ASn-m\]mTm-hen

aebmfw
mtUUv
X

tIc-fk
- m

hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ipv
Xbm-dm-n-bXv

kwm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2011

tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]m-_-knp KpP-dm admTm
{ZmhnU DXv-e- _w-Km,
hny-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
De Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm.
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn
Cy Fs cmPy-am-Wv. Fm Cy-mcpw Fs ktlm-Z-coktlmZc-m-cm-Wv.
Rm Fs cmPys kvt\ln- pp; kqWhpw
sshhn- [ y- ] qW- h p- a mb AXns ]mc- - c y- n Rm
A`n-am\w sImpp.
Rm Fs amXm-]n-Xm--sfbpw Kpcp--m-scbpw apXnhscbpw _lp-am-\n-pw.
Rm Fs cmPy-n-sbpw Fs \mp-Im-cp-sSbpw ta-n\pw
sFiz-cy-n-\pw- thn {]bXv\npw.

Prepared by :
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala

Website
: www.scert.kerala.gov.in
e-mail
: scertkerala@asianetindia.com
Phone
: 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
First Edition : 2011
Typesetting : SCERT
Lay out
: SCERT
Cover design : SCERT
Printed at
: KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi
Department of Education, Government of Kerala

ASn- m\ ]mTm- h en

{]nb- hn-ZymYn-I-tf,
ae-bmf`mj-sbbpw kmln-Xy-sbpw Ipdnv IqSp-X Dm-gvNt- bmsS
]Tn-m Ah-kcw \Ip hn[-n-emWv ]mw mknse ]mTy-]Xn Bkq-{XWw sNbvXn-p--Xv. {]tbm-K-k-`--fn \nv `mjmL-S-\-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I Xncn--dnbm\pw hyXy-kvX-am-\-Z--
D]-tbmKnv hni-I-e\w sNm\pw \app Ign-b-Ww. sshhn-[y-ap
cN-\-I-fn ]cn-Nbw t\Sp-tm-gmWv AXp km[y-am-hp--Xv. Bi-b-hn\n-a-b-ns hyXykvXX ASp--dn-bm Cu At\z-jWw klm-b-Iamhpw.
\p-sS kmwkvIm-cnI]mc--cy-nsbpw aqey-k-ev]-fp-sSbpw
thcp-I At\zjn--dn-bp--Xn\v kmln-Xy-]-T\w hgn-sX-fn-p-p. kaIm-enI kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-nse {]iv\-fpw {]Xn-k-nIfpw Cu ]mT]p-kvX-I-nse cN-\-I {]Xn-^-en-n-p-p-v.
sshhn-[y-ap cN-\-Ifpw {]h\\ntZ-i-fpw Dsm-n-psImv cq]-s-Sp-nbnp Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw hn]pehpw hnim-e-hpamb `mjm-]-T-\-n\p hgn-sbmcp-p-sav {]Xo-n-p-p.
kvt\lm-iw-kI
- t- fmsS,

s{]m^. Fw.-F. -Jm-Z

Ub-d-IvS
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B.Sn.

ae- b mfw

]mT-]p-kvXI cN\mkanXn
AssUz-k

sI.]n. i-c, doU (dn.) doPn-b-W Cnyqv Hm^v FUyq-t-j

(F.-kn.-C.-B.-Sn), ssakq

sNbam

tUm. Un. _-an, s{]m^-k & slUv Hm^v Zn Unmvsav (dn.) tIcf
kh-I-em-ime

AwK-
AIv_ I-n, sa, AssUz-kdn t_mUv, tI{- km-lnXy
Am-Zan

{]Im-i ]n.]n., eIvN-d, Kh. tImtf-Pv, ]m-n

AlZv sjco^v Pn.Fw.-B.-F-v.-F-kv.-F-kv. t^m tKkv,

Imk-dt- KmUv

aS-hq iin, So (dn.) Pn.Fw.-_n.Fv.-F-kv.-Fkv ssXm-Sv

aWn-I-WvT-Zmkv sI.hn., Fv.-F-kv.-F-kv. N-m

D Sn. sI, SmtKm hnZym-\n-tI-X Pn.F-v.-F-kv.-F-kv. Xfn--dv

ISm-tmSv {]`m-I-c, FUn- (dn.) tIc-f- km-lnXy Am-Zan
Nn{X kn.]n., Ub-d-IvS (dn.) lb sk-dn hnZym-`ymkw

taml-\ sI.hn., Pn.Pn.Fv.-F-kv.-F-kv., atcn

blnb ]n., Pn.hn.Fv.-F-kv.-F-kv. ]m-\-
cma ]n., Pn._n.-F- v.F
- k
- v.F
- k
- v. s\md

Pnt\-jvIp-am Fcaw, Pn.Fv.F

- k
- v.F
- k
- v., aSm-bn, ]g-b
- mSn ]n.H.
tPmjn Sn.sI., Pn.F-v.-F-kv. XS-n-dv

t{]a-N-{ ]n., Pn.Pn. Fv.-F-kv.-F-kv. ]-q

hnt\mZv sshimJn, P\mZ-\-]pcw Fv.-F-kv.-F-kv., H-ti-J-c-awKew

{ioP B.-F-kv., hnIvSdn tKkv sslkvIq, t\aw

Znt\-i ]n., Pn.Fv.-F-kv.-F-kv., Fcp-a-s-n.

tUm. kXy-t\-i ]n., Akn.s{]m^-k (dn.) Fkv.-kn.-C.-B.Sn.

\mcm-b-W-ta-t\m ]n., s{]m^-k (dn.) tIc-fh

- a tImtf-Pv,
Xrq

kmlnPm F., Pn.F-v.F

- k
- v.F
- k
- v. ]mf-bw-Ipv

Nn{X-cN\
$ aZ-\, Bv FUn-, amXr-`qan. $ sI. jco^v, Bn-v, amXr-`qan. $ cmP-N{, Kh. hn.F-v.F-kv. he
$ cta-i ]n., Ccn--q lb skdn kvIq. $ Beo-kv, alm-ap-{Z, imkvX-aw-Kew

hnZKv[kanXn
H.F.-hn. Ipdpv, s{]m^-k & slUv Hm^v Zn Unmvsav (dn.), Khsav hnakv tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw
kp-cw [\p-h--]pcw, {]nkn- (dn.) bqWn-th-gvknn tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw
hn. a[p-kq-Z\ \mb, s{]m^-k (dn.) skv tkthygvkv tImtf-Pv, Xp, Xncp-h-\-]pcw
tUm. Fkv.-sI.hk-, s{]m^-k (dn.), {ioi-c tImtf-Pv, ImeSn
tUm. Fw.F. Imc-t-cn, s{]m^-k, tImgn-tmSv kh-I-em-ime
tUm. _n.-hn.i-in-Ip-am-, doU, bqWn-th-gvknn tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw
tUm. sI.F. hm-kp-p--, s{]m^-k (dn.) Khsav hnakv tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw
tUm. Fkv.-sI. A\n , eIvN-d, tImgn-tmSv kh-I-em-ime

Am-Z-anIv tImUnt\
tUm. ]n.sI.XneIv, dnkv Hm^o-k, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B.Sn.

kwm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)

hnZym-`h, ]qP-p-c, Xncp-h-\--]pcw 695 012

t]Pv

1. hmmw hW-pS NqSn... ...............................................

07

Fs `mj ................................................................................................ 08
hmns IqsS-cn-bpp ........................................................................ 09
ku-cy-]qP.............................................................................................. 12
ae-bmfw ...................................................................................................... 14

2. thWaokvt\l-_---fq-gn-bn ...............................

18

sImpZpxJ-fp-dq! .... .................................................................... 18

{_m-ebw Xpd--sp...................................................................... 20
tXmcm-ag ..................................................................................................... 24
Fsm-stbm \jvS-s Hcm ................................................... 25

3. Aebpw aebpw IS--h ...............................................

31

BSp-Po-hnXw ............................................................................................. 31
Bmw]Wn-m ................................................................................... 36

ae- b mfw

`mc-X-ns `c-W-L-S\
`mKw

IV

auenI I-hy-
51 I.

auenI I- h y- Xmsg- - d - b p- h `mc- X - nse Hmtcm

]uc-sbpw Ihyw Bbn-cn-p--XmWv

(I)

`c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw AXns BZi--sfbpw m]-\-sfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sbpw BZ-cn-p-Ibpw sNpI;

(J)

kzmX-{y-n-\p-th-n-bp \psS tZiobka-c-n\v {]tNm-Z\w \Inb

al-\o-bm-Zi-sf ]cn-t]m-jn-n-p-Ibpw ]nXp-S-cp-Ibpw sNpI;

(K)

`mc-X-ns ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ--Xbpw \ne-\np-Ibpw

kwc-n-p-Ibpw sNpI;

(L) cmPys Imp-kq-n-p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-p-hm Bhiys-Sp-tm A\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw sNpI;

(M)

aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-XoX-ambn `mc-X-nse Fm P\-p-an-S-bn, kulmZhpw s]mXp-hmb

kmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pep-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A-n\v Ipdhp hcpp BNm-c- ]cn-Xy-Pn-pI;

(N)

\psS kn{ikwkvIm-c-ns k--amb ]mc--cys hne-a-Xn-pIbpw \ne-\n-dp-p-Ibpw sNpI;

(O) h\-fpw XSm-I-fpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Ds-Sp {]IrXym D

]cn-nXn kwc-n-p-Ibpw A`n-hr-n-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw
ImWn-p-Ibpw sNpI;
(P)

imkv{Xo- b - a mb ImgvN- mSpw am\- h n- I - X bpw, At\z- j - W - n\pw

]cnjvIcWn\pw D at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-n-pI;

(Q) s]mXp-kzv ]cn-c-n-p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-n-p-Ibpw

sNpI;
(R) cmjv { Sw bXv \ - n- s bpw ey- { ]m- ] v X n- b p- s Sbpw D- X - X - e - - f n- t ev
\nccw Db-c---hw hyn-]-chpw Iqm-b-Xp-amb {]h-\-ns
Fm a-e--fnepw DIr-jvS-X-bvp-thn A[zm-\n-p-I.
(S)

Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbvv {]mb-ap Xs Ipntm cy-_m-e-I-t\m,

AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-tfm c-mImthm hnZym-`ym-k-n\p Ah-k-c- Gs-Sp-p-I.

ASn- m\ ]mTm- h en

An-bn-cp-n
Znp-sX-nb s]]n
Xs IqSn-s\-smn
Xs Ipn-s\-smn
kw{`-anp Ic-bp-p.
F\n--Xns IqS-dnbmw
Ipn-t\-bp-a-dnbmw
Fm F\n--Xns
`mj-b-dn-bn-tm.
hn[n

Iem-{]nb
]cn-`mj : Bq chn-ha

"F\n--Xns `mjbdn-bn-tm' F Ihn-bpsS thh-em-Xn-bpsS s]mcp-sf-mhpw?

NsNp-I.

h-tm

ann-p-S-m

{ian-p ]nnfw
Npn-t-e-n--m-tem-sSm-w,
A-sb-p c--c-a-tbm
kt-fn-o-Sp--sXm-m-a-Xmbv
ap `mj-I tIhew [m{Xn-am!
ayp s] X`m-j-Xm.
amXm-hn hm-ey-ZpKvw \pImte
ss]X- ]qW-h-f t\Sq.
A-Xm Xs ]Ip-X-cp-smtg
\-ar-Xp-a-ar-Xm-bvtmq!
GsXmcp thZ-hp-ta-sXmcp imkv{X-hp
tasXmcp Imhy-hp-ta-sXm-cmpw
lrnXn-tb-W-sa-n kz`m-j-X
h{-n \np Xm tI-thWw.

lrZyw kz`m-j-X ioI-c-tam-tcm-p

apt-\mbvtcpp Nn-Xm-cn;
A\y-_n-p--tfm, X_-ln`m-Kta
ann-p-\np Xqap-p-I.
BZn-a-Im-hyhpw ]-a-th-Zhpw
\oXn-sm-cp-fp-ap-]-\n-jpw
]mSn- kz-Io-bsc tIn ssIcfn
]mS-h-lo\-sb-m ]dbpw?
sImmSn \m\m-hn-Nn-\Xp-
sImm`mjsb hmbvn-m-bvIn
tIc-f-n-o-bn-cpp-n \nsmp
tIdm ]nSn--b-sdp thsd?
ap `mj-I tIhew [m{Xn-am!
a-y-p -s]-- -X`mj- Xm.
(kmln-X-y-a-RvP-cn, Ggmw`mKw)

$ ""tIc-f-n-o-bn-cpp-n \nsmp
tIdm ]nSn--b-sdp thsd?''
F-s\-bmWv amXr-`mj Ccpp-n\np Ic-I-b-dm-\p ]nSn--b-dmbn
ocp-Xv?
$ ""ap `mj-I tIhew [m{Xn-am!
a-y-p -s]-- -X`mj- Xm.''
amXr-`mj s]bvp Xpey-am-sW-m-Wtm Ihn ]d-bp--Xv. amXr-`mj F
Bibw "Fs `mj' F Ihn-X-bpsS ASn-m-\-n ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.

$
8

ASn- m\ ]mTm- h en

KqKn hm XnHmwtKm

ico-cs

Iogvs-Sp-mt\ shSn-bp-Im-hq. Bobamb Iogvs-Sp--ens

am[yaw `mj-bm-Wv. `mj-bnepw kmln-Xyn-ep-ap FsXs hnZym-`ymkm\p-`-h-fn\nv AXn\v Nne DZm-l-c-W-
\Imw.
Rms\mcp henb Ij-I-Ip-Spw-_-n-emWv
P\n--Xv. A, \mep `mcy-am, Ccp-]-nsbp a. Am- e s coXn- b n
hfp ]-env Hcp kaqlw t]mep
IpSpw-_w.
hb-ep-I-fn ]Wn-sb-Sp-n-cp R
KnIpbp kwkm-cn-p. hoSn-\p-nepw ]pdpw
R Cu `m-j-bmWv kwkm-cn-n-cp--Xv.
XoIqn Nppancpv IY tIn-cp Ames kmbm-- Fs Hma-bn-ep-v.

apXn-h Ipn-ImbmWv IY-I ]dn-cp--sX-nepw Fm-hcpw AXv BkzZn-n-cp-p. R ASp Znhkw ap IpnIv B IY- I ]dpsImSp- pw.
bqtdmp-Imcp-sSbpw B{^n-- Pn-I-fpsSbpw ]mSfnepw ]qtm-
- fnepw ]Wnsb-Sp-n-cp--h-cm-bn-cpp B Ipn-I.
KnIp-bp-hn ]d-p-X an IY-I-fnepw
arK--fm-Wv IYm-]m-{X-. sNdn-b-h\pw
Zp_-e-\p-sa-nepw kq{X-im-en-bmb apb-embn-cpp R-fpsS \mb-I. knwlw, ]pnp- e n, Igp- X - pen XpS- nb {IqcarKs-Xntc t]mcm-Sp apb-ens\ \mbI-\mbn R AwKo-Ic
- n-p. Ahs hnPb- R-fpsS hnP-b
- f
- m-bn-cp-p. Ah\n \np R Hcp ]mTw {Klnp:
is\ Zp_-e\v _pn-sImv tXmnmw. hc, AXn-hjw, kqcy-Xm-]w,
i-amb Imv XpS-n-bh t\cn-Sp arKsf R ]nXp-Sp. {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambp Ccw Gp-ap- an-tmgpw klI-c-W-ns ]pXnb hgn-I tXSm IYI- f nse Zp_- e sc t{]cn- n- n- c p- p.
Ahn-S-bnse t]mcm--fpw Rsf
ckn-n-p, {]tXy-Inv arK-fpw Cc-Ifpw
Xn- e p t]mcm- w. {]Ir- X npw arKp-sa-Xn-tc-bp Cctm-cmw a\p-jytem-I-ns bYmY Pohn-X-tm-cm---sfbmWp {]Xn-^-en-n--Xv.
a\p-jy apJy-I-Ym-]m-{X-amb IY-Ifpw
R hnp-I-f-n-. a\p-jy-s\ tI{oI-cn-p IY-I-fn cpXcw IYm-]m-{X-fm-Wp-m-bn-cp--Xv. [oc-X, Imcp-Wyw,

ae- b mfw

Xn-tbm-Sp FXnv, klm-\p-`qXn XpSnb kz`mhkhn-ti-j-X-I-fp--hcm-bncpp Hcp hn`mKw. cm- a s hn`m- K ns- S p- - h Bn, kzmY- X ,
Rms\ `mhw, kl- I - c - W - t m- S p
shdpv Fn-h-bp--hcmbn-cpp. BXy-nI-amb \ kl-I-c-W-amWv; AXm-bn-cpp
nc-amb {]ta-b-hpw. cm-k-mpw CctX-Sp arK-p-sa-Xntc a\p-jy\pw arKfpw Hn-p IY-I.
\mbpw tami- a mbpw IY- ] - d - b p- - h -
AhnsS D- m- b n- c pp. Ah t{imXmv ]pXnb A\p-`qXn ]IpsImncn-pw. amtcm ]d IY Ahv IqSpX \mS-Io-b-ambn Ah-X-cn-n-m Ignp. hmp-I-fp-sSbpw _nw_--fp-sSbpw
D]-tbm-K-nepw hnhn[ kzc- krjvSnp-- i_vZ{- I-ao-Ic
- W
- nepw Ah hyXykvXX ]pen. AXn-\m R hmpI-fpsS AY-n\pw Ah-bpsS hyXykvX
am\-pw henb aqeyw Iev]n-p. hmpI shdpsX tImn Nc-S `mj. hmpI sImp Ifn-I-fn-eqsS, IS-Y-I-fneqsS, ]g-sm-p-I-fn-eqsS, A-c--fpsS
adnpsNm-ep-I-fn-eqsS `mj-bpsS hio-IcWin Rv {Kln-m Ign-p.
D-S--n-\pdw hnl-cn-p `mj-bpsS
kwKoXw R As\ a\-n-em-n.
_nw-_--fn-eqsSbpw {]Xo-I--fn-eqsSbpw
`mj Rv temI-ns ImgvN km\n-p. Ahbvv Ah-bp-tS-Xmb ku-cyap- - m bncp- p. As\ hoSpw hbepw
Rv {]mY-anIhnZym-e-b--fm-bn.
]ns Rm kv I qfn tNp Hcp
sImtfm-Wn-b kvIq. AtXmsS Cu kzct Cm-Xm-bn. Fs hnZym-`ym-k
- ns
`mj Fs kwkvImc-ns `mj-bm-bn-cpn-. kphn-ti-j-I \S-nb Iam--c-bnemWv Rm ]Tn-m sN-Xv. ]noSv
Rm, KnIpbp kzmX-{y-hm-Zn-Ifpw IcnwK
kv I q Atkm- k n- t b- j \pw \S- nb
amKpK hnZym-e-b-n tNp. F\nv
1 0 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

BZy-ambn \o ssIb-Sn-bn-eqsS AwKoImcw e`n-Xv KnIpbp `mj-bn Rm FgpXnb cN-\bvm-Wv. Cu Imev Fs

Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ym-k-ns `mjbpw
en{ap IjIkaq-l
- ns `mjbpw Xn
s]mcp-sp.
1952 sI\n-b-bn A[n-\n-thi`c-WIqSw ASn-b--cm-h {]Jym-]n--tXmsS
kzcmPykvt\ln-I-fmb tZio-b-hm-Zn-I \Snbncp hnZym-e-b- Cwo-jp-Im-cpsS
tat\m--n-ep hnZym-`ymkt_mUp-IfpsS Iogn sImp-h-p. hopw Fs
Hu]- N m- c nI hnZym- ` ymk- ns `mj
Cwojv Bbn-op. sI\n-b-bn Cwojn\v Hcp `mj-sb--Xn-t\-m henb
{]m[m\yw Dm-bn.
kvIq ]cn-k-cv Fhn-sS-sb-nepw hv
KnIpbp `mj-bn kwkm-cnp F Ipn\v ]nSn--s-Sp-Xv Ghpw Xcw-XmWXpw em-h-l-hpamb A\p-`-h--fn-semmbn amdn. Ip-hm-fn-Iv imco-cnI]oU
\In-bn-cp-p. AXn-\p-]p-dsa HSp-m Ignbm ]ngbpw. A[ym-]-I F-s\-bm-bncpp Cu Ip-hm-fn-Isf ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-Xv?
BZyw Hcp Ipnv Hcp _ km-\n-pw.
amXr--`m-j-bn kwkm-cn-p Ipnv Ah\Xv ssIam-dW
- w. As\ Cu _ e`n
Fm Ipn- I fpw sshIp- t cw Hcp- a nv
BcpsS ssIbn \nmWv Xv
_ e`n-Xv Fv shfn-s-Sp-p-p.
AtXmsS Ip-hm-fn-I apgp-h ]nSn--sSp-p. Cu {]{In-b- Ipn-Iv Ip-hm-fn-Isf
]nSn-Iq-Sm-\p Xmev]cyw hfn. IqSmsX
cmPy- t {Zm- l n- b m- b m hp- ` - h n- mhp
\jvS--sf-p-dnpw Ipn-Ip t_m[apm- h pp. Cwojv Fgp- X p- - X ntem
kwkm-cn-p--Xntem anIhp {]I-Sn-n-m
AXn\v henb km-\-, A`n-\--\w,
Ic-tLm-jw, Db a-e--fn-te-p
{]th-i-\m-\p-aXn XpS-n-bh e`n-n-cp-p.
_pn- i - n- b nepw Ie- b nepw imkv { Xnepw hnm-\-ns Fm a-e--

fnepw Ign-hns Af-hp-tIm Cwojv `mjbmbnop. tImf\nhmgv N - m- e s

hnZym-`ymkkwhn-[m-\-n\v hWhnthN\kz`mhw Dm-bn-cp-p.
{]mY-anIhnZym-`ym-k-n \nv cmw-L
hnZym-`ym-k-n\v hnZymYn-Isf Xnc-sSp-n-cp-Xv ]co--bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Fs
]T-\I
- m-ev B ]co-sb sI\nb B{^n {]mcw-`-]-co Fp hnfn-n-cp-p. B
]co- - b n Pbn- p- - X n\v KWnX
imkv{Xw apX {]Ir-Xn-]-T-\w hscbpw
Inkvhmlnen `mjbpw DssS Bdp hnjb--fn hnP-bn--Ww. Fm hnj-b-fpw
Cwo-jn Fgp-X-Ww. Cwojv `mj-bn
tXmp BpwXs ]co--bn
Pbn-m Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-n-.
ap hnj-b-v F{XXs amv
t\Sn-bmepw Cwojn anI-hpIm-n-bm
am{Xta _ncpZhnZymYn AWn-tb Nphv
Ku e`n-p-am-bn-cp-p-q. Cwo-jn\v
hnPbw am{Xw t]mcm! Cwo-jn A\n-Xc
km[m-cW hnPbw ssIh-cn-m am{Xta
Cu ]nc-an-Uns Ghpw Akq-bm-h-l-amb
m\v Fn-t-cm Bhp-I-bp-q.
Cwo-jn tbmKy-Xm-]{Xw e`n hynIt hnin-jvS-amb m\- Ae-cn-m km[n-p--I-bp-q. A[n-\n-thi

km{am-Py-ns D-X--fn Fm-\p

Htc-sbmcp D]mbw Cwojv `mj-bm-bn-cpp.
Cu `mj B[n-]Xyw Dd-n--tXmsSmw
kmln-Xy-]T
- \w GXp-hn-[
- n thW-sav
BXy- n- I - a mbn Xocp- a m- \ np in
bmbpw AXv amdn. sI\n-b hmsam-gn-Ifneq-sS-bp `mjm-]-T\w \n-em-n. {]mYanI hnZym-e-b-nhv {]ikvX BwKekmln-Xy-Im-c-m-cp-sS efn-X-amnb IrXnI hmbnm F\nv Ah-kcw e`np.
Hen-h Sznv t]mep IrXn-I `mh-\bpsS temI-nse Iqp-Im-cmbn Znhkhpw
Fs IqsSbpm- b n- c p- p. sk- d n
kvIqfn IqSp-X Kuc-h-ap Cwojv
IrXn-I hmbn-p. {ItaW kzw `mjbpw
kmln- X yhpw Rv A\y- a m- b nop.
A[n-\nthikwhn-[m\w FmWv R-sftm-ep sI\n-b Ipn-I-fn sNbvXXv?
Hcphiv R-fpsS `mj-I-sfbpw kmlnXy- sfbpw ASn- - a n. adp- h - i v
Cwojv `mj- s bbpw kmln- X y- s bpw
BIm-i-tmfw Dbp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AXns {]Xym-LmXw hep-Xm-bn-cp-p.
UntImf-ss\-knMv Zn ssaUv

hnhI: _nPp-cmPv, _n\p- C-S-\mSv

$ \n-dn-bm-hp Hcp \mtSm-Sn-Y mkn Ah-X-cn-n-p-I. Ah-XcWssien IY-bpsS `mh-hp-ambn _-s-Spn N-sN-p-I.
$ \n-fpsS {]tZ-i-p -am{Xw {]Nm-c-n-ep GXm\pw hmp-I Isn
Ahbvv AY-hn-h-cWw \In Ah-X-cn-n-p-I.
$ ""ico-cs Iogvs-Sp-mt\ shSn-bp--Im-hq. Bobamb Iogvs-Sp-ens am[yaw `mj-bmWv'' Cu A`n-{]mbw hni-I-e\wsNbvXv Ip-dn-v Xbm-dmp-I.
$ kvIq]cn-k-c-p-hv KnIpbp `mj kwkm-cn-m inn--s-Sp A\p-`hw
hmbn--tm. kvIqfn ae-bmfw kwkm-cn--Xn\v ]ng CuSm-nb A\p-`hw
tIc-f-n-ep-ap-v. \psS `mjsb A]-am-\n-p-Xv \mw Xs-bt? {]Xn-Ic-W-p-dn-s-gp-Xp-I.
$
ae- b mfw 1 1

]n.- Ip-n-cm-a\mb

Ipfnp

]qsm-en-m-n
hnfnp ae-\m-Sns\:
Hfnp ]q-fw-Xop
Ifn ]pe-th-f-I.

kXz-sh--sbgpw In
hm\np-n--d-th,
]qa-Wn-n-d-InIm-n
emSo kzKobku`Kw!

]d-p-t]m-bv]--hW
nfn-q--t]m-eth,
IpnsN-cp-hn-tem-W-q
pn-tf-nb ky-I.

\ni-X JWvU-Im-hy-
Xncppw kpcy-c-ivan-I
\nanp Xqh-enXp-m
`mh-\m-a-Wn-]-\w!

Imhn-a-n-gp-Ip-wsImp
Ipep-n-m-S-bm-nbpw,
IpXn-p-]mq Nn-q
tcnqnb Imf-I.

kXy-{]Ir-XnZo-]-n
pw s]mXn-cn-t]m-e-th,
Acn-hm-tfn\npq
In--Ij-I-I-\y-I.

Io-c-Wnp Ip{Km-a
evan-t\m-n-bn-cn--sh,
tIh-n-tI-dn-tm-tbm-W
shn-em-h-Wn-cm-hp-I.

Ipfp-s-b-h t\mp-tm
]qq hn]n--I-sSn
Ah \ocm-Sth \oe
ZWw ]mgv-fn-pfw!

IkvXq-cn-p-dn-]q-ip
hc-n hn-sem-sbpw
Imsh-n-\m ]q\n-co
cay-im-c-Z-I-\y-I.
1 2 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

(]qfw)

""]d-p-t]m-bv]-hW
nfn-q--t]m-eth,
IpnsN-cp-hn-tem-W-q
pn-tf-nb ky-I.''
""Io-c-Wnp Ip{Km-a
evan-t\m-n-bn-cn--sh
tIh-n-tI-dn-tm-tbm-W
shn-em-h-Wn-cm-hp-I.''
{]Ir-Xn-bn Ihn sXfn-bn-s-Sp-p a\p-jy-`m-h- Fs-m-amWv? {]Ir-XnhW-\-Isf F-s\-bmWv Ah Poh-mpXv?

$ ""Ipfnp ]qsm-en-m-n
hnfn-p-a-e-\m-Sns\
Hfnp ]qfwXop
Ifn ]peth-f-I.''
ASn-h-c-bn ]Z-n-\p- ]-Icw asmcp ]Zw Is-mtam? \n Is-nb
]Zw Ihn-X-bpsS Xmf-n\pw `mh-n\pw CW-p--XmtWm? NsNp-I.
$ tIc-f-ns {]Ir-Xn-ku-cyw t]mse-s `mj-bp-sS kucyhpw \in-psIm-n-cn-p-I-bmtWm? NsNpI.

ae- b mfw 1 3

kn-Zm-\-

`qan-bpsS ]pg-Ipw I\n-Ipw apt

Fs Aar-Xq-n-bn-cp s]mnsmSn
thZ-\-bpsS [\y-aq-bn kzbw hfv
Fs Dep-h-bp-sSbpw shfp-p-n-bp-sSbpw
XovW kpK---fn-te-m-\-bn--h
shfn--ns Aq-Xm-Sn-IsImv
Dn-bp-S-ense Cup-tNmc XpSv
amq-a-W-n kv\m\-s-Sp-n-b-h
s]mpw- h-bpw sImv Fs \mhnXp-n
J\n-I-fpsS Bghpw h\--fpsS km{-X-bpw ]I-h
Cc-bns Xmcmpw Dm-bn-bpsS ]Z-fpw sImv
Fs kz]v\--fn-te-p-d-n-n-S-n-b-h
hncp-nn-Snv aW-ens shn-sm-n
lcn-{io-bpsS cmP-a-n-I hnSn-b-h
A-t\mSpw kqcy-t\m-Sp-samw In-g-p-]p-d-p-Znv
hymI-c-Whpw Ihn-Xbpw Imn

1 4 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

Fs `b-s-Spn {]tem-`n-n--h
Fs kvsf-bvn hnS hSn-hp ag-hnv
Fs ]pkvX-I-m-fn s]ps]cp-Inb abnoen
Fs Np-p-I-fnse a[p-c--hp Ce-n-gw
hgn-b-cn-In Rm tIp-h-f \nc-c Jc-l-c-{]nb
kzc--fn-eqsS tX\pw hyRvP-\--fn-eqsS Ccp-p-sam-gp-p
A-smp In-I-fp hoW
Rmp-th-e-bn\np Rmp-th-e-bn-tep t]mIp
Infn-m-ns Ipep-p Xqp-]mew
Adnhpw BS-tem-S-Ihpw aW-p
]g-sam-gn-I-fpsS \nd-\n-emhv
]mn-am-f- \nd IS--Y-I-fpsS
\qWp-t]m-tI ssaem-n-h-gn-I
ky--I-fn An-hn-ip--bmbn
I\-I-{]` sNmcn Fgp--s koXm-am-Xmhv
]bpw Inco-S-hp-a-Wnv Aca-Wnbpw Nnepw Inepn
R t\Snb hmSm IeymWkuK-nIw
D-h-n-t-s ]pe-cn-a-b--n
tNn-e-ap-g--tm-sSmw ImXp-I-fn ]qp-\n
kmay-a-I-tm-cp-Zym\w
oc-km-K-c-i-b-\s \m`n-bn apf-sb-Sp
kzmXn-bpsS kwKoXktcm-cplw
BentNm-n-se F-a taf-n-c-I-fn
Ben-e-bn s]mn-n-S ssNX\yw
tkmf-as Xmgvhc-bnse lwk-ip-{`-bmb enn
tami-bvsmw {]h-Nn--h, Zmho-Zn-t\m-sSmv
Imf-q--m-cpsS sImn\np Ic--h,
]pd-s--h, {Iqin--s--h, Dbns-gp-t--h,
ae-bm-fw.
"ae-bmfw' F Ihn-X-bpsS BZy-Jw
(sXc-s-Sp Ihn-X-I 1965 1998)

$ ""Fs kvsfbvn hnS hSn-hp ag-hnv

Fs ]pkvX-I-m-fn s]p-s]-cp-Inb abnoen''
amXr-`mj ]I A\p-`q-Xn-bmWv Ihn ChnsS Bhn-jvI-cn--Xv. \apv kzw
`mj {]nb--c-am-hp--Xns Imc-W- hni-I-e\w sNp-I.

ae- b mfw 1 5

$ ""Adnhpw BS-tem-SIhpw aW-p

]g-sam-gn-I-fpsS \nd-\n-emhv
]mnam-f- \nd IS--Y-I-fpsS
\qWpt]mtI ssaem-n-h-gn-I''
]g-sam-gn-I-fp-sSbpw IS--Y-I-fp-sSbpw Fsmw {]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv ASn-h-c-bn
]Z- sImp kqNn-n-n-cn-p-Xv? \np ]cn-N-b-ap ]g-sam-gn-Ifpw
IS--Y-Ifpw DZm-l-cnp hnh-cn-p-I.

$ ""A\pw Abpw {]W-bn

`mj ae-bmfw
Ipn-fn In, hni-m-p-hm
hmpX ae-bmfw
s]-tfm-sSmw ]dp Xfnp-hm
h ae-bmfw
Iqen t]msc--X-dnp ]nW-p-hm
Bbp[w X ae-bmfw.''

(Aae-bmfwIpcopg {ioIp-am)

$ ""Fs-bp-d-m InS-p-smgpw sas

sas-bn-cp-npapdw {]f-b-n
semm-b-en-bn-s-Sp-p-sm-gpw, ]ns
Rm\dnbmsX hnfn-p-Wp-smgpw
Fn-s\-n-m-sX-bp-Z-b-KXn hne-b-
sfn-eq-sS-p-am-hn-n-Sp-smgpw
hmssb-bp-a--\p-am-Ipp
hmn hnc Xqn-btm \S-p-p.''

(hmvhn. a[p-kq-Z-\\mb)

$ ""A-t\mSpw kqcy-t\m-Sp-samw In-g-p-]p-d-p-Znv

hymI-c-Whpw Ihn-Xbpw Imn
Fs `b-s-Spn {]tem-`n-n--h''

(ae-bm-fw--k-n-Zm-\-)

Ihn-Xm-`mK hni-I-e\w sNbvXv `mj-tbmSv Ihn-Ip hoWw hne-bn-cppI.

$ ""tNneapg--tm-sSmw ImXp-I-fn ]qp\n kma-y-a-I-tm-cp-Z-ym\w''
tNn-e-bpsS apgw F-Xn-\p-]-Icw "tNn-e-ap-gw' Fv Ihn ChnsS {]tbmKn--sXpsIm-mhmw? NsNp-I. kam-\-amb {]tbm-K- Isn
{]tXy-I-X-I hnh-cn-p-I.
$

""BZw \osb-hn-sSs'cp sNbvX

\mZwtIp Ipepn ]dp-Zok
BZ-hp-a-g-tI-dnb `mcybpw
`oXn-]qp {`anphnd-p-S
ssZhIev]\m\mZ- tI-tm
ssZhn-I-ap-n ]pp-S-\m-Zhpw

1 6 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

ssZh-\ymbw IS-Xp Nnnp

ssZhta! ]ng-s--h tXdn-\m
\mW-sa-s--dn-bm am\p-j
\mWnp ]{X-hkv{Xw [cn-p-S
sNbvX-tZm-j-n-p--c-a-smtg
kpXm-]-tm-S-\p-`-hn-m-c-h
hp-tam-ln--kp-c-t\m-sSm-np
]mp-am-\p-jsc NXn-sN-bvI-bm
]mns\ kI-te-i i]n-p-S
h]I am\p-jmn Iev]np.''
18 mw \qm-n tIc-f-n-se-nb Pa anj-\-dn-bmb AtWm-kp-]m-Xn-cnbpsS "IqXm-i-m\' F IrXn-bnse Hcp `mK-amWv apI-fn tNn-p-Xv.
CXnse `mjm-coXn Cs `mjm-co-Xn-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ipdn-sgpXp-I.

ae- b mfw 1 7

H.F.-hn. Ipdpv

{imh-W-]p-jv]-

ImtXmp \np-sm

coh-gn-m-c-bn-eqtS,
H-p-]m-ns tXIp-S-tan \o
sbnbn;n abo!...
s]sIm-So, \o aWnw_pcp-hm-p-am
aIp-S-an-mp hnq?
\mthdpw It-dp-tam-sXbo ae
\mSn-s\-tm-p Km\w
\mK-^Ww hnXnm-Snb ]pp-h
hoW-bn-st abo?

1 8 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

""]mSpI hop'' satm-Xpp hon-p

]mXn-cm-q-hns au\w.
\opp cmhp-I shn-em-hn-n-f-
-opSw: ""samn-p-Snq!''
sXmp-Wo-Spp ]ns-bn-fw-sh-bn
samp-I-fn-n-fn-Iq-n.
sXn--g--fn-dp-p-sIm-tm-Sp
sXa-Wn-m-p-tamXo:
""]mSpI hopw...'' kphW-i-e-`-
]mdn--d-pp Nppw!
sImp hnSpnsXnsetbIm
X]vXamw \oUn-\pn
Asmp imcnI!`qanI\ybvsgpw
ZpxJ ]mSnb X
\mSp shSnpt]mw \IX IY*
]mSnb ss]nfnssX
sImn Npc \dp-t \pIss
sImpZpxJfp-dq!
\nX Io Ie-cm-Xn-cn-s
bns-nepsas ]mn!
(An-i-e-`-)

*ssItIbn cmas\ Imn-te--b-np; ]ns, B cma Xs koX-sb-bpw.

$ \-I
- \mSp-sh-Sn-p-t]m-Ip-Xns\-p-dnv ss]n-fn-ss-X ]mSp-tm IhnbpsS sImpZpxJ Dd- p- p. "\nX Io Ie- c m- X n- c n- s
bns-nepsas ]mn!' Fv Ihn B{K-ln-p-Ibpw sNpp. Ihn-Xsb
kw_-n Fp ImgvN-m-SmWv CXn-\p-]n-n-ep-Xv?
$ \mtSm-Sn-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS \miw Hcp-`m-Kv `oj-Wn-bmbn \np-p. {]Ir-XnbpsS cay-`m-h- adp-`m-Kv Ihnsb \nc-cw {]tem-`n-n-p-p. Cu sshImcnI {]Xn-kn Ihn-X-bn F-s\-bmWv sXfn-bp-Xv?
$ sshIm-cn-I-X, kwKo-Xm--I-X, sshb-n-IX XpS-n-b-h-bmWv `mh-Ko-X-fpsS khn-ti-j-XI. "sImpZpxJ--fp-dq...!' F IhnX hni-I-e\w sNbvXv
khn-ti-j-X-I Is-p-I.

$
ae- b mfw 1 9

hn.Sn. `-Xn-cn-mSv

sImw,

amkw, Znhkw Cs-\n-tmabn-. Hcp-\m AkvX-a-b-tm-Sp-IqSn c]-cn-Nn-X-m Fs ]Sn- hv Fs

At\z- j np Hcm {io. kn.F- k v.
tKm]mepw at-bm At-l-ns Hcp
kvt\ln-X\pw. Kpcp-hm-bq t{X-{]-thi\{]-m-\-ns Xoqf {io. sI. tIf-s
akvXn-jvI-n \odn-p-I-bp Ime-am-bncpp AXv. Fs \mnse khW-cn
A\p-Iq-en-Isfbpw {]Xn-Iq-en-I-sfbpw aW-dnv kwL-S\ ]pjvSn-s-Sp-m DZyan--W-sa-p {io. tIf-s A`n-emjadn-bn--emWv Ah-cpsS BK-a-t\m-t-iyw.
GsXm- c - h W\pw, Abm- s f{X alm- \ mbmepw icn, GXp khW-k-t-X-nepw
{]th-i\w \ntj-[n-n-cns Hcp \q-Xncn
Kr-l-n-tev Ah-sc-s\ Ib-dn-hcpw?
Rm\-hsc ]qap-J-tp sImp-t]mbn
ka-cymZw kzoI-cn-p. Hc-ca
- W
- n-q-dn-\p-n
Rp ]d-bm-\pXv ]d--h-km-\nn-s-nepw B sshInb thf-bn Ahsc
Rm t]mhm-\-\p-h-Zn-n-. As\ Rf-hnsS sskzc-ambn skmn-q-Sn.
Av A-\p Ime-am-bn-cp-p. {]mbw
Adp-]-Xn-ep-a-p-d-am-bn-cp-s-nepw Atlw
A\p-hnpt]mn-cp Xt]m-\n-jvTa
- mb
Zn\-N-cyp bmsXm-cbhpw _m[n-n-cp-n.
shfp-mImev aWn aqp apn-bm
DWs- g p- t - pw. Fs hmk- ep \np kpam Hcp \mgnI Zqc-ap-v
`mc-X-p-g-bn-tev. Ahn-sS-bmWv At-lns Ipfn. ]pg-h--p bt-izcw
t{X-n ]I apgp-h `P-\-an-cpv
Ign-p-Iq-pw. cm{Xn Fp-a-Wnt Xncn-s2 0 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

p- I - b p- q. XhnSp If- b msX thhn

\nthZyw kar--amb hn`-h--tfm-Sp-IqSn
hnkvXc
- n-n-cpv DuWp Ign-pw. Fs `mcy
{ioa-Xn hn. Sn. {iotZhn AP\w ]nXr\nhn-ti-j-amb `ym-Z-c--tfmsS ]cn-Ncn-pw. DuWn-\n-S-bnse "shSn-h'n
\nv A-s kmap-Zm-bnIcmjv{Sob
km-nI kwK-Xn-Isf kw_-n hnhc- Atlw At\z-jn-d
- n-bpw. Xo{h-amb
{hXw aqew ipjvI-i-co-c-s\-nepw shodn I\-se--t]mse Hfn-p-In-S-p
IpSpw-_-kvt\lw B Ah-k-c-n Atl- n kap- zen- m- d p- m- b n- c p- p.
GXmv Hcp aWn-q \op-\np Cu
"Xncp-h-mgw' Hcp sshZnI Ia-ns
atm-Sp-IqSn ]cy-h-km-\n DSs\ Atlw
kzw apdn-bn sNp InSpw. 24 aWnq-dn-\n-S-bn Cl-tem-I-hp-am-bp _w
Cu Hcp aWn-q am{X-am-bn-cp-p. Cs\- b m- b n- c pp At- l - ns \ntXy- \ bp Pohn-XN
- c
- y. Znh-kn-sem-cq-Wv, F
tXbvn-, uc-an, Hapt DSp-q, AXe-p-I-bn-, Iodn-bmemsX amp-I-bp-an-.
taem-k-Iew `kvaw ]qipw. Npcp--n,
C{n- b - - s fmw _em- e - a n- s mv
CW-n-o-en B {_-Nc
- y-Po-hnXw imam-sbm-c-n-]h-X-ns {]Xo-Xn-tbmsS
\op-t]m-hpIbmbn-cp-p.
AXn-Yn-Ifpw Rm\pw-IqSn ]qap-J-n-cpp
shSn-]-d-bp-I-bm-Wv. cm{Xn aWn F-Sn-p.
Hcnfw\nemhv Krlm- - W - n ]c- nsmp ]-an--{ Zn-W-N-{I-hm-fn NcnpXqn-\n-p. hnim-e-amb
hb-en Hcp ioX-mp hwNpn--fn-p.

B \nio-Y-\n--_vZ-Xsb t`Zn-p-sIm-p
at{m-m-cWw Cs ]qap-Js apJcn- X - a mn. A- e - p- f - n \np
As hc-hm-bn-cpp AXv. AXn-Yn-I-fmb
Cu AhW A-\p-ambn t\cn-m Dmtb- m- h p B]^- e - sf `b- s p
Rms\mcp kq{X- Wn sNbv X p. A
Ap-c-n-e-W-bp-Xn\p apmbn Rm\hsc Ipfn- m Iqnsmp- t ]m- b n.
As Amgw Ignv Dd-m t]mb
ka-bw-hsc Rm\-hsc Ipf--S-hn Xmakn-n-p. Atlw DuWp-I-gnp InS-msb--dn--tijw Rm AXn-Yn-Isf Iqnsm-p-t]mbn Am-g-am-cw-`n-p. As\
Hcp henb \ne-hn-f
- ns apn Htc ]nm-b-bn-en-cpv R Dp-p. AP\- Nm-m-cmb \qXn-cn-ams-t]mse bmsXmcp ]cn-{`-ahpw IqSmsX hnfp-p. tXm-n-en-S-Xqp-\np Ihpn\nc-I-fn ]pXp-Xmbn hncn ]qpe-bpsS t\cnb aWw ]c-n-smv a
-am-cp-X Rsf hoin-p-fnn-p-p.
"F\n- n- h sc a\- n- e m- b n' As
i_v Z w tIp Rm hmXn- t ep
t\mn. lc! lc! NI- e m- k p- s Imv
Htc-dm-nv cp ssIIfpw In-f-q-Wn-te-an-n-Snv sh-m-Sn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb
apJw R-fp-p Xf-n-te-p-n-n-Snp-sIm-v A-\s\ \np-p. Fs
DS-em-k-Iew Npp-\o-dn. Rm hnbsmen-p. Dcp-nb Dcpf ssIbns ]nSnp-sImv Hcp inem-{]-Xn-a-t]mse Rm
\nt-jvS-\mbn Ccp--pt]m-bn. sh-mSnbpw `kva-p-dnbpw NI-emkp]pX-p-ambn
apn s]sp {]Xy--s A-s\v AXn-Yn-I Aw-adnn-cn-p-I-bmWv. hnf-m Imp\np AP-\ "tKmkmbn'sb s]In-Sm--sftmse ASp--f-ap-n sNsm-fn-n-cnpp!

"Fhn-Sp-mWv? Fm-Wn--tcv? Ftmtg

hXv?' AXn-Yn-I \q-Xn-cn-am-cm-bn-cnp-sa [mc-W-bn ssISw s\n--Sn-e-an-n-Sn-p-sImv A hopw
Ipi-ea
- m-cw-`n-p. Ch co-gh
- c
- m-sW-p
]--c-amYw shn-p-d-p ]d-mtem
Fsm-cm-temN\ CSnan t]mse Fs
Xe- b n- e - S n- p. AsXs hmbn\np
hotg Xma-kw, ""^! i! I ]mt\bpw t]m- t \bpw {_m- e - b - n
sImp-hp Npp-s]m-nbvty?'' F--lkn-m-es nXn-tbmp Rm \Spn.
"Ch Xncp- h n- X mw- I q- d n \np hcp
t]mn- a m- c m- W v . As- n Acn- { ]- t mes cp Xp-cm--m-cmWv' Fsmcp
]-w Xn-hn-mtem? D-c--W-n
AXmbn Fs Nn. "Xncp- h n- X mw- I qdnsehnsS-bmWv? Fm-Wn--tcv? Fhn-sSbm-W-mv?' Ccw tNmZy-v "\qXn-cn-`mj-bn' adp-]Sn ]d-bm AXn-Yn-Isf- s m- m- h msX ]- s ]m- f n- mtem
Fmbn ]ns `bw. kmh[m\w
Nnnv kam- [ m\w Ip- ] n- S n- m- \ p

ae- b mfw 2 1

kaban-. A tNmZyw Bhnp

XpSn. s]s-ss Xe-bvsmcp shfn]m-Sp-m-bn. hn]-Zn-ss[cyw Fs cn-p.
""Ch G-n-bq-cp co-g-h-cm-Wv. Kpcphm-bqcv t{X-{]-th-i\w kw_-n Nne
Imcy--mbn tIf- Ab-n-cn--bmWn-hsc'' Cu hmN-I- Rm ]d-bp-Ib-, Fs a\-n\nv s]mn-s-dn-pI-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. `qan ]nfp R
aqhcpw ]mXm-f-n-te-m-p-t]m-bmepw
icn, kXyw ]d-p-htm F IrXmYX-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ipw-Nnn Rms\m-cn-cp-an- c p- p. sXnS \op- \ n \n_vZXbvptijw {_-tem-I
- p-\np `qanbn-te-smcp kt-iw-t]mse ]cn-]m-h-\-amsbmcp t{]a- k z- c - n As Xncp- a pJp\nsmcp KoXm-]-Zy-i-Iew samgn-nd-n:
""am tX hyYm, am N hnaq-V-`mthm,
ZrjvSzm cq]w tLmc-ao-Zr-Mva-taZw
hyt]-X`ox {]oX-a\mx ]p\kvXzw
XtZh ta cq]-anZw {]]-iy''*

sNp tkh\w {_- m- \ - n- t ep cmP-ho-Yn-bm-Wv. Cu {]]-w apgph Cuiz-c-a-b-am-Wv. Poh-Pm-e-n CXpIr-jvSw, C-X-]-I-rjvSw Fp ]cn-tZn-m-\mpw Ah-Im-i-an-. Fmw Cuizcs Awim-h-Xm-c--fm-Wv. PmXn, Abnw, aXw CsXms kwkvIm- c
-t`-Zs kqNn-n-p hyXym-k--fm-Wv.
m\w- s Impw Iaw- s Impw hnizt{]aw t\Sp--Xmtcm, Ah-\mWv Znhy.
Fs apjn ]qWqepw `kva-p-dnbpw
Iv \n `b- s - t S- . F\no
{]m\w CjvS-am-Wv. \ns-tmgpw
ChnsS hcmw. BIm- h p klmbw
ChnsS\n-p-m-hpw.''
Cs\ Ap- a n- \ n- p- t \- c - t mfw Hcp
thZm--{]-kwKw sNbvXp. HSpw "\n
]Xps Ccn-n. Rm\n-ncn InS-s'
Fp ]dv t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

B Km\am[pcn hmSnb Xpf-kn-q-hns\ ]shw Xfn-p-Wp--t]mse Rsf

]p\o-hn-n-p.

Rm Bm-Zw-sIm-v aXn-a-d-p. ka-Xzkp-c-amb Hcp \h-tem-I-n-se-n-t

kwXr]vXn tXmn R-v. hr\pw
hnin-jvS-\p-amb Hcp {_m-Ws a\-wkvImcw Iv AXn-Yn-I A`n-am-\-]p-f-InX-cm-bn.

""\n ]cn-{`-an-t. Krl-\v GXXn-Ynbpw {_m-W-Xp-ey-\m-Wv. IpSp-abpw

]qWqep-a {_m-Wy-ns e-Ww;
{_- m- \ - a m- W v . Cuiz- c m- ` n- a p- J - a mbn

Cu kw`- h - n- \ p- t ijw Fs hkXn

BcpsS t\scbpw ZpapJw ImWn-n-n-.
AsX-m-hp-ambn Xpd-s
- -p. B ]Xnhv
Cpw \ne-\n-p-h-cp-p.
(Ia-hn-]mIw)

* Fs Cu tLmc-cq]w Inp \n\-p- hyY th. au-V-yhpw th. \n`-b\pw kw{]o-X\p-am-bnv Fs Cu kuay-cq-]s (IrjvWs kzcq-]-s) s \o Ip-sIm-q.

$ ""As\ th-Xp-t]mse a\-n-em-m Ign-bm-sX-t]mb Hcp aI\pw aIs\

\mbn a\-n-em-nb Hc-\pw Cu A\p-`hIY-bvI
-
- p-v'' ]mT-`m-K
- nse
sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n NsNp-I.
$ ""B Km\-am-[pcn hmSnb Xpf-kn-q-hns\ ]-shw XfnpWp--t]mse
Rsf ]p\o-hn-np''. As hmp-I tI hn.Sn-bp-sSbpw kplr-p-fp-sSbpw am\-knI`mh--fmWv Cu hcn-I-fn {]Xn-^-en-p-Xv. inbpw
ku-cyhpw XpSn-p-\np Ccw hmIy- Isn KZy-`m-j-bnse
Imhym--I-Xsbpdnv Ipdnp Xbm-dm-p-I.
2 2 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

$ Npp-s]mnpI, ]s]mfn-bpI XpS-nb {]tbm-K-fpw ssien-Ifpw k`sf AY-k-pjvSam-p--Xn\v F{X-tmfw klm-b-I-amWv? IqSp-X DZml-c-W- Isn hni-I-e\w sNp-I.
$ ka-Xz-kp--camb Hcp -tem-I-n\mbn hn.Sn `-Xn-cn-m-Sns t\Xr-Xz-n \S
{]h-\ Fsm-s-bmWv? eLq]-\ymkw Xbm-dm-pI.
$ IpSpw-_-n-sebpw kaq-l-n-sebpw _--sf P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-chpw kvt\l_-hp-am-m-\mWv \thm-m\ {]m-\--sfmw {ian--Xv. AXv hen-sbm-cf-hn hnP-bn-pIbpw sNbvXp. Cv tIc-fobkaqlw Fhn-sS-bmWv Fn\np-Xv? \nfpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I Iqp-Im-cp-ambn ]p-h-bvp-I.

ae- b mfw 2 3

d^ov Al-Zv

Dp-p-epkp

acn-p cm{Xn-bn
D X\np ]pd-p-\n-p.
D-h-scm-sbpw t]mbn-cpp
aptam iq\y-ambv Xon-cp-p.
hmS-I-bvm-sb-Sp-p Itk-c-I,
Kymkv ssev, ]mb-I sImp-t]m-bn.
then- ]-h \smcp N-I
tmtSm-f-a-tm-fn-cp-p- h-p,

Nnn-\n-sm-p-hn-f-ns t\cnb
Ioshfnw XpSp \np.
D-d--Sn-tm-n-e-h-f-gn
n sNcn-sm-p-cpn t\mn
]pn-p-dnn \nw-K-bmbv ]nnse
Ip-sh-mw-Ip-gn-p-n-te-dn.
sXt-p-d--b-tm-en-e-h-fpsS
Cn-cn-nnb Ipp-Sp-n
Npn--dn \S-p Imsmp
Xn-t\m-n, ac-sm-n-te-dn.
Dp-p-epkp acn-p cm{Xn-bn
D ]pdp X\np \ns
s]sp hq s]cp-a-g, Dtbm
Nns--Ip Xnc-p-sNp
hnsm-Sn-sp NnWp-n-Sm-dp-smcm
]pn-pS sNs-Spp ]mp
]n--d-n ]pXp-Xmbv Ipan-n
a-n-tase \nhn-sh-p.
Dp-p-epkp acn-p cm{Xn-sXm
ntm-fam ag tXmp-an-.

$ Dp-p-ep-kphns th]m-Sn Dbvpw {]Ir-Xn-p-ap-mb Xocm-timIw IhnX-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-n-cn-p--sX-s\? ZpxJ]q-cn-X-amb A-co-hpw am\kn-Im-h-bpw {]Xn-^-en-n-m Ahbvv Ign-bp-ptm? NsNp-I.
$ ""Dp-p-epkp acn-p cm{Xn-sXm
ntm-fam ag- tXmp-an' F hcn-I \Ip AY-hym]vXn
Isn hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.'
$ e-Im-em-Xo-X-amb am-XrZpxJamWv sshtem-n-n-bpsS "am-g-'n\pw d^ov
Al--Zns "tXmcm-a-g'bvpw Akp-e-`-amb `mh-`wKn \Ip--Xv Ihn-X-I
Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
$
2 4 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

C. lcn-Ip-am

Ah Iptd t\c-ambn Ah-cpsS ]nmse

\S-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Ftm-gmWv IqsS IqSnb-sX--dn-bn-. Hcp kmcn--S-bn\nv ]pdn- d - n- b - t m Ah ASp- p- h - psImv ]d-p:
"\ kn'.
Hcp s]Ip- n. Btdm Gtgm hb- p
-Im-Wpw. \c t{^mv, F-a-b-an-m
Xe-apSn apI-fn Hcp Nc-Sp-sImv sIn-hn-cn-p-p.
FbIo-j- sNbvX IS-bn \nv ]pdn-d-n-b-tm NpSp-Imv apJ-t-bv-Snp. Ah ]d-Xv icn-bm-Wv. kn \
`wKn-bp-m-bn-cp-p. Nphp\nd-n kmcn-S-bpsS t]cv hep-Xmbn Fgp-Xn-bn-p-v.
adp-`m-Kv kp-cn-bmb Hcp kv{XobpsS
Nn{X-hpw.
""Rm\n-hsf sImtd t\c-mbn {in-pp.''
caWn ]d-p. ""\fv Imdov s]md-s-dy-sm-sXmv Cu s]v ]nm-sem-bncpp.''
Abm {in-n-cp-n. Im tPmkv PMvvj-\-Spv ]mvsNbvXv Ah \S-p-I-bmbn-cp-p. BZyw ca-Wnv Hcp hf hmm\mbn B`-c-W--S-bn Ib-dn. icnpw ]dm aqv B`-c-W--S-bn Ib-dnb
tij-amWv Ahv CjvS-s hf Inn-bXv. AXp-I-gnv aqv kmcn--S-bn Ib-dn-gn-p. CXv \mem-as IS-bm-Wv. Itm CjvS-s Hcp kmcn-sb-Spp FmsX t\mn-sm-n-cp kmcn Ctmgpw
Inn-bn-n-. \me-cbvp XpS-nb \S-am-Wv. Atm apX B Ipn Xsf
]nXp-S-cp-I-bm-bncpstm?

IuX-pI-ap apJv Ahn-S-hnsS sNfnbpv. ssIbn cp Ipn-h-f-I. Igpv

\-am-Wv. sNcn-n-m Imen s]mSn
]nSnn-cn-p-p. Abm Ioi-bn Xn Hcp
cq]-sb-Spv Ahv t\sc \on. Ah
Xe-bm-n-smv ]d-p:
"Duw Dw'.
"tht?'
"Duw Dw.'
Abm \mWbw Xncnv t]m- n- e n- p.
Ah ASp IS-bn-tep \S-p. Dt-in
\nd-ap kmcn InmsX \o\-bpsS IeymW-n\v t]mIp {]iv\-ta-bn-sv caWn
]d-n-cp-p. "\ns kzw A\p-P-nbpsS aI-fmWv \o\.' Abm ]dbp-p.
AXp-sIm-smpw Imcy-an-. Hcp hminbpsS IY-bm-Wv. Fhn-sSbpw Inm B
\ndw X\npw Inptam Fp t\m-s.
ASp kmcn-S Ipd--I-se-bmW.v Xncnp-t]mbn Imsd-Sp-mtem Fm-tem-Nn-p.
Imsd-Sp-m Ipdp ]nn-te-p \S-W
- w.
AXp Ignv apm Intem-ao- HmSn-tijw AhnsS ]mv sNm ew
Inptam Fsmpw Adn-bn-. \S-m
Xs Xo-bm-n. \S-p-t]m-Ip-tm
GsX-nepw IS Im Ibdn t\mp-Ibpw
sNmw. henb IS-I-fn am{X-a-tm \
kmcn InpI.
kmcn-S- b
- n \nv ]pd-n-d
- n-bt- m-gmWv
I-Xv, B s]Ipn. Ah \S-m-X-bn
Imp-\np-p. Ahsc I-tm AhfpsS apJw hnSp. Ah tNmZn-p:
"thsd kmcn hmote?'
ae- b mfw 2 5

ca-Wn-bpsS ssIbn t\ct I kn

am{Xta Dq Fv Ah {inp.
Abm shdpsX Nncn-p. Ah hopw
Ah-cpsS ]nmse \S--tm Abmv
Hcp hm- b v a - b p- m- b n. Fn- \ mWv Hcp
sXcphpsXn s]Ipn Ah- c psS
]nmse IqSn-bn-cn-p--Xv? ]t, caWnsb AsXmpw kv]in-p-n-. Ah
Ipdp hnj- a - n Bbn- c n- - b m- W v .
""ChnsS B \ndw Inn-bn-s-n \apv
Xriqcpw IqSn Hv At\z-jn-mw. AhnsS
Inn-bn-s-n tImb-
- q-cn, As-n
sNss-bns t]mtI-n-h-cpw. HcmgvNsb Dq Ieym-W-n-\v. AXn-\n-Sbvv
uv Xpn--Ww. tPmk-^ns ASpv
sImSp-m ka-b-n\v Inn-. Abm-fpsS
nnMv \-Xm-Wv. ]t, \msf-cmw
\msf-cmw Fp ]dv Cp Ifn-n-pw.''
Abm Xncnpt\mn. B s]Ipn
Xs t\mn Nncn-p-p. ssZhta, FmW-h-fpsS Dtiyw?
""t\mq, Cu IS-bn-semv tIdn-t\m-mw.
Ign- - s Imw HmW- n\v Fs
kvssIq kmcn-sb-Sp-Xv Cu ItSm.''

Ah IS-bn-tev Xncn-p. hmXn ISp-X

- n-\p-ap]v Abm Xncnp t\mn.
B s]Ipn \S- m- X - b n Ccp- gn
sImp-m-nb {Knn-t ]nSnv Nncnp-sImv Ahsc t\mn \np-I-bm-Wv.
Fm-W-h-fpsS a\-n? IS-bn \nd-fpsS XpSn-n Abm Ahsf ad-p. ]pkm-cn-I-fpsS ]f-]-f-v, AsX-Spv Hcp No\he Fdn-bp--t]mse \psS ap]n-te-nSp kp-cn-If
- mb sNdp-
- m-cn-If
- psS {]kcn-v, Fmw Abmn-jvS-am-bn-cp-p. AhcpsS hn]-\-X-{-fpw t\mn-\npI ck-I-c-am-bn-cp-p. ""t\mq, Cu kmcn
tNnv Fp amm-Wv, AsSo _ot\...''
s]sv Abmv ]pdv \S-m-X-bpsS
{Knn t\mn \np s]Ip-nsb
Hma-h-p. Abm Fgp-t-p.
""\o t\mn-sb-Spv.'' Abm ]d-p.
""Rms\mv ]pd-n-dn \ns.''
IS-bn NqSm-bn-cp-p. DSp-n-cp kmcnbpsS A-sa-Spv hoin-smv caWn ]dp:
""icn, Fsmcp NqSv.''
Abm ]pd-n-d-n. Abmsf I-tXmsS
B s]Ipn A\- n.
Ah C\nbpw ]pd-tv
hcm- \ n- c n- p ca- W nsb
At\z-jn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
Abm Ah-fpsS ASpp
sNp. Ah Aev]w etbmsS Abmsf t\mn.
"Fm \ns t]cv?'
"dmWn.' IS-bpsS hmXntepw Abm- f psS apJtpw amdnamdn t\mnsmv Ah ]d-p:
""\ns hoSv Fhn-SymWv?''

2 6 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

""F\nv hoSnym.'' Ah Nncn-p-sImv

]d-p. Abm hm-Xm-bn. sXn-\-Sp Hcp Ipn-tbm-SmWv Ah-fpsS hoSns\-n tNmZn-p--Xv. hoSv F kev]n sIn-bn-S-s--Xn Abmv hnja-ap-m-bn. Hcp]t, Ah Hcn-epw Hcp
hon Xma-kn-n-p-m-hn-. sXcp-hm-bn-cnWw Ah-fpsS hoSv. Ah-fpsS A,
A?
""\ns A\pw Abpw Fhn-SymWv?''

Nmbv]n Npcp-p-IqSn Dd-p-p. Ahv

`Ww FhnsS \np Inpp?
""\o Fn-\mWv RsS ]nmse \S-WXv? shi-Wvtm?''
""Duw D.''
""]ns?''
Ah Hpw ]d-n-. a\-nse apdn-hn
\nv cw Nnp- I - b m- W v . Fn- \ mWv
Cs\ Hcp Ipnsb Xs apn FnXv?

""A Cy.''
"A?'

IS-bpsS hmXn Xpdv caWn Abmsf

hnfn-p.

"sacn-p, cokw aps.'

a\-n Fhn-sStbm Hs apdn-hp-I-fp-mhp-I-bm-Wv. A C Fm-W-h ]d-Xv. Hcp]t, Ah As\ In-pm-hn-. As-n A-\m-cm-sWv AhfpsS A-bvp-t]mepw Adn-hp-m-hn-.
A acn-p. cp Znhkw aps.

""t\mq, F\nv AtX Ifdv kmcn Inn,

sItm.''
ca-Wn-bpsS apJp ktmjw. Abm
AI-tp t]mbn.
cm-bn-cn Fqdp cq]. kmc-an-. FhnsSbpw Inm \nd-am-Wv.

""Asm s\s tN\pw tNow Ct?''

""Rm ]d-n-t, C-\s jmn-emWv

Fgpw \ap-m-h-iy-ap Ifdv Inzm.'' caWnv ktm-j-am-bn, ""C\n \apv Xncnp
t]mhmw.''

""Cy''

Ah ]pd-p IS-p.

""thsd Bcpw Ct?''

""Duw Dw.''

""Cu s]n\v thsd ]Wn-sbmpw Ct.

Cgpw \sf Imp \nzmtWm?''

""Asm \o Ign cp Znhkw FhnSymWv Hd-oXv?''

""AhfvsS A cp-Zn-hkw ap]v acn-p.

Ctm Ahv Bcqw-ym.''

""Hcp ItSsS apn-ev.'' Fm C{X tNmZnm-\p-Xv F an Ah ]dp.

""Rm AtsS Hw AhnSym sIS-m-dv.''

""Atm ]mhw.''

""Hbvp t]Sn-bm-hnt?''

""\ap-s-s-nepw XWp-Xv IpSn-mw.''

caWn ]d-p.

""A Fhn-Sp-mWv acn-Xv?''

""Bip-]-{Xov''

Ah Hpw ]d-n-. Ftm Hmv

Ah- f psS Ip- I - f n `oXn \nd- b p- Xv
Abm Ip. AXp tNmZn-t-n-bn-cp-nsv Abmp tXmn. cm{Xn-sb-n
HmmXncn-m {ian--bmhpw Ah.
Bcp-an-m Bdp hb-mb Hcp Ipn,
cm{Xn Hbv v GsX- nepw IS- b psS

dmWn Nncn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Ah \S-tm Ahfpw ]nmse \S-p.

sXm-Sp-p-Xs Hcp sFkv{Iow ]me-dpm-bn-cp-p.

""\apv ChnsS Ib-dmw.''
Ah ]me-dn-tep Xncn-p. s]sv
B Ipnsb Hm- t m Abm
ae- b mfw 2 7

Xncnp t\mn. Ah Ah- s cbpw

t\mn \np-I-bm-Wv. Abm tNmZnp:
""\o hcptm? sFkv{Iow Xnmw.''
Ah \cp apjn kzw DSp-n-tep
t\mn; apn-ep Idp Nnp-hm-Xn-ense
kzW-\n-d-n-ep-f-f Nn{X--Wn-I-fn-tepw.
]ns thsp Xe-bm-n. Xm \nt-Xv Fhn-sS-bm-sW--dn-bp--Xp-t]m-se.
"AXn-s\-sbmpw hnfn-'. caWn ]dp. "\-tfw-IqSn tIn-. \apv hcptm
Fs-nepw hmn-sm-Sp-mw.' Dt-in
\nd-n-ep kmcn Innbtm caWn
Ipdv DZm-c-a-\-kvI-bm-bn-cnp-p.
Abm ca- W n- b psS ]nmse ]me- d ntep Ib- d n. Ahp thn Fsnepw hmq-shv dmWn-tbmSv ]d-bm-ambn-cp-p. C\n Ah Imp\nmsX
t]mbmtem? tImIv s S- b n {^qv P qkv
sFkv { Iow Cv IpSn- p- - X n- \ n- S - b n
Abm Fgp-tp Nnp-`n-n-bn-eqsS ]pdtp t\mn. Ah Ahn-sS-s
\npIbm-Wv. Ah Xe Xncn-p-tm
Xe-bn sInb apSn BSn. acn-p--Xn\p
apv A sIn-sm-Sp--Xm-bn-cn-pw. B
Ipnv A-s\-sbmcp sIp sIm Fmbmepw km[y-a-. Ah-km-\s Xh-WbmWv aI-fpsS apSn sIp--sXv B A
Adnnp-m-hptam? a\-nse apdn-hp-I
hopw Xpd-p-I-bm-Wv. Fn-\mWv Cu
Ipn ]nmse \S-p-Xv?

sFkv{Iow Xocm-dm-bn-cn-p-p. sXcp-hn

shfnw Ipd-p-h-p. \nc-ns \Sp-hnep tkmUnbw th emp-I aSn-psImv Ip Xpd-p. Ccp-h-i-p-ap ISI-fn hnf-p-I sXfn-p. Ae--cn
Nnp tjmt-kp-I in-bp hnf-pI-fm {]Im-in-p. cm{Xn hcn-Ib
- m-Wv. cm{Xn,
\nc-h[n Ae-m-c-hn-f-p-I-fpsS hW--IntmsS Fgp-n hcp-tm ChnsS Hcp
Bdp hb-p-Im-cn, GI-bmbn AXns\ t\cnSm t]mIp-I-bm-Wv. Hcp cm{XnIqSn, Ccp
Pohn-X-n Bi-bpsS anb hnf-p-I
am{X-ap Hcp cm{Xn-Iq-Sn.
Abm Imdns hmXn Xpdv Ibdn. adph-iv caWnv Ib-dm Xpd-p-sIm-Sp-p.
Xpd- n hmXn- e n- - c nsI dmWn \np.
Abm ]d-p:
""tamfn\n s]mbvtm.''
Ah tNmZnp: ""Ftw sImp-t]mtm?''
""Ftmv?''
""\nsS hontev?''
""RsS hon-tetm?''
Ah Xe- b m- n. Abm `mcy- b psS
apJp t\mn.
""t\mq. Ahsf Fs-nepw sImSpv
]d--b-bvq. ]ns iym-hpw.'' caWn
]d-p.
""Ahm-cpw-ym.'' Abm ]dp.

tIm sFkv{Iow Inn-b-tm Ahv

ktm-j-am-bn. s]mXn Knv- IS-emkv
s]mfnv sFkv{Iow Xnp-sImv Ah
Ah- c psS ]nmse \S- p. Abm
]dp:

""AXn\v \-sfm sNym?''

""tam C\n s]mbvtm, Fn-\mWv RfpsS ]nmse hc-WXv?''

Ah amdn\np. Abm hmXn-e-Sv Im

mm-n. Ah-fpsS apJw hmSn-bn-cp-p.
Abm ]gvkv Xpdv Hcp ]p cq] t\msSpv Ahp- t \sc \on. Ah
thsv Xe- b m- n. Imsd- S p- m

Ah Hpw ]d-bmsX Nncn-pI am{Xw

sNbvXp. Ipd-p Ignv Xncn-p -t\m-nb- t m Ah ]nns- b p- v .
2 8 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

Abm dmWnsb t\mn. Ah {]Xo-tbmsS \np-I-bmWv. Abm ]dp:

""AsXmpw ]n tamsf, tamfv amdn\nv.''

kuIcys-Sp-amdv Ipd-p-IqSn amdn \npsImv Ah Abmsf t\mn. Abm

Nncn-m {ian-p.
Imtdm-Sn-p-sIm-n-cns Abm ]dp:
""\ap--hsf Hw Iqm-am-bn-cpp.''
""C\n AXpw-IqSntb thq, _mn-sbm-sbm-bn-.'' Ah Ipdp Im-iy-tmsS
]dp.
_mn-sbms Fp ]d-bp--Xv Fsms- b m- s W- - b mp a\- n- e m- b n- .
Abm Cu Adp-]-Xmw-h-b-nepw amkw
]o- c m- b ncw cq]- b p- m- p- p- v.
t_mws_-bn-ep aIs ifw F{XbmsWv Abm-dn-bn-. Adp-]-Xn-\m-bn-cn\pw Fgp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-n\pw CS-bn
BsW--bm Duln-n-cp-p. Hcp sImpIp-n-bpsS sNehv Fp hcpw? hon Xmakn-n-m ]n-s-n Ahsf GsX-nepw
A\m- Y m- e - b - n tNm- a m- b n- c p- p.
sNehp sImSp-m aXn-bt- m. Xm Hpw
sNbvXn-. sImp-t]m-Ip-sa {]Xo--bpm- b n- c pp B ]mh- n- \ v . Hcp]t,
Ign cp Znh-k-ambn Ah Hmtcm-cp-cpsS ]nmse \S-n-p-m-hpw, Hw
sImp-t]m-Ip-sa {]Xo--bn. Bcpw
sImpt]mIm- X n- c p- - t m cm{Xn- b n
{]mYn- n- p- m- h pw. \msf Bsc- nepw
sImp-t]m-tW. hopw Hbvv Hcp cm{Xn.
Cv Xm\pw Ah-fpsS {]Xo--Isf Xnamn. Ctm Ccp-n ]cp- sXcp-hns
{Iqc-X-bn Ah hopw H-s-n-cn-pIbm-Wv.

sKbv n\p apn Im \nn. caWn

Cdn sKbvv Xpd-p. Im AIp IS-tijw Ah sKbv-Sp Ipn-bn-p. Ah
ssIk-n-bn \nv Xmtm FSpv
hmXn Xpd-p-Xv Abm Imdn CcppsImv t\mn. Abmv Cd- m
tXmn-bn-. Abm Btem-Nn-p-I-bm-bncp-p. Ipn-m-e-v, \mentem Antem
]Tn-p-tm, Hcp Znhkw kvIqfn \np
hcp-tm Hcp ]q-pn ]nmse IqSn.
shbn Idp-p-]m-p-I-fp IuXp-Iap Hcp ]q-p-n. H-ap-m-bn-cp ap
Ipn-I hnfn-s-nepw AXv Xs ]nn
\nv Hgn-n-. ]t, hon Fn-b-tm ]qsb hfp--Xn\v Bpw
tbmPn-p-m-bn-cp-n-. Xs {]Xn-tj[w
hI-h-bvmsX Ah AXns\ Fhn-sStbm
sImp-t]mbn hnp. ]ns Ah AXns\
ImWp-Xv GtXm hml-\
- n-S- n-bnsv
NX an-em-Wv.
Abmv hon-p-n Ib-dm tXmnbn-. Abm Imdn \nn-d-n sKbvv Xpdp. caWn ]pd-tp hp.
"Ft?'
"Rm Ipdp s]t{Sm-f-Sn-np hcmw.'
Abm Im ]pd-t-s-Sp-p.

Abm Ah-fpsS Asb Hmp. Bip]- { Xn- b n hv acnp FmWv dmWn

]dXv. Fm-bn-cnpw Akp-Jw? C\n
h A]-I-S-hp-amtWm? acn-p--Xn-\p-apv
aIsf Bscbpw G]n-m Ign-n-pm- h n- . As- n Bsc G]n- m\mWv? A C\n Dm-hn-s bmYmYyw
a\-n-em-b-tm Ah Hbvv Bip-]{Xn-bn \nv ]pd-n-d-n-b-Xm-bn-cn--Ww.
ae- b mfw 2 9

t\ct ]mv sNbvX ev Imdp-Isfmp-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. Imdn-\p-n CcppsImv Abm Nppw t\mn. \Kcw
t\ct Dd-p-p. \S-mX Hcp-am-Xncn
HgnpInS-p-I-bm-Wv. \c t{^mpw
Dn-bn Nc-Sp-sImv sIn-h Xe-ap-Snbpw
sNfn ]nSn- - s X- nepw ssNX- \ y- a p
apJv Xnf-p Ip-I-fp-ap Hcp Ipnp-thn Abm Nppw t\mn. Ipd-Ise j Xmgvnb Hcp IS-bpsS HXpp-I-n Ah Npcpp InS-p-p. Dd-am-Wv. Abm ]pd-tv Cd-m-\mbn
hmXn Xpd-p. Atm-gm-W-bm I-Xv,
Hc-\pw Abpw aI\pw IqSn \S-p-h-cpp. ]mh-s--h, Iqen-the sNbvXp Pohnp--h-cm-bn-cn--Ww. sXmp-apv Ah,
I-hSw aXn-bmn t]mIm-\mbn Hcp-p
Hcp hgn-hm-Wn-`-m-cs ssIbn \nv
aI-\p Hcp jv ]niIn hmp-Xv

Abm In-cp-p. A-bpsS ssI]n-Snp

\S-p aI\v Gsgp hb-m-bn-p-m-hpw.
Ah dmWn InS-p-n-S-s-n-b-tm
s]sp \np. cp-t]-cpw-IqSn ASpp
sNv Ahsf t\mn Ftm kwkm-cnp-Ib
- m-Wv. ]pcp-j Ah InS-p-n-Sv
app-Ipn Ccpv Ahsf hnfn-p-Wn.
Ah Dd---S-thmsS Fgp-t-n-cpv AhcpsS tNmZy-v adp-]Sn ]dp. ]ns
Fgp-tv Abm-fpsS ssI]n-Snv Hw \Sp-t]m-bn. sXcp-hns Hc--sn-b-tm
Abm Ahsf FSpp \S- pIbmbncpp. Ah Ah-fpsS sImpssI
Abm-fpsS Igp-n-eqsS Cn-cp-p.
Abm Imdns hmXn-e-S-p. Iptd t\cw
nb-dnMv hoen-t ssIhv A\-m-\mhmsX Ccp-p. Abmv Fsm-stbm
\jvS-s-n-cp-p.
(A\n-X-bpsS hoSv)

$ A\m-Y-bmb s]Ip-nsb Hgn-hmn hon-se-nb IYm-\m-b-I Ipn-m-ev

sXcp-hn\nv hon-tev FSp-p-sIm-p-h ]q-p-nsbpdnv Hmpt]m-Ip-p. IYm-\m-b-Is Cu Hmabvv IY-bn Fp {]k-n-bm-Wp-Xv?
]cn-tim-[n-pI.
$

hgn-hm-Wn-`-m-c-\n \np aI-\p jv ]ni-In-hm-p amXm-]n-Xm-.

]p-km-cn-I-fpsS ]f-]-f-n-eqsS CjvSs \nd-ap kmcn tXSn-tm-Ip

ca-Wn.

\c t{^mv [cnv A`-b-n\v bmNn-p dmWn.

Ccnep hncp PohnXmh--I-fpsS Nn{X--fmWv Cu IYbpsS `mh-Xes i-am-p--Xv. IY hni-I-e\w sNbvXv kzm`n-{]mbw m]n-p-I.
$ IY-bpsS iojIw IYm-\m-b-Is \jvS--fn-te-mWv hnc Nqp--Xv.
Fsm-s-bmhmw Abmv \jvS-s--Xv? IY hni-I-e\w sNbvXv IYm]m{X\ncq-]Ww Xbm-dm-p-I.
$ kzw Zu_-ey-sf A\y-cn Btcm-]nv IYm-\m-b-I\v c-s-Sm-\m-hptam?
{]iv\--fn CS-s]-Sm-sX, sNt-Xp sNmsX Hgn-p-am-dp Pohn-X-k-ao]- \ w kaq- l - n hym]- I - a m- h p- ptm? ka- I m- e nIkw`- h - hni- I e\wsNbvXv {]`m-jWw Xbm-dm-p-I.

$
3 0 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

s_\ym-an

Rm\pw Hcp A_m_pw Iptd BSp-Ifpw am{X-ap Hcp

A\y{K-l-n-emWv Fs Xmakw F Fs hmNIs h-tm-gp-sa-nepw apdn-p-I-f-bp-Xv BgvN-bn
cp-{]m-hiyw hcp shwhnbpw BgvN-bn Hcn hcp t]m-n s{Sbn-edpw amk-n-sem-cn-
hcp tKmX-p-tem-dn-bp-am-Wv. Rm hkn-p temIns\ {]]--ns CX-c-`m-K--fp-ambn _n-n-m\p GI-h-gn-bmWv Cu hn-I. AXn hcp-Xv apgph ]mIn-kvXm\n ]m-Wn-I-fm-Wv. Ah-cp-ambn _w
m]n-m F\np ]pdwtemI-hp-ambn _-s-Smw.
Rm ChnsS Hcn-Sp Pohn-n-cn-pp Fs-nepw
Ahsc Adn-bn-mw. Ah hgn-bmWv F\nv Fsnepw Hcn- c-s-Sm-\p amK-hpw. As\ Fsnepw Hcp km[yX Fs-nepw Hcp Znhkw hoWp-Inpw
F {]Xo Fs Dn-se-hn-sStbm ab-n-n-S-pv. ]t, Fs Fm km[y-X-I-sfbpw Ah-km-\n-np- s Imv Ah hcp Znhkw A_m_v Fs
t\ct acp-`q-an-bn-tep ]d-p-hn-Spw. Ah aS-n-tmbn-g
- nt BSp-If
- p-ambn aS-m ]mSp-q. Ah hnbn hp Smn shw \nd-bvp--Xn\pw Inbpw

ae- b mfw 3 1

t]mbpw tKmXpw Hs An-bn-d-p-Xn\pw klm-bn-m am{Xta F\np hn[nbp-q. Fmepw B hn-I ak-d-tbm-SSp-p-tm Fs a\v Fs-n-m
Hcp ktm- j w- s Imp ]nS- b pw. Fs
Btcm {]nb-s--h Fs hon hncpn\p h-Xp-t]mse F\n--tcw Hcp
ktm-j-am-Wv. Rm BSp-I-tfmSp ]Xnhne-[nIw k-]n-p-Ibpw Ah-I-tfmSv Dn h-am\w ]d-bp-Ibpw sNpw.
]t, Fs AI-e-mn B hn-I
s]mSn-]-dn Zqtcv HmSn ad-bp-tm
Fn\nv Hcp temIwXs HmSn ad-bp-Xm-bn-mWv F\np tXmp-I. Atcw
lrZbw hmsm-gp-In-tm-b-Xp-t]mse Hcp
Xf Fs _m[n-pw.
bmZr-n-I-ambn Hcp Znhkw Npa-Sn-d-m
Bfn-m-sX-bmWv Hcp s{Sbn-e h-Xv.
\nhr-n-bn-msX A_m_v Fs acp-`qan-bn \npw Xncn-p-hn-fn-p. AXns
ss{Uhdpw Hcp ]mIn-kvXm-\n-bm-bn-cp-p.
F{Xtbm Ime-n-\p-tijw aqm-aXv Hcp
a\p-jys\ Rm A{Xbpw ASp-p-Im-WpI-bm-bn-cp-p. Abm-fpsS hnbn\p-t]mepw
Hcp aW-ap-sv F\np tXmn-tm-bn.
Rm Xma-kn-p-Xv GXp-Xcw ZpK-n-\p-n-em-sWv t\ Hcp tXm
Atm am{Xw F\n-p-m-bn. Hcp a\pjys\ I ktm-j-n Rm\bmsf Hp sXmSp-I-t]mepw Dm-bn.
Atm Fs Dn-eqsS B-\nhrXn-bpsS Hcp IpfntcJ IS-p-t]m-IpXp Rm hy-ambpw A\p-`-hn-p.
Npa-Sn-d
- p-X
- n-\nsS F\n-d
- n-bm-hp
Fm `mjbnepw Fs-bp-nse Fm
k-Shpw \ndv Rm\-bm-tfmSv Fs
Cu \c-I-n \npw F-s\-sbnepw cn-Ww Fp sIn--dp. ]t, Abm-fpsS apJv BsI
\nd-p-\n-Xv I\ \nhn-Im-cX

3 2 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

am{X-am-bn-cp-p. Abm Fs Hp Ku\np-I-IqSn sNbvXn-. F\n--tm Dmb

k-Sw! s{Sbn-e-dn-\-Sp-tv A_m_v
Fs ssIbm-n-hn-fn--tm kh BSpI-sfbpw Dt]-np Rm HmSnb Hcp Hmap-v. Pohn-X-ns {]Xo--bn-tepw
shfn--n-te-p-ap {]Xymi \nd Htcm-am-bn-cpp AXv. CXm, B \nanjw hncn- p- p Fm- b n- c pp Atm- g s
hnNmcw. ]t, Abm-fpsS Hscm \nw-Kt\mw sImv B {]Xo--sbmw Fn
\nv AmsS hmsm-gp-In-tm-bn. Inbp-sSbpw t]m-bp-sSbpw sIp-I Xe-bn
Xmn Cd- p- t m Zbm- ] qhw Rm
Abmsf t\mpw. Fs-nepw Hcp AwKhn- t - ] - n- e qsS Abm- f psS {i
BIjn-m {ian-pw. hfsc bmZr-n-Isa-tmWw Abm-fpsS Acn-In-eqsS \Sv
Fs Chn-Sp cn-Ww Fp ]d-bpw.
CS-bvsmcp hw bmZr-n-I-sa-tmWw Hcp
In- s v Xmsg- b n- S p- I bpw AsX- S p- ms\ an Ip\nv Abm-fpsS Imen
Rm
]nSn- p- I bpw
sNbvXp.
Atmtmepw Abm-sfs In Hp
t\mp-I-IqSn sNbvXn-. IjvSw! Fs
s\v XIp-t]mb hn[w...
km[-\-an-dn Ftm-sSmp ]pn-cn-p-I-

t]mepw sNmsX Abm hn-tbm-Sn-p

t]mbn. Fnse {]Xo A-Im-c-ntep hoW-Sn-bp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p. Rm\-tm
Abmsf i]n hn[w! Ctm-sg-\n-Xv
Btem-Nn-pIIqSn h.
temI-sm-cmfpw Hc-]-cn-Nn-Xs\ C{X-b[nIw i]n-p-Im-Wn-, tZzjnp ImWn-.
BSp-Isf XSp-p-Iq-m acp-`q-an-bn-tep
Xncnp \S- p- t m Fs s\n
Bv cnSn CSn-mWv Rm B tZjyw
Iptd-sb-nepw Ie-n--f--Xv.
hj--fmbn Fs A_m-_ns\ ASp- d n- b m- h p Abm- f psS Atm- g s
\n-lm-bm-h F\n-n-tm Dulnm Ign-bpw. Abm FtmSv kwkm-cnm apXnn- c p- s - n A_m_v
FmWv Abm-tfmSp sNpI Fp ]dbm-\m-hn-. ]ns Hcn- tKmX-n-dm h Hcp hn- m- c FtmsStm kwkm- c n- m {ian- Xpw
A_m_v tXmpambn NmSn hXpw
Hn-m-bn-cp-p. AXp-t]m-se-s Hcp
shw-h-n-m-c FtmSp kwkm-cn-Xn\v A_m_v Abmsf tXmns
]mn-sImv ASnp \ne-n-Xpw F\ntma- b p- v . F\np apt Fstmse F{X "BSp-I' Cu ak-d-bn
s]p-t]m-bn-p-m-h-Ww. Hcp-]t, Ah-

cn Nne-sc-sb-nepw c-s-Sp-m {ian-Xns Xn-^ew ]mIn-kvXm-\n-bpsS a\n XnI-p-p-m-bn-cn--Ww. Hcp-]t,

Fs As\ \njvI-cpWw Dt]-n-Xns thZ-\-bn Abm hn-bn-en-cpp
s\p-s]mn Icp ImWn-sv Bc-dnp! As-nepw Abm Fs Dt]n-p-I-bm-bn-cp-n Fp hniz-kn-m\mWv F\n-n-jvSw. Ap-Xs Gsd
sshIn-bX
- n\p apt Rm As\ Fs
a\-ns\ ]dp ]Tn-n-p. Rm Fs
]e thZ-\-I-sfbpw \on-tm-Xv As\-bm-Wv. Icp-Wm-a-b-\mb Am-lp-th, \o
F\np X ITn\Znh-k--fn-eqsS \Sp-t]m-tI-Xv Fs am{Xw hn[n-bm-bncp-p. AXns t]cn \nc-]-cm-[n-bmb
Hcp a\p-jy-t\mSv tZzjn-p-Ibpw a\-n
i]n-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn\p \o FtmSp
s]mdp-t-W-ta...
BZyw Fm-n\pw ak-d-bn Hcp apiSp
hmS- b m- b n- c p- p; Onm tXmp
Xcw hmS. BSp-I-fpsS aq{X-ns Nqcpw
ImjvT-ns Nqcpw aq{Xw hoWp-\-\
t]m- b p- s Sbpw In- b p- s Sbpw hmSbpw

ae- b mfw 3 3

Fmw tN Hcp AklyKw. AXn\v

GI-tZiw kam-\-amb Hcp Kw Rm
Fs-nepw A\p-`-hn-n-p-s-n AXp
kkvIqSm-c-ns K-am-Wv.
BSns ]men-\p-t]mepw Dm-bn-cpp B
hmS. Jpq-kns Hmtcm IjWw ]men
app-tmgpw Cu hmS-I Fmw Fs
aqn-tev ASnpIb-dpw. BZys Znhk- - f n As\ F{X- h w Rm
Onpt]mbn-cn-p-p. Fm ]Xnsb
]Xnsb B hmS Fn \nv AI-pt]m-bn. As-n As\ Hcp hmS-sbn ad-p-t]m-bn. ]ns ]e-hw B{K-lnp-t\m-n-bnpw F\n-Xv A\p-`-hn-m
]n-bn-t-bn-. As\ Hcp hmS \ne-\nn-cpp Fp hniz-kn-mt]mepw Ignbm-\m-hm--hn[w AsX-n ebn-p-I-gnn-cp-p. Fp-am-{X-a, BSpI-fpsS Kssh-Pm-Xy- Xncn-d
- n-bm Rm {]m]vX\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXm-b-Xv, ap-\m-SpIv Hcp {]tXyI aWw, sN-cn-bm-SpIp thsdmcp aWw. sN-cn-bm-Sp-I
Xs Hcp \qdp hn[-ap-v. AXn-s\mw
thsd-thsd aWw. K`n-Wn-bmb BSp-Iv
Hcp aWw. {]k- h n- m- d mb BSp- I v
AXnepw hyXy-kvX-amb aWw. B aWw
Adnv BSp {]k-hn-p Znhkw IWp-Iq-m t]mepw F\np Ign-bp-am-bn-cpp. Cp {]k-hn-p-hoW Ipnv Hcp aWw.
apXn Ipnp thsdmcp aWw. hmhp-Ime- a mb BSp- I v Hcp aWw. CXn
\nsmw hyXy-kvX-amWv H-I--fpsS
aWw. H-I-X-s cp-hn-[-ap-v. Hcp]q- - b p- Xpw Ccp- ] q- - b p- - X pw.
AXn\p cn\pw hyXykvX aW--fmWv
D-Xv. Hcp aWhpw CmsX Hcp Pohntb
ak-d-bn Dm-bn-cp-p-q. AXp Rm
F arK-am-Ip-p...
Hcp Znhkw F\np s]s-smcp tamlap-Zn-p. ssk\p-hn\v Hcp Is-gp-X-Ww.
Fs\ AXv Ah-fpsS ssIhiw Fpw
3 4 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

Fsmpw F\n--tm Btem-N-\-bn-.

Fgp-XW
- w. Fgp-XW
- w. D Jpq-kn\pw ]sh--n\pw tijw Innb Cncn CSth- f - b n Rm In- e n- \ - S n- b n \npw
Fs _mKv hen-s-Sp-p. AXn-\p-n
t_mws_- b n \np hmnb Hcp
se]mUpw t]\bpw Dm- b n- c p- p.
Rm\Xp ssIbn-se-Sp-p. Hncn Ipnh-c--ti-j-amWv t]\ Cncn sXfn--Xv.
Rm BZy-am-bn-mWv Hcp Is-gp-Xp-Xv.
Fs\ Fgp-XWw Fsmcp ]nSnbpw Cmbn-cp-p. Fnepw a\-nse hnNm-c-
kzcp-qn Rm Fgp-Xn-p-S-n:
Fs F{Xbpw {]nb-s ssk\p,
Rm\n-hnsS kpJ-ambn Fn-tn-cp-p.
Fm tPmen-n-c-p-Im-cWw F\nv
Hcp Is- g p- X mt]mepw ]n- b n- . \o
AhnsS k-S-s-n-cn-p-I-bm-sWv F\n-dn-bmw. hnj-an--. \ns C ChnsS
kpJ-am-bn-cn-p-p. ]mepw In-fnbpw Dmp Hcp henb I-\n-bn-emWv F\np
tPmen. \ tPmen-bm-Wv. \-sfmpw sN. Fmw anjy sNbvtXm-fpw. F\n-mWv
I-\n-bpsS tat\m-w. Fs A_m-_n\v
Fs henb CjvS-am-bn. Fs tPmen
CjvS-am-bn. F\nv CS-bvnsS \ km\ Xcm-dp-v. ChnsS hnim-e-amb Hcp
e-mWv Fs apdnbpw Xma-k-hpw.
Fs In-en Ccp-m F\nv ASp
{]tZ-i- apgp-h ImWmw. A{X kp-camb e-amWv. ]ns Blm-cw. Rm\nXp-hsc Ign-n-n-m Fsms Blmc-f
- m-sWtm A_m_v F\np sImpX-cp--Xv. Ctm-s Jpqkpw Nn
Idnbpw a akm-ebpw Ignv Hcp mkv
In-mepw IpSn--ti-j-amWv Cu Is-gpXm Ccn-p--Xv. C{X Znh-kw-sIm-pXs F\np hmsX XSn- h tm
Fsmcp kwi-bw. Ctm D-bvs
hn{i- a - k - a - b - a m- W v . C\n Ipd- p- I - g nv
F\np tPmen-bn {]th-in-m aXn.

AXp-hsc kpJ-ap Imtv InS-p-d-mw.

\psS \mp-Im-cmb Ipd-p-t]-scms F\nsmw Chn-sS-bp-v. dmhp-, cmL-h,
hnP-b, t]m Fn-s\ Ipd-p-t].
F\n--h-cp-ambn A[nIw kl-hm-khpw
anm-hpw Hp-an-. A_m-_n\v AXn-jvSa-. A_m-_n\v lqdn-bmb Hcp aI-fp-v.
sshIp-t-cv Rm Ah-tfm-sSmw \Sm t]mIpw. Rm Xs sN-W-sav
Ahp \ \n_--am-Wv. tacn-ssa-ap\
FmWv Ah-fpsS t]cv.

C{X-sbm-s-bmWv Fs hnti-j-.
AhnsS \n\pw Dbvpw kpJ-sap
hnNm-cn-p-p.
C\nbpw kabw Inp-tm Fgp-Xmw.
Fp \ns kzw C \Po-_v.
Rm t] aS-n. ]ns I-S-n-cpp
Iptd Ic-p. B I-, B Ic-n-em-bncpp Fs kXyw; Bcpw hmbn-m
kXyw.
(BSp-Po-hn-Xw)

$ BSpkqn-p-Imcs Pohn-X-I-Ybvv "BSp-Po-hnXw' Fv iojIw \InbXv DNn-X-amtbm? NsNp-I.

$ BSp-Po-hnXw Hcp {]hm-kn-bpsS bYmY A\p-`-h--fn \nv cq]wsIm
IrXn-bm-sWv t\mh-env kmy-s-Sp-p-p-v. ""bmYmYy- sIp-I-YI-tf-m hnNn-{X--fmWv'' F \nco--W-hp-ambn tNp-hv \Po-_ns
A\p-`-h- hne-bn-cp-p-I.
$ \Po_v Fgp-Xn-b- Iv hmbn-tm.
Iv tahn-em-k-m-cnv Hcn-epw Inn-sv Dd-mWv.
A\p-`-h- kXy-k--am-b In hnh-cn-p--Xv.
Fn, \Po_v Ccw Hcp Iv Fgp-Xm-\p t{]c-W-I Fsm-s-bmhmw?
NsNp-I.
$ Fs s\v XIp-t]m-b-hn-[w...
Rm\-tm Abmsf i]n hn[w...
Ccw A]qWhmIy- IYm-k-`-ns `mh-]-c-amb tabvv klmb-I-am-hp-ptm? hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.

ae- b mfw 3 5

sshtem-nn {io[-c-ta-t\m

P\n

\mSphn,-I-se-bm-m-an
]Wnp t]mbvhcpw ]cn-j-I R.
IpXnp Xohn InXp ]mbp-q,
IpXp-Im Nn-I IpXn-pq apt.
]e \mfmbv ]ncn-n-cp Ro
ae-\m-sS-{X-ta a[p-c-Zi\w!
Xpcp-Xp-sc -sImp ]dpw ]mS-,
XpS-c-Wn-aWn Ineppw taSp-I,
apSn hnSpmSpw Ihp-p-sX-p-I
nSbvp ]pncn s]mgnpw hoSp-I
Icbvp amqhmw \nc-p-I, \mn
]pds kz]v\w Isgpw \K-cn-I.
DS-\p-S-t\m-Sn-b-Sp--t, Nppw
\S\w sN-t, ]gb Iqp-Im!
Hscm--sp In-S-n-sem-sbpw
kvacnp R-fo-n-d \mSn-s\;
shfp hkv{X-sam-p-Spp In-S
en-shm-tSmnXo-b-a-e-\m-Sn-s\.

3 6 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

Adn-bpta R,-f-dn-bpao \mSp

\c-I-am-oSpw \c-Io-S--sf.
]l-b-m-tcmSp ]Icw hot
]I-bn \odp hcp Ime-.
ChnsS Ro--gb anm
\n\nbpw PohnXw ]Sp-In t]mcpw.
DZ-c-n ]in sISp-m t]mbv R;
lrZ-b-n hn-i--S-p-hm t]mp.
\nd-n-cn-nepw Zcn-{Zao cmPyw,
\nd-n-cn-nepw hnIr-X,-sa-nepw
ChnsS kvt\ln-m,\nhn-sS-bm-in-m,
\nhnsS ZpxJn-m Ign-htX kpJw!
(In-sm-bvv)

$ ""\nd-n-cn-nepw Zcn-{Z-ao- cmPyw,

\nd-n-cn-nepw hnIr-X, sanepw
ChnsS kvt\ln-m,-\n-hn-sS-bm-in-m,
\nhnsS ZpxJn-m Ign-htX kpJw!''
Cu Imhy-`m-Kv GsXms Xc-n-ep sshcp-[y--fmWv sXfn-bp-Xv?
bYmY-n Ah sshcp-[yfmtWm? NsNbvXv \nK-a-\- Ah-X-cn-np-I.
$ Bmw-]-Wn-m F Ihn-X-bpsS BZy-`m-Kph-cp Cu hcn-I {inq:
""Adn-bpta R,-f-dnbpw \oXnbpw
s\dnbpw sIsm-co-n-d \mSns\!
AXn-Yn-Is-m-aactemIao--
nXhn Rp \c-I-tZ-ihpw.''
]mT-`m-Kp \np-X-s-bp Cu `mK-fpw t\mq.
""ae-\m-sS-{X-ta a[p-c-Zi\w!''
""Aen-shm-tSm-nXo-b-ae\mSns\''
P-\m-Sn-s\-p-dn-p A`n-{]m-b-n C-c-n-ep amw Dm-b-sX-p-sImv?
NsNp-I.
$ Cu bqWn-nse cN-\-I-sf "lrZb-n hniv' F s]mXp-iojIw sImv
\nh-Nn-m Ign-bptam? NsNbvXv eLp{]_w Xbm-dm-p-I.

ae- b mfw 3 7

A
An-bn-d-pI

A[n-\n-thiw
A\m-Zn-S
A\n-X-c-km-[m-cWw
A\p-N-c-hrw
A\p-hn-pI
Aw ad-n-cn-pI
Aaew
Ab-tm
A_m_v (Ad-_n-hm-v)

`mc-ap hkvXp- Db-c-n \nc-bmbn hXv

Xmsg Cd-pI An-adn
IpSn-tb-w, tImf\nkwm-]\w
]e-N-c-p-IS
ap--h-cn ImWm-Xv
IqsS \S-p--hcpsS Iqw
A\p-I-cn-p-I, IpsNpI
Aw hnn-cn-pI
hnipw
hkv{Xw DW-m-\n-Sp hSn
cn-Xm-hv, DS-a-

Hcp Huj[kkyw

Cu temIw

{]k-h-k-a-bs cw

ASp \nanjw
DZm-c-amb a\-tmSp IqSn-b-h, Zbm-abn (k`-n)
]cn-{i-an-pI
DZ-b-ns KXn

Iam-c
Itdv
Imiyw
Ipp-S-\mZw
IpSpa

IpXp-Im
Ipan-n-SpI
tIhn
sImtfm-Wn-b
tImf-\n-hmgvN
IrXmYX

hnZym-`ym-k-m-]\w
Icn-v XpI
ISpw, I-im-h
tImgn-Iq-Ip i_vZw
]pcp-jam ucw sNp-tm BNm-c-]-c-ambn
inc-n _mn \nnbncp Xe-apSn
Dm-l-m. IpXpIw Dmlw
Iqnbn-SpI
sNdnb hw
tImf-\nsb kw_-n--Xv (Colonial)
km{am-Py-i-n-I-fpsS `cWw
sNbvX {]hr-n-bn-ep Xr]vXn, IrX-amb AYtm-Sp-Iq-Snb Ah

B
BS-tem-SIw

C
Cl-temIw

Cu
Cup-tNmc

D
D-c-Ww
DZm-c-a-\kvI
DZy-an-pI
DZ-b-KXn

3 8 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

oc-km-K-c-i-b-\

]m-S-en ibn-p--h, alm-hnjvWp

`mcw, {Sjdn
sdmn, ]ncn
IWm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-nse Hcp cmKw

`n bmNnv \S-p--bm

InfnpXv
_p-
s]sv
Nn-am-Ip ]qhv, Nnwa-\v

kqcys nXn, kqcy Hmtcm \-{X-nepw

\np Imew,
the thf

X]vXw
Xt]m-\njvT
X
Xn-^ew
XssYh
XpS-c-Wn-aWn

tXdn-\m

X]n-sXv, Np
X]-ns \njvT (\njvT Dd-v, IWn-iw)
s]Ipn
Ibv]p A\p-`hw (-I-bv]p Imb)
A-s\-Xs
Igp-n sInb aWn (XpS-cv N-e) XpS-cn
AWn aWn. "AWn'p "kp-c-amb' Fpw
AYapv. XpS-cnse at\m-l-c-amb aWn.
Ah hnizkn-p, Ah Adn-p

Im-Sn

hf

s]mn
tZh\v An-m-\p `-W-hkvXp
cm{Xn-bnse \n-_vZX
Hn-t\mSpw tNcm- Ah, hncn
]n-qSv

]--camYw
]bpw Inco-S-hp-a-Wn
]-a-thZw

]n-Wnbpw ]cn-h-hpw

]-bmb kXyw
apJv ] (a\-tbme) tXv Inco-S-hp-a-Wn-v.
alm-`m-cXw alm-`m-c-Xs Am-as thZ-ambn
IW-m-p-p.
Zmcn-{Zyhpw Zpcn-X-fpw

J
JP-\mhv
Jp_qkv (Ad_nhmv)
Jc-l-c-{]nb

K
tKmkmbn

N
NI-emkv
Nm-m
Nnsv
Nn-Xmcv

R
Rmp-the

Z
ZWw
[[m{Xn

\
\m`n
\nthZyw
\nioY\n-_vZX
\nwKX
\oUw

ae- b mfw 3 9

]mWn

]{X-hkv{Xw
]n-mb
]cn-t-Zn-pI
]cnj

]mS-h-lo\
]nXr-\nhn-tijw
]ni-In-hm-pI
]qsm-en-mv

]pjvSn-s-Sp-pI
]qapJw
t]m
({]mtZ-in-I]-Zw)
t]mcpw
{]XoIw
{]Xym-LmXw
{]tem-`n-n-pI
{]hmkn

Hcp apkvenw hn`mKw ({]tZ-i-\m-a-hp-ambn _-s-pmb hmv) ]Tm

Ce-sIm-p hkv{Xw
]n-bn Ccn-m hn-cn-p \o ]mb
apdn-pI, \n-bn-p-I
Iq, Iqw (]cn-jXv F kwkvIrX ]Z-n
\np-m-b-Xv)
kmaYy-an-m--h
]nXm-hn-tXp-t]m-e-p
hne-t]in hmpI
HmW-m-ev ]q]-dn-m t]mIp-tm Ipn-I
]mSp ]mv
sa-s-Sp-pI
D-dw, hoSns aphiw
]pv

aXn-bmIpw
Bi-bs {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p-Xv
Xncn-Sn ({]Xn + BLm-Xw)
tamln-n-pI
P-\mSv hnv A\y-\m-n Xma-kn-p B

_ln`mKw
_nw_w

{_-m\w
{_-temIw

]pd-s -`mKw ( A`mKw)

Bi-b
- nstbm hkvXphnstbm {]XoXn Df-hm-p
{]XoIw (kmln-Xy-n D]-tbm-Kn-p khn-ti-jamb AY-n) hn{Klw Fp ]Zmw
{_s kw_-n Adnhv
kXy-temIw

`mh-\-bm-Ip at\m-lc]Ww

kp-c-amb ImgvN
tIcfw, ae{tZiw
Irjn--ew, tanew
H-s-Sp-Xv, i_vZ-tmSp IqSn-bXv
iey-ap-m-p, ZpKw
tamlm-ekyw (t_m[-t-Sv)
Ipv
t\Xr-Xzw, apssI, B[n-]-Xyw
kpcn (samv `wKn)

\mWw

`
`mh-\m-a-Wn-]-\w

a
a[p-c-Zi\w
ae-\mSv
akd
apJ-cnXw
apiSv
aq
taSv
tass
samn

e
e
4 0 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

h
h{w
hW-hn-th-N\w
hmS
hm-ey-ZpKv[w
hmbvn-pI
hnNn-\Xp
hnPm-Xobw
hnPm-Xobam\w
hn]n--I-sSn
hn]-Zn-ss[cyw
shSn-hw

hmbv, apJw
sXmen-bpsS \nd-ns ASn-m-\-n-ep hnth-N\w
Zpjn -K-w, Nqcv
hm-ey-am-Ip ]m, ZpKv[w ]m
h[n-n-pI
NnmXp, Xp \qev
hyXykvX PmXn-bn-ep-Xv, ap-Pm-Xn-bn s]Xv
hyXykvXXew
BIm-i-nse ]n-I-sSn
B]-XvL---fn {]I-S-am-Ip ss[cyw
t\c-tmp]d-n

sh-p-n
saen-h
{imh-W-nse ]qhv, {imhWw HmWw Nnw

CS-Xq Ah
acym-Z-tbm-Sp-IqSn
\ NqSv, henb ZpxJw
GI-tZiw
aX-{]-`m-j-I
t\c-tmp ]d-bpI
kucyw
kzw Bfp-I
Bm-hns sh
Hn-pIqpI
m\-kv\m\w sNnpI

kzK-nse kpcn
Ac-b-w-t]mse shfp

i
ioIcw
ipjvIico-c
{imh-W-]pjv]w

k
km{X
ka-cymZw
kpXm]w
kpam
kphn-ti-j-I
skmn-pI
ku`Kw
kzIo-b
kzXz-sh
kzcp-q-pI
kv\m\-s-Sp-pI

l
lqdn (Ad_n]Zw)
lwk-ip{`

ae- b mfw 4 1

AtWmkv ]mXncn (16811732)

hn.Sn. `-Xn-cn-mSv (1896 1982)

]Xn-s\mw \qm-ns Bcw-`-n tIc-fn-senb ss{IkvXhanjW-dn. kztZiw

Pa-\n-bpsS hS-p-]-Sn-m-dp-`m-K-p
Hm Ims. icn- b mb t]cv tPm
GWv lmMv kU. aX-{]-Nm-c-W-ns\-nb ]mXncn kwkvIr-X-n AhKmlw t\Sp-Ibpw ae-bm-f-n IhnX cNnp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ss__nY-I BZyambn ae-bm-f-n sImp-h-Xv At-lam-Wv. IqXm-i-m-\, DmsS ZpxJw, tZham-Xm-hns hymIp-e-{]-_-w, NXp-cyw
Fn-h-bmWv {][m\ Imhy-Ir-Xn-I.

kmln-Xy-Im-c\pw kaql]-cn-jvImhpw.
]me-mSp Pn-bnse tag-q-cn shnn-cpnmgp a\-bn P\n-p. \qXncnkap- Z m- b - nse ]cn- j v I - c W{iap t\XrXzw \In. kv{XoI A\p`-hn-p-t]m Zpcn-X-s-Xntc i_vZ-apbn. kap-Zm-b-nse BZys hn[-hmhn-hm-l
- n\pw an{i-hn-hm-l
- n\pw t\XrXzw
\In. tbmK-t-ak
- `- b
- nepw tZiob kzmX{y-k-ac {]m-\-nepw {]hnp.
kaq-l]-cn-jvI-cWw eyw hs-gp-Xnb
"ASp--f-bn \nv Ac--tv' F
\mSIw {]i-kvX-am-Wv. "Iocpw In\mhpw'
F B-IY
- bvv tIcf kmlnXy AmZan AhmUv e`n-p. cP-\o-cwKw (IY-I);
kXy-sa-Xv ChnsS a\p-jy-\m-Ip-p, shSnh-w, Ime-ns kmn, hn.Sn-bpsS D]\ym-k- (D]-\ym-k-); Ia-hn-]mIw
(B-I-Y) Fn-h-bmWv ap {][m\ IrXnI.

h-tm \mcm-bWtat\m (18781958)

B[p-\nI Ihn-{X-b-n-sem-cm. aepdw
Pn-bnse tNcbn h-tmhon
P\n-p. tZio-b-t_m-[-n-sbpw {]Ir-Xnku--cy-n-sbpw Ihn. {]Xn-]m-Zy-n
sshhn- [ yhpw {]Xn- ] m- Z - \ - n sshNn{Xyhpw ]pen-smv `mh-Ko-X-
apX alm-Im-hyw hsc cNnv ae-bmfIhnXsb kpjvS-am-n. hmevaoIn-cm-am-b-Ww,
EtKz-Zw, `mk-sbpw Imfn-Zm-k-sbpw \mSI- XpSn [mcmfw IrXn-I ae-bm-fn-tev hnh\w sNbvXp. _\-\mb A\n-cp-, aKvZ-e-\-a-dn-bw, injy\pw
aI-\pw, A\pw aIfpw XpS-nb J-Imhy- Nn{X-tbmKw alm-Im-hyw, kmln-Xya-RvPc
- n-sb-t- ]-cn ]Xn-s\mp Ihn-Xm-kam-lm-c- Fnh-sbmsbmWv htm-fns {][m-\ -Ir-Xn-I-. tIcf Iem-aew m]n-p-X
- nepw IY-Ifn{]m\n\v {]Nmcw t\Sn- s m- S p- p- - X nepw
{][m\ ]p-h-ln-p. ]-`q-j _lp-aXn e`n-n-pv.
4 2 ASn-m\ ]mTm-hen

]n. Ipn-cm-a\mb (1906 1978)

{]Ir-Xyp-]m-kI
- \
- mb Ihn. ImktImSv Pnbn Im-mSv shn-tmv ]\-b
-
hon P\n-p. A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-p. tIc-fns kmwkvIm- c n- I - s s]- X r- I hpw
{]IrXnemh-Wy-hp-amWv At-l
- ns IhnX-bpsS auenI`mh-. Ifn-b-, kucy-]q-P, ]qsam-ns IWn, \c-_-en, B ae\m-S a-am, N-]n-cn-n-pw, ]pp-hssImSn, aIp-S
- ns hne XpS-nb
Ihn-X-I-sfmw Gsd {]kn--am-Wv. Xma-ctm- W n, Xma- c - t , hk- t m- - h w,
ctYm-hw, HmW-q-hv, \nd-]d (Ihn-Xm-kam-lm-c-); Fs-n-c-bp Rm, Ihn-

bpsS Im]mSp-I, \nXy-I-\y-I-sb-t-Sn

(B-IY
- I
- ) XpSn Fgp-]X
- n-tesd IrXnI cNn-p. tIcf--tI-{- kmlnXy AmZan AhmUp-I t\Sn-bn-p-v.
sshtem-nn {io[-c-ta-t\m (1911 1985)
Imev]-\n-I-X-bn \npw ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xsb
bmYmYy-ns ]cp-{]-Xe
-
- f
- n-tev
\bnhcn {][m\n. Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn-bnse
Ieq-cn P\n-p. imkv{Xm-[ym-]I
- \
- m-bn-cp-p.
am- g w, klys aI, Iom- S w,
Dum-en, ]-, tNp-]p-g, Im
XpSn Htsd {]kn-I
- h
- n-XI
- f
- psS Imhv. In-sm-bvv, {iotc-J, HmW-m-p-Im,
Ipn- a - W n- I , hnpw ssItm- pw,
ISm--I, Ipcp-hn-I, Ibv]-h--cn,
hnS, aI-cs
- m-bvv, anm-an-n, ]-p-Xnc,
IrjvWarK-, An-Nm-bpp XpS-n-bh
Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c--fm-Wv. IpSn-sbm-gn-
(J- I m- h yw), Imhy- t em- I - k v a - c - W - I
(B-I-Y) Fn-h-bmWv ap {][m\ IrXnI. tIcftI{ kmlnXy Am- Z an
AhmUp-I t\Sn.
Bq chn-ha
B[p- \ nI Ihn- I - f n {]ap- J . 1930
Xrq Pn-bnse Bq-cn P\n-p. A[ym]-I-\m-bn-cp-p. taL-cq-], kw{I-a-Ww,
Imk, \mn ]mm Cym-m-c
Fnh At-l
- ns {][m-\s
- Nne IhnX-I-fm-Wv. Ihn-X, Bp chn-ha-bpsS IhnX-I (cp `mKw) Fn-h-bmWv Ihn-Xmk-am-lm-c
- . Xan-gn \np t\mh-ep-Ifpw
Ihn-X-Ifpw ]cn-`m-j-s-Sp-n. tI{tI-cf
-km-lnXy Am-Zan AhmUp-I e`n-npv.
H.F.-hn. Ipdpv
m\-]o-T]
- p-ck
- vImcw t\Snb Ihn. 1931
sImw Pn- b nse Nh- d - b n P\n- p.
\mSioep-ItfmSp B`n-apJyw, Km\m-I-X, eb-`w-Kn, Bi-b-k-pjvSn Fnh

H.-F.-hn. Ihn-X-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I.

Ne-n{XKm\-c-N-bn-Xmhv F \ne-bnepw
{]ikv X - \ m- W v . HcpXpn shfn- w,
abnoen, AKv\nie-`-, Idp]nbpsS ]mv, D-bn-\n, `qan-smcp Nc-a-KoXw, AKv\n-i-e-`-, A-cw, Dv, ss`chs XpSn, kzbw-hcw XpS-n-bh {][m\
IrXn-I. tI{--tI-cf kmlnXy AmZan AhmUp-I e`n-np-v.
KqKn-hm- Xn-HmwtKm
1938 P\n-p. sI\n-b-bnse hnJ-ymX
t\mh-env, ap cm-jv{SobS-hp-Im-c,
\mS-I-Irv, A[ym-]-I. `mj-bpsS Xen A[n-\n-th-i
- n-s\-Xntc [oc-amb ]co- W - \S- n. Cwojv Dt]- nv
kzw P\-X-bpsS `mj-bmb KnIp-bp-hn
cN-\-I \Sn. "F\n-p-tXm-p-tm
hnhm-ln-X-\mIpw' F \mS-I-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xn\v
1980 XS-hn-e-S-bv-s-p. KnIpbp `mjbn BZy B[p-\nI t\mh "sIbvXm\n
apXvl_-bn\n' {]kn-o-I-cn-p. ho]v t\mv
ssNUv, Z dn-h _nvho, Z s{K-bn Hm^v
hov, Zn ssSw Sp-tamtdm ko{Iv ssehvkv,
s]kv Hm^v Uv, IbvXm\n apXvl
_bn-\n, _mc Hm^v F s], UntImfss\-knMv Z ssaUv, aZ knMv t^m an,
hnkmUv Hm^v F t{Im Fn- h - b mWv
{][m\- Ir-Xn-I.
C. lcn-Ip-am
{]ikvX sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-v. 1943 s]mm\n-bn P\n-p. Iqd-I, Znt\m-kd- ns Ipn,
Ej-`
- ns Iv, Ippaw hnX-dnb hgn-I,
kqn-p-h abno-en, ]--ns\ ]nSnm, \K-c-hm-kn-bmb Hcp Ipn XpS-n-bh-bmWv IYm-k-am-lm-c-. {]W-b-ns\mcp tkm^vSvshb, sIm-{mn XpSnb t\mh-ep-Ifpw cNn-n-p-v. "Znt\m-kdns Ipn'v tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan
AhmUv e`n-p.

ae- b mfw 4 3

kn-Zm-\-
B[p- \ nI Ihn- I - f n {]ap- J . 1946
Xrq Pn-bnse sImSp--q-cn P\n-p.
A[ym-]I
- , \ncq-]I
- , hnh-I Fo
\ne-I-fnepw {]i-kvX-\m-Wv. tI{-km-lnXy
Am- Z an sk{I- - d n- b m- b n- c p- p. Apkqcy, Fgp- - - s \- g p- X p- t m, Ihn_p- , ]oU- \ - I m- e w, hoSp- a m- w,
Chs\qSn, ae-bm-fw, tZim-S\w XpS-nbh {][m\ IrXn-I. temIIhn-X-I-fpsSbpw Cy Ihn-X-I-fpsSbpw ]cn-`m-jmk-am-lm-c- {]kn-o-I-cn-n-pv. tIcf
kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv e`n-n-p-v.
s_\ym-an
t\mh- e nv , IYm- I rv . P\- \ - ew
]\wXn Pn-bnse Ipf-\S. _lvssd-\n
tPmen sNp-p. bq-t\-kn-b, s]amdmw (IYm-ka
- m-lm-c); {]hm-NI
-
- m-cpsS
cmw ]pkvX-Iw, BSpPohn-Xw, A-tmcns Ccp-]Xv \{kmWnhj-, A_oi-Kn (t\mh-ep-I); Ccp h\-e
- n-I

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PohnXw' tIc- f - k m- l nXy Am- Z an
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