CHU K
KHNG IU HA
eT ( t ) = ek ( t ) = 2 Ek sin ( kt + k )
+ Cho tng thnh phn kch thch tc ng, tnh p ng
ca mch
+ Tng hp kt qu
i ( t ) = ik ( t )
u ( t ) = uk ( t )
f ck ( t ) = f 0 + Fkm cos ( k t+ k )
k =1
k Z+
- Tn s s bn ca cc thnh phn iu ha
di
du
= 0,
=0
dt
dt
Do :
I0 R
I0
I0 C
U 0 = RI 0
U L0 = L
IC 0 = C
dI 0
=0
dt
du
=0
dt
i ( t ) = ik ( t ) = 2 I k sin ( kt + k )
Vi dng in:
2
1 2
1
I=
i dt =
2I k sin ( kt + k ) dt
T 0
T 0
1
1
I = ik2 dt + ik il dt =
T 0
T 0
Tng t:
U=
2
U
k
k
E=
I
k
2
k
2
k
1
1
P = uT iT dt = uk ik dt
T 0
T 0
P=
1
1
u
i
dt
+
uk il dt = Pk
k k
T0
T 0
+ H s mo: K meo =
iT
uT
2
I
k
k 1
I1
+ H s nh:
K dinh
Im
=
I
VI.4. V D P DNG
1. V d th nht
u
A
I 0 = 0 A U C 0 = 0V
P0 = U 0 I 0
VI.4. V D P DNG
1. V d th nht
R
U1
j L
1
j
C
Z1 = R + j L
C
I = U1 U = j 1
1
C1
Z1
C
Pu1 = Re U1 I1
U1 = 100(00
I1
{ }
( = 3.314rad / s )
1
U 3 = 20( 20 V Z 3 = R + j 3 L
1
U C 3 = j
I3
Pu 3 = Re U 3 I3
3C
0
{ }
U
I3 = 3
Z3
VI.4. V D P DNG
1. V d th nht
+ Tng hp kt qu:
- S ch ca ampemet:
I = I 0 + I1 + I 3 = I1 + I 3
- S ch ca vonmet:
U c = U C 0 + U C1 + U C 3
Pu = Pu 0 + Pu1 + Pu 3 = Pu1 + Pu 3
VI.4. V D P DNG
2. V d th hai
i1
L1
i2
R2
R1
e1
C2
e1 = 10 + 100 2 sin103 t V
i3
R3
V
A
I 20 = 0 A; I10 = I 30 =
e3
E10
R1 + R3
U C 0 = I 30 R3
VI.4. V D P DNG
2. V d th hai
I11
R1
E11
I31
Z L11
I21 A
R2
Z C 21
R3
E31
PE 31 = Re E 31 I31
VI.4. V D P DNG
2. V d th hai
+ Cho thnh phn xoay chiu th hai tc ng
I13
R1
I33
Z L13
I23
R2
R3
E 33
Y33 E 33
A3 =
Y13 + Y23 + Y33
I13 = Y13 A3 I23 = Y23 A3
I = Y ( E ) U = Z
33
Z C 23
( = 3.10 rad / s )
33
PE13 = 0
33
A3
C 23
PE 33 = Re E 33 I33
I
C 23 33
VI.4. V D P DNG
2. V d th hai
+ Tng hp kt qu:
- S ch ca ampemet:
- S ch ca vonmet:
U C = U C2 20 + U C2 21 + U C2 23
V
i3 ( t ) = I 30 + i31 ( t ) + i33 ( t )
PE 3 = PE 31 + PE 33
W
W
Fkm , k
f (t ) = Fkm cos ( k t+ k )
0
Fkm = Fkm ( ) , k = k ( )
f (t )
( k ) , k ( k )
Fkm = Fkm e j k
1
1
j k jkt
f (t ) = f 0 + Fkm cos ( k t+ k ) = f 0 + Fkm e e + Fkm e j k e jkt
2 1
2 1
1
1
1
f (t ) = Fkm e j k e jkt = Fkm e jkt
2
2
( *)
( *)
1
1
f (t ) = Fkm e j k e jkt = Fkm e jkt
2
2
( *)
Quy c:
1
Fom e j 0 = f 0
2
F0 m = 2 f 0 ; 0 = 0
1
jkt
f ( t ) e
d t =
2
Fkm =
Fkm dt +
1 j (l k )t
Fkm e
d t
l = 2
f (t ) e jkt dt
( *)
Chng VII.
MCH IN BA PHA
MCH IN BA PHA
Z
A
1. Cu to ca my pht in ba pha:
+ Stato: hnh tr rng, ghp t cc l thp k
thut in, t 3 cun dy AX, BY,CZ, lch
nhau i mt mt gc 1200
+ Roto: hnh tr, l nam chm in nui bng
ngun mt chiu, quay t do trong lng stato
MCH IN BA PHA
Z
A
AX:e A ( t ) = E A 2 sin t
CZ : eC ( t ) = EC 2 sin (t 2400 )
E A = EB = EC
MCH IN BA PHA
Y
Z
eA
ZA
eB
ZB
eC
ZC
MCH IN BA PHA
X Y Z
ZA
ZB
ZC
C
- Ni tam gic:
Z AC
Z AB
B
Z BC
MCH IN BA PHA
E A
E C
o
E B
V do :
E A = E Ae j 0
j1200
EB = E A e
j 2400
E =E e
C
E A + E B + E C = 0
MCH IN BA PHA
MCH IN BA PHA
E A + E B + EC = 0, E A = EB = EC
Z A = Z B = ZC
+ c im:
- Bit dng, p trn mt pha c th suy ra cc i lng
tng ng trn cc pha cn li
- Mi lin h gia dng, p:
MCH IN BA PHA
Id = I f
X Y Z
j 300
U d = 3U f e
ZA
ZB
ZC
Id
U d
Y
Z AC
Z AB
Z BC
U d = U f
I = 3I e j 300
d
f
MCH IN BA PHA
E A
E
B
IA
I
E C
IC
ZN
ZA
ZB
O1
ZC
IN
YA E A + YB E B + YC E C Y ( E A + E B + E C )
=
=0
O1 =
3Y + YN
YA + YB + YC + YN
MCH IN BA PHA
E
IA = A
Z
E A
E
B
IA
I
E C
IC
ZA
ZB
O1
ZC
E A
IN
I = I e j1200 ; I = I e j 2400
B
A
C
A
IA
O1
ZN
PE = 3PA = 3Re E A IA
MCH IN BA PHA
E A
E
B
IA
I
E C
IC
Zd
A
Zd
B
Zd C
IC1
I
3Z1 3Z
1
3Z1
C2
Z2 Z2 Z2
O2
Cho mch ba pha i xng nh hnh v trn. Tnh in p ri trn dy,
cng sut tiu tn trn cc b ti mt v hai?
MCH IN BA PHA
E A
E
B
IA
I
E C
IC
Z1
Zd
Zd
Zd
IC 2
IC1
Z1
O1
Z1
Z2 Z2 Z2
O2
Chp cc im trung tnh v tch ring tng pha tnh.
MCH IN BA PHA
E A
IA
I
A A1
IA2
Zd
Z1
O1
Z2
O2
Gi s tnh cho pha A:
IA =
E A
ZZ
Zd + 1 2
Z1 + Z 2
St p trn dy:
T suy ra:
U dA = Z d IA
IB ; IC
U
U
E
E
A
dA
dA
;
; IA 2 =
IA1 = A
Z2
Z1
MCH IN BA PHA
MCH IN BA PHA
1. Nguyn tc
- Phn tch mch ging nh mch in tuyn tnh c nhiu
ngun kch thch ch XLH
- Thng c gng bin i v dng mc Y-Y, ri dng
phng php th nh gii
2. V d
Cho mch in:
A
B
Zd
Zd
Zd
A
Z
Z
220V
400
220V
MCH IN BA PHA
MCH IN BA PHA
Zd
Z td
E B
Zd
Z td
E C
Zd
Z td
O1
MCH IN BA PHA
B B
C C
P = 3PA = 3U f I f cosA
Q = 3QA = 3U f I f sin A
Thng tnh theo cc in p v dng in dy (cho c u Y v )
P = 3U d I d cos
Q = 3U d I d sin
MCH IN BA PHA
IA
A
*
IB
C
Vi mch ba pha 4 dy khng i xng: dng 3 wattmet
B
C
IA
Ptai = Re U AC IA + Re U BC IB
IB
ZA
ZB
*
IC
ZC
MCH IN BA PHA
MCH IN BA PHA
U A 2
U A1
U C1
U B 2
o
U B1
o
U C 2
U A = U A1 + U A 2 + U A0
(1) U B = U B1 + U B 2 + U B 0
U C = U C1 + U C 2 + U C 0
U A0
U B 0
U C 0
MCH IN BA PHA
U A1
- H X thun: U B1 = aU A1
U = a 2U
C1
A1
U A 2
-H X nghch: U B 2 = a 2U A 2
U = aU
U A0
- H X zero: U B 0 = U A0
U = U
C0
A0
C2
A2
U A = U A1 + U A2 + U A0
U B = aU A1 + a 2U A 2 + U A0 ( 2 )
U = a 2U + aU + U
C
A1
A2
A0
MCH IN BA PHA
1
U A0 = (U A + U B + U C )
3
1
U A 2 = (U A + aU B + a 2U C )
3
1
U A1 = (U A + a 2U B + aU C )
3
+ Cc pha cn li:
U B = U B1 + U B 2 + U B 0 = aU A1 + a 2U A2 + U A0
U C = U C1 + U C 2 + U C 0 = a 2U A1 + aU A 2 + U A0
MCH IN BA PHA
Chng VIII
U
R
t
WL = 0
WL+ 0
ik = 0
k
uk = 0
k
(1)
K
L1
R1
Trc khi m K:
i1
R2 i 2 L2
i1 ( 0 ) 0; i2 ( 0 ) = 0
1 2
L1i1 ( 0 ) 0;WM 2 ( 0 ) = 0
2
Sau khi m K: i1 ( +0 ) = i2 ( +0 ) = i (lut Kirchhoff)
WM 1 ( 0 ) =
Nu
i2 ( +0 ) = 0
1. Hm bc nhy n v v ng dng
1.1. nh ngha
0 : t 0
1( t ) =
1: t +0
1
Nhy cp: (-0;+0)
0 : t T0
1( t T0 ) =
1: t +T0
Nhy cp (-T0;+T0)
t
0
t
0
T0
0 : t 0
( t ) = 1( t ) f ( t )
(t ) =
f ( t ) : t +0
f (t )
+ Xt mt on tn hiu:
f ( t ) : T1 t T2
(t ) =
0 : t < T1 ; t > T2
( t ) = f ( t )1( t T1 ) f ( t )1( t T2 )
(t )
T1
T2
u1 = U 0 1( t ) 1( t T )
U0
T
+ Biu din xung tam gic:
U0
U0
u2 =
t 1( t ) 1( t T )
T
T
U0
u3 =
t 1( t ) 1( t T ) + U 01( t T )
T
U0
T
U0
u4 = 0 t + U 0 1( t ) 1( t T )
T
(t )
0 : t ( 0; +0 )
d
( t ) = 1( t ) =
dt
: t ( 0; +0 )
0 : t ( T0 ; +T0 )
d
( t T0 ) = 1( t T0 ) =
dt
: t ( T0 ; +T0 )
t
0
( t T0 )
t
0
T0
1
( t ) = lim
T 0 T
1
T
+
( t ) dt = 1
+ V d:
U0
u2 =
t 1( t ) 1( t T )
T
U0
Ta c:
U0
du2 U 0
=
t ( t ) ( t T0 )
1( t ) 1( t T0 ) +
dt
T0
T0
U
= 0 1( t ) 1( t T0 ) U 0 ( t T0 )
T0
f ( t ) . ( t T ) = f (T ) . ( t T )
+ Biu din cc xung hp. V d xung st e(t)
e (t )
T0
T0
e ( t ) = S ( t T )
x' ( t )
x (t )
x ' ( t ) = x ( kT ) ( t kT )
k =0
x (t )
LM
x' (t )
MH
x* ( t )
MT
i1 + i2 i3 = 0
C u + i2 C u
'
1 C1
'
3 C3
C1
=0
i3
i2
C1 uC1 ( +0 ) uC1 ( 0 ) C3 uC 3 ( +0 ) uC 3 ( 0 ) = 0
i1
C u ( +0 ) = C u ( 0 )
k Ck
k Ck
hay
q ( +0 ) = q ( 0 )
k
C3
uC ( +0 ) = uC ( 0 )
3.2. Lut ng m th hai
V bo ton t thng trn mt vng kn
bt k trong qu trnh ng m
R1
L3
R4
e1
e2
L2
R1
R1i1 + uC + L i R4i4 L i = e1 e2
'
3 3
'
2 2
L3
R4
e1
+ Ti ti im ng m, nu ngun cha
xung lng S ( t )
e2
L2
( L3i3 L2 i2 ) = S L3i3 L2 i2 = S
L i ( +0 ) = L i ( 0 )
k k
k k
hay
( +0 ) = ( 0 )
k
iL ( +0 ) = iL ( 0 )
4. Cc bc tnh s kin
Bc 1: + Tm uC(-0), iL(-0) trc ng m
+ p dng lut ng m tm cc SK c lp uC(+0), iL(+0)
Bc 2: + Vit h phng trnh vi phn m t mch, sau ng m
+ Cho t = 0, tnh cc s kin theo yu cu
Bc 3: + Nu cha SK, o hm HPT bc 2
+ Thay t = 0, tm tip cc SK cn li
+ C th o hm nhiu cp nu cn
Ch : mch cp n nu c n phn t qun tnh c lp. Khi cn
tnh o hm ti cp n-1 ca 1 bin
A i3
i1
i2
R3
R2
R1
L1
i2
C2
C2
R4
R4
R3
R2
R1
L1
i3
i1
+ p dng lut ng m
A i3
i1
L1
R3
R2
R1
- Ti A:
i2
C2
R4
uC 2 ( +0 ) = uC 2 ( 0 )
- Trong vng 1:
iL ( +0 ) = iL ( 0 ) = i1 ( +0 )
i1 ( +0 ) i2 ( +0 ) i3 ( +0 ) = 0
'
R1i1 ( +0 ) + L1i1 ( +0 ) + R3i3 ( +0 ) = e1 ( +0 )
R2i2 ( +0 ) uC 2 ( +0 ) + R3i3 ( +0 ) = 0
+ o hm h trn mt ln na tm nt cc
s kin theo yu cu bi.
A i3
i1
L1
i2
R2
R1
C2
R3
TB
MTT
PTVP+SK
x (t )
SH
mch
PTS
X ( p)
TT
xcb ( t )
x ( t ) = xcb ( t ) + xtd ( t )
xtd ( t )
dxtd
= pAe pt = pxtd
dt
xtd ( t ) = Ae pt
Ae pt xtd
xtd dt = p = p
(A p
n
+ An 1 p n 1 + ... + A0 ) xtd = 0
( p ) = An p n + .... + A0 = 0
Nghim qu :
x ( t ) = xxl ( t ) + Ak e pk t
k =1
(1)
chung xtd
R1 i
1
e
L
R2
i2
i3
R1 i
1
i1 i2 i3 = 0
di2
=e
R1i1 + R2i2 + L
dt
+
R
i
1 1 C i3 dt = e
e
L
R2
i2
i i i = 0
1td 2td 3td
+ Trit tiu ngun v dng ton t p:
R1i1td + ( R2 + Lp ) i2td + 0i3td = 0
i3
R1 i
1
det R1
R1
1
R2 + Lp
0
0 =0
1
Cp
e
L
R2 + Lp
R1
+ R1 ( R2 + Lp ) +
=0
Cp
Cp
R1 LCp 2 + ( R1 R2C + L ) p + ( R1 + R2 ) = 0
(2) Chnh l phng trnh c trng cn tm
( 2)
R2
i2
i3
R1 i
1
e
L
R2
i2
i3
R1
1
Cp
Z v1 ( p ) = R1 +
1
R2 + Lp +
Cp
( R2 + Lp )
R2
Lp
R1 LCp 2 + ( R1 R2C + L ) p + ( R1 + R2 )
=
LCp 2 + R2Cp + 1
Z v1 ( p ) = 0 R1 LCp 2 + ( R1 R2C + L ) p + ( R1 + R2 ) = 0
1
Cp
R1
Z v 2 ( p ) = ( R2 + Lp ) +
R2
Cp
1
R1 +
Cp
Lp
R1CLp 2 + ( R1 R2C + L ) p + ( R1 + R2 )
=
R1Cp + 1
+ Phng trnh c trng thu c:
Z v 2 ( p ) = 0 R1 LCp 2 + ( R1 R2C + L ) p + ( R1 + R2 ) = 0
1
Cp
xtd = A1e
p1t
+ A2 e
p2t
+ ... + An e
pn t
= Ak e pk t
k =1
p = j
xtd = Ae t cos ( t + )
+ Nu phng trnh c trng c c nghim n, bi v phc th
nghim t do l xp chng ca cc thnh phn
xtd = Ak e
pk t
pk < 0; A > 0
k =1
pk > 0; A < 0
pk = k j k
xtd = Ak e k t cos ( k t + k )
k =1
+ Vit nghim qu :
x ( t ) = xxl ( t ) + Ak e pk t
k =1
+ Tm s kin ti cp thch hp
+ Thay t = 0 nghim qu x(t)
+ Cn bng vi cc gi tr s kin tm cc hng s Ak
Bc 1: Tnh nghim xc lp
ixl = 0 A
u xl = U (V )
1
RCp + 1
=
Zv ( p ) = R +
Cp
Cp
1
Nghim ca PTT: p =
RC
Ta c cc nghim qu nh sau:
1
t
RC
1
t
RC
uC ( 0 ) = 0V
uC ( +0 ) = uC ( 0 ) = 0V
uR ( +0 ) = Ri ( +0 ) = U i ( +0 ) =
U + Au e
1
0
RC
= 0 Au = U
Ai e
1
0
RC
U
U
= Ai =
R
R
uCqd ( t ) = U Ue
1
t
RC
1
t
U RC
iqd ( t ) = e
R
U
R
1( t ) df ( )
df ( )
f (t )
1( t ) f ( t ) = 1( t ) 1( t T1 ) f1 ( t ) + 1( t T1 ) 1( t T2 ) + 1( t T2 ) f3 ( t )
= 1( t Tk 1 ) 1( t Tk ) f k ( t ) = k ( t )
k =0
Do : 1( t ) f ( t ) =
'
(t )
'
k
V:
1( t ) f ( t ) =
'
( ) d
SK = 0
1( t )
MHM
h (t )
dx ( t ) = 1( t ) f ' ( ) h ( t ) d
'
( ) h ( t ) d
l p ng qu ca kch thch:
1( t ) f ' ( ) d
1( t ) x ( t ) =
f ' ( ) h ( t ) d
( *)
R
C
Bc 1: Tm p ng h-vi-xaid
+ Kch thch hng 1(t)
+ Mch xc lp: i = 0, uC = u =1
1
1
R+
=0 p =
Cp
RC
+ Nghim qu :
+ Do SK zero nn:
uC ( t ) = 1 + Au e
uC ( t ) = 1 e
t
T
1
t
RC
1
t
RC
= hu ( t )
u ( t ) = U 1( t ) 1( t T )
u' (t ) = U (t ) U (t T )
R
C
uC ( t ) = u ' ( ) hu ( t ) d
t
1
0
( T )
RC
= U ( ) U ( T ) 1 e
d
1
1
( t T )
RC
RC
= U 1 e
1( t ) U 1 e
1( t T )
Ch :
u
t
T
f ( ) ( ) d = 1( t ) f ( t ) ; f ( ) ( T ) d = 1(1 T ) f ( t T )
t =
f ( ) d ( t )
Mi phn lng ti
l:
f ( ) d
1( t ) f ( t ) =
f ( ) ( t ) d
gx (t )
Kch thch: f
p ng:
( ) ( t ) d
dx ( t ) = f ( ) g x ( t ) d
Do , p ng Q l:
x (t ) =
f ( ) g ( t ) d (**)
x
dh ( t )
dt
hu ( t ) = 1 e
1
t
RC
= 1 e
R
C
u
U
g u ( t ) = e t
uC ( t ) = u ( ) gu ( t ) d = U 1( ) 1( T ) e
t
= U 1( ) e
0
( t )
d U 1( T ) e
0
( t )
( t )
= 1( t ) Ue
t
0
1( t T ) Ue
uC ( t ) = U (1 e t )1( t ) U 1 e
( t T )
t
T
)1( t T )
X ( p ) = x ( t ) e pt dt
(1)
L { Ck xk ( t )} = Ck X k ( p )
L { x ' ( t )} = pX ( p ) x ( 0 )
L f ( n ) ( t ) = p n X ( p ) p n 1 x ( 0 ) p n 2 x ' ( 0 ) ... x( n 1) ( 0 )
L
1( t T ) x ( t T ) R X ( p ) e pT
x (t ) =
a + j
2 j a j
X ( p ) e pt dp
M ( p)
Vit nghim dng: X ( p ) =
N ( p)
(bc M(p)<N(p))
M ( p)
Ak = '
N ( p ) p = pk
A1 A2
pt
A3 2
An
n 1
1( t ) x ( t ) = + t + t + ... +
t e
2!
( n 1)!
0! 1!
nn
1
d( )
n M ( p)
Trong : An =
( p pn )
N ( p ) p = pn
( n n )! dp
1
d(
An 1 =
( n n + 1)! dp
n n +1)
n M ( p)
( p pn )
N
p
( ) p = pn
1 d ( n 1)
n M ( p)
A1 =
( p pn )
N ( p ) p = pn
( n 1)! dp
1( t ) x ( t ) = 2 Be t cos ( t+ )
Trong :
M ( p)
= a + jb
'
N ( p ) p = pk
B = a 2 + b2
b
= artan
a
I ( p) R
i (t ) R
uR ( t )
iL ( t )
I ( p)
UR ( p)
Lp Li ( 0 )
uL ( t )
i (t ) C
uC ( t )
U R ( p ) = RI ( p )
U L ( p ) = LpI ( p ) Li ( 0 )
UL ( p)
1
I ( p ) Cp uC ( 0 )
p
UC ( p )
uC ( 0 )
1
UC ( p ) =
I ( p) +
Cp
p
R1
E2
e1
A
R2
C
B
R3
E2 ( p ) uC ( 0 )
+
1
R1
R2 p +
p + 250
2,3841
C = 20 .
U AB ( p ) =
1 e pT )
(
C2 p
1
1
p + 138,89
9 p ( p + 138,89 )
+
+
R1 R2C2 p + 1 R3
138,89( t T )
)1( t T )