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Fault Analysis: As Per Ansi Standard No - Ansi/Ieeestd141-1986
Fault Analysis: As Per Ansi Standard No - Ansi/Ieeestd141-1986
Acknowledgements
Pushpa Kulkarni
Rajani Vaidyanathan
Laxmi Andal
Rajeev
Ramanand
Prashant
Abhijit Abhyankar
Nitin Bhagat
P Chawande
Organization
PART-I
Fundamental consideration
Why?
How?
Sequence Components Review.
Apparatus Modeling.
Fault Analysis Program.
PART II
Advanced Topics
Purpose of Fault Analysis Reviewed.
Role of multipliers for Rotating Machines
impedances.
E/X and X/R methods.
Example.
PART III
FAQS
Why?
How?
Tedious hand calculation (X)
Synchronous Generators
Synchronous Motors and Condensers
Induction Machines
Electrical Utility System
Distributed Generation ( modeling in fault analysis. research
problem!)
SLG
LLG
LL
Three phase
Results
SC MVA
SC - MVA(3- phase)=
SC - MVA(3 - phase) =
V prefault
(Continued..)
.continued
Sequence components
+ve Seq. Component
a
c
-ve Sequence
b
c
0 Sequence
a b
c
a
b
c0
c1
a1
c2
Positive Seq.component
a2
a0
a
c1
b
b0
b1
b2
a1
b1
Zero Seq.components
b0
a0
c0
Negative Seq.components
b2
c2
a2
c
3a0
c
q
3a1
a
b
a
Advantages of Sequence
Transformation
Used when the network is balanced.
Provides decoupling in the network. A
3nX3n Linear System Solver is decoupled
into three n X n Linear System Solver.
Load may be balanced or unbalanced.
Zero sequence currents provide sensitive
earth fault detection technique.
[el ] = [0 0 0 0 1 . . 0 0]'
BASE IMPEDANCE(Ohm.) =
ZP.U. =
BASE(VOLT)
3 BASE AMPERES
( BASE (KV) ) 2
Advantages of PU
Calculations
Manufactures provide equipment data with
name plate rating as base.
Range for acceptable % or p.u. values can be
easily fixed.
Especially useful in networks with multiple
voltage levels interconnected through
transformers.
p.u. impedance of transformer is independent
of the base.
Standard base conversion (scaling with MVA
Base) formulae are available.
Transformer
connections
+ ve/- ve
sequence
connections
Zero
sequence
connections
Transformer
connections
(d)
(e)
(f)
+ ve/- ve
sequence
connections
Zero
sequence
connections
Transformer
connections
(g)
(h)
+ ve/- ve
sequence
connections
Zero
sequence
connections
Sequence Modeling of
Asynchronous Machines (IM)
Transient state of the current damped quickly
(1-2 cycles)
Subsequently machine behaves as a passive
element with impedance of value
Z=kVll^2/Smva where rated LL voltage and
3phase MVA rating is used.
Zero Sequence modeling can be treated in
similar lines to as synchronous machines
because rotor plays no significant role.
b1
Circuit 2
c1
a2
c2
b2
Let two X mission lines emanating from the same tower (double
circuit) be coupled with each other.
v a z s
b1
v = z m
v c1 z
m
1
zm
zs
zm
a
z m I a
1 1 1I
b1
1 1 1I b 2
zm
I
+
j
d
1
2
c
c
zs
I
1 1 1
I
1
v 0 z s + z m
11
v =
v12
1
I 0
21
I 1 +
z s z m I 2
1
zs zm
3
j 0
0
0 0 I 0
12
0 0 I
2
0 0 I 2
2
Conclusions
1. 3