5.6.

1 The IP Version 4 Protocol

The IP Version 4 Protocol l thch hp chng ta bt u nghin cu v cc
lp mng trn Internet vi nh dng ca cc gi IP datagram ca chng. IPv4
datagram bao gm mt phn tiu (header) v phn thn hay phn payload. Phn
header c hin th trn Hnh 5-46. Cc bit c truyn t tri qua phi v t trn
xung di vi cc bit bc cao i u tin. (y l th t mng byte big-endian.
Vi my endian nh, chng hn nh my tnh Intel x86 mt phn mm chuyn i
c yu cu trn c hai b vn chuyn v thu nhn.) Nhn li, endian s c mt s
la chn tt hn, nhng lc IP c thit k, khng ai bit n s tr nn lm
ch my tnh.

Phin bn (Version) xc nh phin bn ca giao thc datagram ang c

s dng. Hu ht mng Internet ngy nay l Version 4, v m gi chng ta s tho
lun v vn ny. Bng cch bao gm cc phin bn u ca mi datagram, n c
th tr thnh mt qu trnh chuyn i gia cc phin bn trong mt khong thi
gian di. Trong thc t, IPv6, phin bn tip theo ca IP, c nu ra hn mt thp
k trc,Tuy nhin, n ch mi bt u c trin khai. Chng ta s m
t n sau trong phn ny. N c s dng cui cng s khi gn 2^31 ngi Trung
Quc c mt my tnh bn PC, laptop, v mt in thoi IP. Dch sang bn mt
s, IPv5 l mt th nghim giao thc thi gian thc cha bao gi c s
dng rng ri.

Khi chiu di tiu khng c nh, mt phn trong header, IHL, c cung
cp cho bit bao lu cc tiu l, tnh bng n v t 32-bit. Gi tr ti thiu l
5, p dng khi khng c ty chn c. Gi tr ti a ca lnh vc 4-bit ny l 15, m
cc gii hn cho header ln n 60 byte, v do trng ty chn n 40 byte.
Mt s ty chn, mt trong s ghi li cc tuyn ng mt gi tin chim,
40 byte l nh, lm t lit cc ty chn.
V di dch v Differentiated, mt trong nhng di c thay i (yu)
trong nhng nm qua. Ban u, n c gi l loi hnh dch v field. V c
thit k phn bit gia cc lp khc nhau ca dch v. C th c cc kt hp
khc nhau ca tin cy v tc . i vi tn hiu thoi s,cp phi nhanh theo
nhp p chnh. Trong vic vn chuyn cc file, gii quyt error-free truyn dn
l quan trng hn truyn ti nhanh chng. Loi lnh vc dch v cung cp 3 bit
bo hiu u tin v 3 bit bo hiu cho d mt s host quan tm n tr
hn, lu thng, hoc tin cy. Tuy nhin, khng ai thc s bit nhng g cn lm
vi nhng bit ti cc b router, v vy h li khng s dng trong nhiu nm.
Khi phn bit dch v thit k, IETF ct giu v ti s dng lnh vc ny. By
gi, ti a 6 bit c s dng nh du gi tin vi lp dch v ca chng; ta
s m t cc nhanh v m bo cc dch v trc trong chng ny. Pha di
2bit c s dng thc hin gii quyt tc nghn lu thng thng tin, chng hn
nh cho d gi c kinh nghim tc nghn; chng ta m t r rng thng bo tc
nghn nh l mt phn ca kim sot tc nghn trc trong chng ny.
Tng chiu di gi tin (Total length) bao gm tt c mi th trong datagramc tiu v d liu. Chiu di ti a l 65,535 byte. Hin nay, gii hn trn l
cho php, nhng vi mng network trong tng lai, ln hn nh vy c th l cn
thit.
S nhn dng (Identification) cn thit cho php my ch ch xc nh cc
gi tin mi n thuc v mnh no. Tt c cc mnh ca mt gi tin c cng mt
gi tr xc nh.
Tip theo n nhng bit khng s dng, n c bit v lun sn sng nh
cc estate thc ti cc IP header l cc k kh tm. Ging nh nn nhn ca mt
tr a, Bellovin(2003) xut bng cch s dng cc bit ny pht hin cc
lu lng truy cp c hi. iu ny s gip bo mt d dng hn nhiu, nh cc

gi d liu thit lp vi bit evil c gi bi k tn cng v cn phi c li

b. Tht khng may, an ninh mng khng n gin nh vy.
i vi hai trng 1-bit lin quan n phn mnh. DF l vit tt ca Dont
Fragment. N l mt bc cc router khng gy phn mnh cc gi tin. Ban
u, n c d nh h tr nhng host khng c kh nng ghp cc mnh li
vi nhau. Nhng by gi n c s dng nh l mt phn ca qu trnh dn ti
MTU, gi tin ln nht m c th vn chuyn trn cng mt ng m khng b
phn mnh. Bng cch nh du cc datagram vi bit DF, ngi gi bit n hoc
s n ni trong mt vng, hoc mt thng bo li s c tr li cho ngi gi.
MF l vit tt ca More Fragment. Tt c cc mnh ngoi tr mnh cui
cng khi thit lp bit ny. N cn thit bit c khi no tt c cc mnh v ca
datagram n.
V tr ca phn on (Fragment Offset) s cho bit chng thuc v gi tin
no. Tt c cc mnh ngoi tr mnh cui cng trong mt datagram phi l bi s
ca 8 byte, cc mnh n b c bn . K t khi 13bits c cung cp, ti ca cc
mnh phn on ca datagram 8192, h tr di ti a ca gi tin ln ti gii
hn ca tng chiu di gi tin. Cng lm vic vi nhau, cc trng Identification
MF v Fragment offset thng phn mnh nh m t trong Sec. 5.5.5.
Thi gian sng ca gi tin (TtL- Time to Live) dng c t thi gian sng
ca gi tin. N bt u m thi gian theo giy, thi gian ti a ca n l 255s. N
lu tr b m thi gian, gi tr s c gim dn n khi n c gi tr l 0 th gi
tin s b xa. iu ny gip ngn nga tnh trng gi tin c truyn i lng vng
khng bao gi n c ch.
Khi lp mng c thit lp hon chnh, cn phi bit nhng g lm
vi n. Giao thc (Protocol) cho bit qu trnh vn chuyn cc gi tin. TCP l mt
cch, nhng c c UDP v mt s la chn khc. Vic nh s giao thc l cch
qun l trn ton b mng internet. Mt s giao thc khc trc y c lit k
trong RFC 1700, nhng ngy nay h lit k trn c s d liu trc tuyn ti
website www.iana.org.
Khi m tiu c cha cc thng tin quan trng nh a ch, n tr nn cn
kim tra v bo v, qua Header Checksum. Cc thut ton c p dng l thm tt

c 16-bit halfwords ca tiu khi chng ti, bng cch s dng mt thut ton b
sung, v sau a ra kt qu. thc hin mc ch ca thut ton ny, Header
Checksum c a v 0 khi n ni. Vic ny rt hiu qu pht hin li kh gi
tin i qua mng. CH rng c phi c recomputed ti mi bc v t nht c
mt trng lun lun thay i (trng Time to Live), nhng c th s dng cc th
thut y nhanh tinh ton.
Cc a ch ngun v a ch ch cho bit a ch Ip ca cc ngun v ch
trn giao din mng. CHng ta s tho lun v Internet addresses trong phn tip
theo.
Trng ty chn (Options) c thit k cn thit h tr mt s vn v
thng tin b mt trong thit k gc ca giao din, cho php ngi dng th nghim
nhng tng mi, hoc trnh tit l thng tin bit tiu . Cc ty chn c
thit t thch hp, mi ty chn bt u vi mt byte m s. Mt s ty chn
c theo sau bi 1-byte ty theo di ca trng, v sau l cc byte d liu.
Trng ty chn s c m mt bi s ca 4-byte. Lc u, 5 ty chn xc nh
c lit k trong Hnh 5-47.
Ty chn bo mt bo v b mt thng tin nh th no. Theo l thuyt, mt
router qun s s dng trng ny bo v b mt gi tin trnh khi k xu
l gi tin qua cc quc gia no . Trong thc th, tt c cc router b qua n, v
vy n thc t ch c chc nng gip ip vin tm ra gii php tt hn mt cch d
dng.
Ty chn
Security

M t
Ch r b mt datagram nh th no

nh tuyn ngun gc chnh xc

Cung cp ng dn y

nh tuyn ngun gc khng chc chn

Cung cp danh sch cc router khng

th b qua
Lm cho mi router gn thm a ch IP

H s router
Du thi gian

Lm cho mi router gm thm a ch

v du thi gian
Hnh 5-47. Mt s ty chn IP

Ty chn nh tuyn gc chnh xc (Strict source routing) cung cp ng

dn y t ngun n ch nh mt dy cc a ch IP. Datagram cn thit thc
hin theo cc tuyn ng chnh xc . Ty chn ny rt hu ch cho h thng
qun l nhng ngi gi khn cp gi tin khi cc bng nh tuyn gp s c, hoc
c th o thi gian.
Ty chn nh tuyn gc khng chc chn (Loose source routing) yu cu
cc gi tin i qua cc router quy nh theo danh sch, theo th d nh sn, nhng
n cng cho i qua cc router khc trn tuyn ng. THng thng, ty chn ny
s cung cp cho mt vi router, v bt buc thnh mt ng xc nh. V d,
chuyn mt gi t London n Sydney i v pha Ty thay v pha ng, ty
chn ny c th ch nh b nh tuyn ti New York, Los Angeles, v Honolulu.
Ty chn ny rt hu ch khi v l do chnh tr hoc kinh t, cn trnh i qua mt
s quc gia no .
Ty chn Record route cho mi b router dc theo tuyn ng thm cc
a ch IP ca n vo trng ty chn. iu ny cho php h thng qun l theo
di cc li sy ra trong thut ton nh tuyn (Ti sao cc gi tin t Houston n
Dallas li qua Tokyo u tin?). Khi mng ARPANET u tin c thit lp, gi
tin khng bao gi i qua trn 9 router, do , 40 byte ca t chn l rt nhiu. Nh
cp trn, gi th n tr thnh qu nh.
Cui cng, ty chn Du thi gian (Timestamp) cng ging nh ty chn
Record route, ngoai tr rng ngoi vic ghi li a ch IP 32-bit, mi b router ghi
li mt du thi gian 32-bit. Ty chn ny ch yu hu ch cho vic o lng
network.
Ngy nay, cc ty chn IP khng cn c a chung na. Nhiu router
b qua chng hoc khng x l chng hiu qu, chng hu ht c chuyn sang
hng khc. Nh vy, chng ch c h tr mt phn v t c s dng hn.