Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Wern-Ho Sheen (沈文和)

Department of Communication Engineering

National Chiao Tung University
 Syllabus
§ OFDM Fundamentals (3 hrs)
§ Effects of Non-Ideal Synchronization (4.5 hrs)
§ Synchronizations (9 hrs)
§ PAPR (Peak-Average Power Ratio) Reduction (3 hrs)
§ Introduction to IEEE 802.11a and Receiver Design (4.5 hrs)
§ OFDM for Multiple Access (3 hrs)
§ Exam (3 hrs)
 I. OFDM Fundamentals
Applications of OFDM Technology

§ Broadband Wired Access (ADSL, Asymmetric

Digital Subscriber Loop, DMT, Digital Multi-tone)
§ Wireless LANs (IEEE 802.11a, HIPERLAN-2)
§ Digital Broadcasting (DAB, DVB)
§ Wireless MAN (Metropolitan Area Network, IEEE
802.16a)
• Study Group of Mobile Broadband Wireless
Access (August 2002)
Communications over Frequency Selective Channels

§ Received Signal (Time-Invariant Channels)

• r% ( t ) = ∑ I n h ( t − nT ) + z ( t )
n

I n : Complex-valued Information
T : Symbol Duration
h ( t ) : Overall Channel Impulse Response
z ( t ) : Complex White Gaussian Noise
1
φzz ( t − τ ) @ E  z ( t ) z ∗ (τ ) = N 0δ ( t − τ )
2
 T
LT

§ Optimum Receiver (Complexity Increases

Exponentially with L.) (Maximum Likelihood Sequence
Estimation)

r% (t )
h * ( −t )

t = kT
§ Adaptive Equalization

r% (t )
h * (−t )

t = kT

• Decision Feedback Equalizer

 • Decision Feedback Equalizer

§ Time-Domain Equalization Is Very Complex for a Large L.

 Some Basic Ideas
§ Multi-carrier Block Transmission
X1 X2 X8

T
X1

X2

X8
8T
§ OFDM: A block modulation scheme that transmits
a block N source symbols in parallel by using sub-
carriers.
• Sub-carriers are orthogonal in time, but overlapped
in frequency.
• Minimum frequency spacing is equal to ∆ f = 1
TFFT
such that

cos ( 2π f1t +θ ) cos ( 2π ( f1 +∆f ) t ) dt = 0

TFFT
∫0
TFFT
§ OFDM: A block modulation scheme that transmits
a block N source symbols in parallel by using sub-
carriers.
• Sub-carriers are orthogonal in time, but overlapped
in frequency.
• Minimum frequency spacing is equal to ∆ f = 1
TFFT
such that

cos ( 2π f1t +θ ) cos ( 2π ( f1 +∆f ) t ) dt = 0

TFFT
∫0
§ Key Advantages

•No Need for Time-Domain Equalization

•Higher Spectral Efficiency When Compared with
the Traditional FDM and/or Single Carrier Technique.

1/ TFFT 1/ TFFT

Traditional FDM OFDM

• Spectral Efficiency of Single-Carrier Modulations

(1 + β )
W= ; β : Roll-off Factor
T
log 2 M
R= , bits/s M : Alphabet Size
T
T : Symbol Duration

R = log2 M (bits/s /Hz)

W (1+ β )
• Spectral Efficiency of Multi-Carrier Modulations

N +1 R=
log 2 M
W = , T
(bits/s)
NT

→ R ≈ log 2 M (When N Is Large.)
W

g (1 + β ) More Efficient Than Single-Carrier Case.

 N +1
∗ Normalized Spectrum, N = 4, W ≈ , W / 2 = 0.625 ⋅ 1/ T
NT
 N +1
∗Normalized Spectral, N = 32, W ≈ , W / 2 = 0.5125 ⋅ 1/ T
NT

Frequency, fT
• Spectral Efficiency of Multi-Carrier Modulations

N +1 R=
log 2 M
W = , T
(bits/s)
NT

→ R ≈ log 2 M (When N Is Large.)
W

g (1 + β ) More Efficient Than Single-Carrier Case.

§ Key Disadvantages
• High Peak Average Power Ratio
* Stringent Linearity Requirement
* Complex RF Transmitter and/or Large Backoff PA
* Low Power Efficiency

•Difficult to Maintain Orthogonality in High Mobility

Environments
* Inter-Carrier Interference
 Bit Allocation[1]
§ Capacity of Ideal Channel with AWGN

 Pav 
C = W log 2 1 + 
bits
sec
 WN 0 
§ Capacity of Frequency Selective Channels

g H ( f )： Transfer Function with Bandwidth W

g Φ nn ( f )： PSD of Additive Gaussian Noise
§ Power Constraint

∫ P ( f ) df
W
≤ Pav , Pav：Available Average Power

g P( f ) : Power Density

W
§N= , ∆f ： Sub-carrier Spacing
∆f
H(f)
2

≈ Constant, f ∈ { fi + ∆f }
Φ nn ( f )
§ For Sub-channel i
 ∆ fP ( f ) H ( f ) 2 

C i = ∆f log 2 1 +
i i

 ∆f Φ nn ( f i ) 
 
N N  P ( )
fi H ( )
fi
2

§ C = ∑
i =1
Ci = ∆f ∑
i =1
log 2 1 +
 Φ ( fi )


 nn

∆f → 0
 P( f ) H ( f )
2

C = ∫ W
log 2 1 +
 Φ nn ( f )
 df

 
 To Select P( f ) Such That C Is Maximized.
§
 Φnn ( f )
K − 2
f ≤W
P( f ) =  H( f )
0
 o.w.
→ Water Filling
K: A Constant Determined by Pav .
 Φ nn ( f )
| H ( f ) |2
 Fundamental Principles
§ OFDM Signals (Band-pass)

 ∞  K 
j 2π  fc +
k 
t  
 ∑  ∑ X l , k e  TF F T   ⋅ 
g s (t ) = R e  l = − ∞  k = − K  
 
 
 U F F T ( t − lT F F T ) 

g 2 K + 1: Number of Subcarriers
.
1, 0 ≤ t ≤ TFFT
UTFFT ( t ) = 
0, o.w.
X l , k : Transmitted Symbols
 {
g s ( t ) = Re s ( t ) e
% j 2π fct
}
∞  K j 2π kt

g s% ( t ) = ∑  ∑ X l , k e TFFT  U FFT ( t − lTFFT )

l =−∞  k = − K


§ OFDM Signals (Base-band)

∞  K j 2 π kt

g s (t ) = ∑  ∑ X l , k e T FFT  U ( t − lT F F T )
 k=−K  FFT
l=−∞
 
X l ,k = X ∗l ,− k , X 0 = 0

 K
∞

g s (t ) = 2 ⋅ ∑  ∑ | X l ,k | c o s ( 2 π k t / T F F T + ϕ l ,k )
l = − ∞  k =1 
⋅ U F F T (t − l T F F T )
jϕl ,k
X l , k = | X l ,k | e
§ OFDM Signals (Equivalent Low-pass)
K 2 π kt
j
g s%l ( t ) @ ∑
k =− K
X l ,k e TFFT

∞
s% ( t ) = ∑ s% ( t )U
l =−∞
l T FFT ( t − lTFFT )
K
g s%l ( t + m T F F T )= ∑
k=− K
X l , k ⋅ e j 2 π k ( t + m T F F T ) / T FFT
K
1
= ∑
k=-K
X l ,k ⋅ e j 2 π kt / TF F T
= s% l ( t ) , ∆ f @
TFFT
g Spectral of s%l ( t )
K
S s%l ( f ) = ∑
k =− K
X l ,k ⋅ δ (f − k ∆f )

Χ0,l Χ 2,l
Χ−1,l
Χ−2,l Χ1,l
… …
… …

… … .. -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
… … . k
f
∆f
g Spectral of s%l ( t ) U TFFT ( t − lT F F T ) @ s%l ,u ( t )

Χ 0,l
Χ1,l Χ2,l

f
∆f
0 1 2 3
 K
g S s%l ,u ( f )= ∑ X l , k ⋅ sinc  ( f − k ∆ f ) T F F T  ⋅ T FFT
k =− K

sin π x
sinc ( x) =
πx
§ Time-Domain Waveform sl ,u (t )

TFFT

80.
60.

20.

60.

80. 1
§ OFDM for Ideal Channels
g Analog Transmitter
• Received Signal

r% ( t ) = s% ( t ) + z ( t ) , z (t ) :Complex-Valued AWGN

• Analog Receiver
g Signal Part (l = 0)
∞ TFFT K

S s%0 ,u ( f ) = ∫ s%0,u ( t )e ∫ ∑
− j 2 π ft j 2 π k ∆ft − j 2 π ft
dt = X 0 ,k e e dt
−∞ 0 k =− K

K TFFT

Ss%0,u ( f ) | f =k∆f = ∑ X 0,m ∫ e − j 2π ( k −m ) ∆ft dt = X 0,k

m =− K 0

TFFT

X 0 ,k = ∫ s% 0 ,u ( t ) e − j 2 π k ∆ ft dt
0
g Spectral of s%l ( t ) U TFFT ( t − lT F F T ) @ s%l ,u ( t )

Χ 0,l
Χ1,l Χ2,l

f
∆f
0 1 2 3
• Difficult to Implement.
• Needs Block (Frame) Synchronization, Frequency
Estimation.

TFFT
•Frequency Error Results in ICI

Inter-Carrier Interference

f
∆f
•Synchronization Error Results in ICI

TFFT

→ Not Orthogonal Any More.

§ OFDM for Frequency-Selective Channels
•No Prefix (Guard Interval)
∗ r (t ) = y (t ) + z (t ) ; y ( t ) = s% ( t ) ⊗ h ( t )

s%l, u ( t ) s%l +1,u ( t ) s%l + 2, u ( t ) … .

s% ( t ) t
h(t)
t
τm
y (t )
t
TFFT
↑ ↑
lTFFT (l + 1)TFFT
∗ y ( t ) =  s%l ,u ( t ) ⊗ h ( t ) lTFFT + τ m ≤ t < (l +1)TFFT
 %
sl ,u ( t ) + s%l−1,u ( t )  ⊗ h ( t ) lTFFT ≤ t < lTFFT + τ m
yl ,u ( t ) = y ( t ) UTFFT ( t − lTFFT )
? Inter-block Interference
* With No Consideration of Inter-block Interference
S yl ,u ( f ) =  S s%l ,u ( f ) ⋅ H ( f ) ⊗ sinc (TFFT f ) ⋅ TFFT ( s% ( t ) = 0 )
l −1,u

? Inter-Carrier Interference

∫ h (t ) e
∞
− j 2 π ft
H( f ) = dt
−∞
*Time-Domain Explanation

TFFT

? Not Orthogonal Any More.

 (
• With Prefix τ m ≤ Tg , ) Tg = Guard Interval
∗ TOFDM = Tg + TFFT
∞
∗ v( t ) = ∑v
l =−∞
l ,u (t − lTOFDM )

∗ vl ,u (t ) = s%l (t ) ⋅U OFDM (t − lTOFDM + Tg )

K 2π kt
j
s%l ( t ) = ∑
k =− K
X l ,k e TFFT
 | vl ,u ( t ) | vl +1,u ( t ) | … .
v(t )

TFFT
TFFT
Tg Tg

h(t )
t

y (t )
t
0 TOFDM
TFFT
* Spectral of vl ,u ( t )
K
S vl ,u ( f ) = ∑X
k =− K
l ,k sinc ( f − k ∆f ) TOFDM  ⋅ TOFDM

  s%l ( t ) ⊗ h ( t ) ⋅ UTFFT ( t − lTOFDM )


(lTOFDM ≤ t < (l + 1)TOFDM − Tg )
∗ y (t ) = 
 Tl −1,u ( t ) ⊗ h ( t ) + Tl ,u ( t ) ⊗ h ( t )
 (lT
 OFDM − Tg ≤ t < lTOFDM )

? No Inter-block Interference.
? Maintain Orthogonality Among Difference Carriers.
* Spectral of yl ,u ( t ) = y ( t ) ⋅U TFFT ( t − lTOFDM )
 K 
S yl ,u ( f ) =  ∑ X l , k H ( k ∆f ) ⋅ δ ( f − k ∆f ) 
 k =− K 
⊗ sinc ( TFFT f ) TFFT
K
= ∑X
k =− K
l ,k H ( k ∆f ) sinc ( TFFT f ) TFFT
*Time-Domain Explanation
*Time-Domain Explanation
g With Prefix (τ m > Tg )
? Results in ICI and IBI
vl,u (t ) vl +1,u (t )
v(t )
TOFDM TOFDM
t
Tg
h(t )
t
τm
y(t )
t
Tg
τm
lTOFDM − Tg lTOFDM − Tg
 Practical Implementation
§ Analog Signal K
• v% 0 , u ( t ) @ v% µ ( t ) = ∑
k =− K
X 0, k e j 2 π k ∆ ft , - T g ≤ t < T F F T

§ Sampling of OFDM Signals

•Equivalence Theorem
∗ a (t ) , b (t ) : Bandwidth Less Than B.
∗ a n @ a ( nTs ) , bn B b ( nTs )
∗ d n @ d ( nTs ) = ( an ⊗ bn ) ⋅ Ts , d (t ) = a (t ) ⊗ b (t )
iff 1 > 2 B , Ts : Sampling Period
Ts
 ∞
Proof: d ( nTs ) = Ts ∑ a ( kTs ) b ( nTs − kTs )
k =−∞
F ∞
1 f −k 
∗ D ( f ) = A( f ) B ( f ) d ( nTs ) €
Ts
∑
k =−∞
D 
 T 
s 

F 1 ∞ 
∗ a ( nTs ) € ∑ A  f − k T 
Ts k =−∞  s

F 1 ∞ 
∗ b ( nTs ) € ∑ B  f − k 
Ts k =−∞  Ts 
F 1 ∞
∗ a ( nTs ) ⊗ b ( nTs ) € 2 ∑ D  f − k  →
Ts k =−∞  Ts 
g s%l ,u ( t ) and v%l ,u (t ) Are Not Band-limited.
g Bandwidth of v%l ,u (t )
K +1 K +1
B≈ =
TOFDM ( N + N g )Ts
TFFT = NTs , Tg = N gTs , Ts : Sampling Period
g Sampling Period
1
BTs < → 2( K + 1) ≤ N + N g
2
 K
• s%l ,u (t ) = ∑
k =− K
X l , k e j 2π k ∆ ft , (l - 1)TFFT ≤ t < lTFFT

K j 2 π kn
1 1
• xl , n @
N
s%l ,u (t )
t = nTs − τ
=
N
∑
k =− K
X l ,k ⋅ e − j 2π k ∆ f τ e N

N −1 j 2 π kn
X% l , k e X% l , k =X l , k ⋅ e − j 2 π k ∆ f τ ,
1
=
N
∑k =0
N
,

X% l , − k = X% l , N - k , k = 1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ K .
1
∆f = ,
TFFT
∗ 2K + 1 ≤ N , xl , n = xl , n + N , xl , n = IDFT{ X% l , k }
 N −1 − j 2 π kn
• X% l , k = ∑x l ,n e N
= DFT { x l , n }
n=0

X% l , N - k = X% l ,- k , X% l , k = X% l , k + N , k = 0,1,..., N − 1,
DFT{ xl , n } = { X% l ,0 , X% l ,1 ,... X% l , K ,0,0,0,0, X% l , − K ,... X% l, − 2 , X% l , −1 }

N -1
1 % 2
• ∑x
n=0
k
l ,n x m*
l,n =
N
X l ,k δ m ,k ,
j 2 π kn
1 %
x lk, n @ X l , k e N , n = 0,1, ..., N -1
N
§ Ideal Channel with Perfect Synchronization
(No Prefix)

rl ,n = yl ,n + zl ,n , yl ,n = xl ,n , n = 0 ⋅⋅⋅ N -1.
→ DFT{rl ,n} = {X% l ,0 +ηl ,0 ,..., AX% l ,K +ηl ,K ,0...0,
X% l ,− K +ηl , N −K ,..., X% l ,−1 +ηN −1}
ηl ,k = DFT{ zl ,n} , n = 0 ⋅⋅⋅ N -1.
 § Frequency Selective Channel with Perfect
Synchronization (No Prefix)
rn = yn + zn , yn = xn ⊗ hn .
hn , n = 0 ⋅⋅⋅ L −1: Impulse Respose
xn
hn
h− n
yn
? Inter-block + Inter- Carrier Interference
§ Frequency Selective Channel with Perfect
Synchronization (with Prefix) (L ≤ Ng )
→| N |←

1 K
yn ,u = ynU N (n) = ∑ 0,k k
N k =− K
X H e j 2π nk / N

1 N −1
= ∑ X 0,k H k e j 2π nk / N (l = 0)
N k=0
§ Signal After FFT
N −1 − j 2π nk
Yk = ∑y
n =0
n,u e N
= X k Hk
N −1 − j 2 π nk
Hk = ∑h e
n=0
n
N
§ Practical Signal Transmission

∞ N −1
• vˆ( t ) = ∑ ∑
l=−∞ n=− N g
x l , n g T ( t − n T s − lTO F D M )

1
• xl ,n = v% l , u ( t ) t = n T s
N
• g T ( t ) : Pulse Shaping Filter
g Requirements
∗ To Satisfy Spectral Mask
- Example (IEEE 802.11a)
∗ Low-Complexity
- Length (Support) of gT (t )
∗ High Fidelity
- Small ∫ | v% (t ) - vˆ(t ) |2 dt
∞ N −1
vˆ(t ) = ∑ ∑
l =−∞ n =− N g
xl ,n gT (t − nTs − lTOFDM )

∞  K j 2π kt

v% ( t ) = ∑  ∑ X l ,k e TFFT
 U TOFDM ( t − lTOFDM )

l =−∞  k =− K


§ Received Signal
• r% ( t ) = v% ( t ) ∗ c ( t ) + w ( t )
∞ N −1
= ∑∑
l = - ∞ n =− N g
xl ,n g T (t − nTs − lTOFDM ) ∗ c ( t ) + w ( t )

c ( t ) : Channel Impulse Response

• After Receive Filter g R ( t )
∞ N −1
r%F ( t ) = ∑ ∑
l =−∞ n =− N g
xl ,n h ( t − nTs − TOFDM ) + z ( t )

= y (t ) + z (t )
h ( t ) = gT ( t ) ⊗ c ( t ) ⊗ gR ( t ) , z ( t ) = w( t ) ⊗ gR ( t )

• Requirements of g R ( t )
∗ Low Complexity
∗ Small Adjacent Channel Interference
 ∗ High Fidelity
- Small ∫ | v% (t ) - y (t ) |2 dt
• After Sampling

r%F ,n B rF ( t ) = yn + zn
t = nTs
∞ N −1
yn @ ∑ ∑
l =−∞ m =− N g
xl , m h ( t − mTs − lTOFDM )
t = nTs
= xn ⊗ hn

zn B z ( t )
t = nTs
§ Selections of OFDM Parameters
• Major Parameters : Bandwidth, Bit Rate, Delay Spread,
Guard Interval, Carrier Number, OFDM Symbol Time

•Delay Spread → Guard Interval Tg ≥ τ max ≈ 10 ⋅τ rms

τ max : Maximum Delay Spraed, τ rms : rms Dealy Spread

•OFDM Symbol Time : Less Than 1 dB Loss in Signal Power

4
Example, TOFDM = 5Tg → Loss = −10log10 = 0.969 dB
5
•Selections of Bandwidth, Bit Rate, Carrier Numbers
•Example
τ max = 800 ns → Tg = 0.8µ s , TFFT = 4Tg = 3.2µ s →

TOFDM = 5Tg = 4µ s , Loss = −10log10 4 = 0.969 dB

5
1
∆f = = 0.3125 MHz N = 64, N g = 16
TFFT
Number of Data Subcarriers = 48

Number of Pilot Subcarriers = 4

K = 26, 2K + 1 = 53
∗ Subcarrier Frequency Allocation

g Bandwidth W = ( 53 + 1) ⋅ 0.3125 = 16.875 MHz

1 1
B = W = 8.4375 MHz, = 20, 40, 80 MHz
2 Ts
1 0.32us
Ts = =
20 MHz 64
∗ Transmit Spectrum Mask
∗ Data Rate
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