Fill in the spaces in the paragraph below ‘The kinetic model of matter states that all matter is made of small particles held together by intermolecular forces. In solids the sizes of these intermolecular forces aFe oo. and the MOLeCUHeS sone sroseennseees ADOUL soso - points. In liquids the intermolecular forces are than in solids. Molecules ate able t0 MOVE csnsnnnnnnennnenes Within the body of the liquid so the liquid has no shape: In gases the molecules are able to move at high speeds (Total 7 marks) Leave blank@ © 2A9YF 92. demtify the following materials as good or poor thermal and electrical conductors by writing the words ‘GOOD’ or ‘POOR’ in the spaces provided. THERMAL ELECTRICAL MATERIAL CONDUCTOR | CONDUCTOR ie Mercury Aluminio (3marks) ‘The diagram below represents an ice-cream maker in which the temperature ofthe ice-cream it with ice and salt, Outer container Teefsalt Inner container Ice cream mixture Indicate on the diagram by means of an arrow, the direction of heat flow between the mixture and the ice/salt, (imark) Explain why the inner container is made of a good thermal conductor while the outer Container is made of a poor thermal conductor. (2marks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE© 030 kg of ice at 0°C is placed in a container, (How much energy is required to completely melt the ice? (marks) Gi) How much energy is required to raise the temperature of the melted ice to 15 °C? (3marks) Some water at 30 °C is added 10 0.30 kg of ice at 0°C. The ice melts and the final temperature ofall the water is 15 °C. ‘Use your answers to (i) and (ii) above to determine the mass of water added. (4marks) (Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2.x 10° kg" K"}] {Speci latent heat of fasion of ice = 3.3. 10°F kg" Total 16 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 2492 92,2 @ 2492/F 91 Microscope Line Graphite in water filament lamp Cover plate Glass rod Figure 2 Figure 2 above shows the apparatus used to observe, through a microscope, small graphite particles suspended in water. The graphite i scen as bright points of light. (@ Describe what would be seen through the microscope as the particles are observed for a few seconds. (marks) Gi) Te warmer water were used instead, what change in your observation would you expect? (mark) (ii) What conclusions can be drawn from these observations? marks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE(b) The average speed of a perfume molecule at room temperature is about 100 metres per second. ‘The speed at which the scent of perfume travels across a room, however, is much less than this. Explain this difference. (3marks) (©) Use the kinetic theory to explain why @ putting more air in a car tyre increases its pressure (2 marks) Gi) the pressure in a car tyre increases when itis hot. (2marks) @ Nitrous oxide gas in acylinder at 17 °C exerts a pressure of 5.0.x 105 Pa, Before itis used itis warmed to 37 °C, Whatis the new pressure? (4marks) Total 16 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 2492/F 915. Figure 4 shows a solar water heater being used (o heat a domestic water supply. @ (b) 002492/F 2000 x J Tamparent cover o Sunlight Pump Cold water Figure 4 Identify the processes of heat transfer taking place between the following and explain how the construction of the heater makes these processes more efficient: (@ The sun and the upper surface of the solar collector (2 marks) Gi) The upper surface to the water in the pipes of the collector ( 2 marks) Git) The collector to the storage tank ( 2 marks) (Give TWO reasons why there is a transparent cover over the collector. ( 2 marks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE-10- (ii) Suggest a material that might be used at A, and explain why it would be suitable. ( 2 marks) (©) The radiation from the sun arrives at a rate of 900 W m°*. A solar heater has a collection ‘area of 0.4 m’and converts the sun’s radiation into thermal energy in the hot-water system with an efficiency of 15%. Calculate the rate of supply of energy to the hot-water system. (5 marks) Total 15 marks END OF TEST 002492/F 20003. (@)_ Define the ‘heat capacity of a substance’ and state its ST unit. (3 marks) (b) Name the THREE modes of heat transfer. (3 marks) © Awell-insulated hot water tank is used to supply hot water toa residential dwelling house. The immersion heating element inside the tank has a power rating of 2200 W and the tank contains 125 kg of water at 28°C. Calculate 0) i) Gi) 01238020/F 2005, the heat energy supplied by the heating element in 2 hours (3 marks) the heat energy supplied to the water, given that its temperature increases to 58°C (3 marks) [specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg K"'] the heat capacity of the tank, assuming that the tank and the water reach the same final temperature of 58°C. (3 marks) Total 15 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEoF (@) (State what is meant by the term ‘change of phase.” (A mark) (ii) List TWO features that are characteristic of a phase change. (2 marks) Gil) Teeinitially at ~5°Cisheated until steamis formed. Sketch a graph showinghow the temperature of the ice would vary with time. ( 4 marks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (002492/F/JANUARY 2003aie (6) 200 go crushed ice at ~ 5°C is heated until it JUST reaches 0°C. Calculate the heat required for this process. (4 marks) Gi) More heatis added at0°C until itis completely converted to water, Calculate the amount of heat that is added during the heating process. (Specific Heat Capacity of Ie = 2100 J kg K-!) (Specific Latent Heat of Ice = 3.34 x 10° J kg!) (3 marks) ‘Total 14 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002492/F/JANUARY 2003ole 5. @-> (© State the equation for the General Gas Law. (mark) (ii) A Tittle girl blew up a balloon during a Christmas celebration Explain, in terms of the kinetic theory, how pressure is exerted by the air in the balloon, (S marks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238020F 2012(by @ i) 01238020/F 2012 -12- A block of ice of mass'2000 g was heated from 0 °C to steam at 100°C. Calculate the energy used in Joules. (6 marks) If the activity at (b) (i) took place in 6000 s, how much power was utilized? (marks) {[ Specific latent heat of vaporization of steam = 2250000JKg" Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3300005Kg" Specific heat capacity of water = 42007Kg* K+] ‘Total 15 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE(by (@ Distinguish between EACH of the following pairs of terms: 2) ‘Solidification’ and ‘fusion’ 1b) ‘Condensation’ and *vaporisation’ (4 marks) (ii) Describe FULLY the process of sublimation, (2 marks) For the changes of state mentioned in a) and b) above to take place energy must be added to or removed froma substance. Give the general name for this type of energy and state what happens. tw the tcmperature during these processes. (2marks) A staucnt placed 700 g of water at 28°C in a freezer \ivet mites and 15 seconds the water was transformed to ice Calculate (i) the heat energy transferred from the water during the temperature change (Amarks) Gi) the latent heat of solidification, given that 235200 J of heat energy was transferred uring the change of state Gmarks) (iii) the rate of heat energy transfer for the entire process. (Smarks) (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg"'K“) ‘Total 20 marks END OF TEST 01238030/F 2005oe SECTION B Attempt ALL questions. You MUST write your answers in the space provided after each question. (a) Describe how the apparatus shown in Figure 3 below may be used to show how the temperature of a substance such as naphthalene, varies during cooling, Include in your description any other equipment that may be necessary. stirrer thermometer naphthalene —t boiling tube ap Figure 3 ( 6 marks) (©) Inan experiment to determine the specific latent heat of ice, the following results were obtained Initial mass of water at 30°C = 100g Final mass of water (initial water plus melted iee) at 20°C = 110g mS ON pe temo o water ‘calorimeter: Figure 4 Assume the container has negligible heat capacity and thatthe heat lost to the surroundings. is equal to the heat gained from the surroundings during the experiment. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238020/JANUARY/F 2011@ ii) Git) (i) 10 - Determine the mass of the melted ice (mark ) Calculate the heat lost by the water, (3 marks) Write down an expression for the TOTAL heat gained by the ice in melting and the melted ice in warming to 20°C. (2 marks) Hence calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. (3 marks) {Specific Heat Capacity of water = 4.2 Je“! K-!] ‘Total 15 marks Write your answer to Question 4 here. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, (01238020/JANUARY/F 20114. (@)_A three-pin plug has live, neutral and earth wires attached. What is the purpose of the earth wire? To what is the other end of this earth wire attached and what is its International Colour Code? What is the purpose of a fuse and why is it particularly dangerous to have an earth wire fitted to an appliance without a fuse? What is the name and International Colour Code tor the wire into which the fuse is fitted? (marks) (>) Anelectric cooker draws a power of 9.5kW whenall burners are being used. Ifthe cooker is operated on a 220 V supply, calculate the current that it draws when all burners are being used. ‘The cable that is used to connect the cooker to the mains supply has a resistance of 0.036 Q m". If the cable is 15 m long, calculate its total resistance and the power lost in this cable when the cooker is drawing maximum power. (8 marks) (©) Electrical energy has to travel considerable distances from power stations to our homes. Ifthe power station was 15 km from your home and the same type of cable as above used, what would be the total resistance of the transmission cable? The house needs to be supplied with 220 V in order to operate the cooker. What would the supply voltage at the power station need to be? (4 marks) Total 20 marks 5. (a)_State THREE differences between boiling and evaporation, Use the kinetic theory to explain how evaporation can take place at all temperatures but occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures. Why is there a drop in temperature in a liquid when rapid evaporation occurs? ( 8marks) (>) Following an accident, a patient of mass 70 kg requires the transfer of 2kg of blood. The blood is at 5 °C when transferred to the patient and is warmed up to the patient's final temperature of 35 °C. Calculate the energy transferred from the patient's body to the ‘blood. Find also the change in the patient's body temperature. This temperature change may cause ‘shock’ and to prevent this the patient is wrapped in a 500 W electrically-heated blanket. How long would it take for the patient's body temperature to be restored to its initial value? Itis found in practice that it takes more than the time calculated above, for the patient's body temperature to be restored to its initial value, Account for this difference. (Average specific heat capacity of blood = 4.500 kg -! K Average specific heat capacity of body tissue = 2 500J ke-! K ) (12 marks) Total 20 marks END OF TEST 002493/F/J ANUARY 999. (iii) The sound wave generated under water is refracted at the water - air boundary. Calculate the refractive index of water, given that the wavelength of this sound in water is 1.29 m. (3 marks) Total 15 marks SECTION B Attempt ALL questions. ‘You MUST write your answers in the space provided after each question. 4. (a) A young student has just entered primary school. She is accustomed to having her home-cooked meal warmed up at lunch time in the microwave oven at her pre-school. ‘ses this and suggests to her parents that they buy her a flask similar to the one shown in Figure 3. double-walled glass vessel with silvered walls surrounding flask ‘cork supports igure 3. Cross-section of a vacuum flask Using the information in Figure 3, explain how the home-cooked meal is kept warm. (6 marks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE() 10 - A solar water heater system consists of a solar collector of area 5m’, a storage tank and hidden connecting pipes as shown in Figure 4. tank collector (absorber) ‘glass cover (glazing) Figure 4. Diagram showing a solar water heater ‘Assume that the average solar radiation incident on Castries, St. Lucia is 5 kWhm? per day, and the collector absorbs 95% of the solar radiation incident on it: (@ Calculate the energy in kWh collected by the absorber per day. ( 2: marks) (ii) Calculate how much energy per day can be used to heat water if the collector emits 50% of the heat energy it receives from the atmosphere. ( 2 marks) (iii) glass cover is now placed on the solar collector. The glass transmits 80% of the sunlight to the collector and allows 8% of the heat back into the atmosphere (the glass house effect). How much energy per day is now available to heat the water? ( 2 marks) iv) What mass of water can the glazed collector heat from 25°C to 55°C during the day? (3 marks) 1 kWh = 36 x 10°F Specific heat capacity of water, C = 4200 J kg! kt Total 15 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE-W- 6. (a) __-Youare given a container of negligible heat capacity and a thermometer. Describe how the specific latent heat of fusion of ice can be determined using the method of mixtures, (6 marks) (b) A physics student was provided with 25 g of ice to convert to steam. How much heat is needed to change this 25 g of ice at 0° C to steam at 100° C? (9 marks) (Specific heat capacity of ice = 2 x 10° Jkg™'K™!) (Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 x 10° Ikg"K" (Specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2.3 x 10° Jkg™) (Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.4 x 10° Jkg™) ‘Total 15 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238020/F 2009ce 2. Abieycle pump contains 50 em’ of air at 17°C and 1 atmosphere. As the air is compressed the following results were recorded for pressure (atm) x volume (en) and temperature (K) (See Table 2.) Table 2 PV / atm. em? TK | 50 290 | | 33 300 7 310 | 6 320 | 65 330 68 340 | (a) Plota graph of PV against T on page 7. Begin the PV axis at 40 atm. em? and the Taxis at 270K. (8marks) () Use the graph to find the pressure when the air is compressed to 10 en ture rises to 35°C, i its tempera (4 marks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238032/F 2010GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 2010 01238032/F© @ ee In an experiment to investigate the relationship between volume and temperature for a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure, the apparatus was set up as shown in Figure 3, “w Figure 3 Write the name of EACH of the corresponding parts labelled A ~ F on the diagram in the spaces below. A : D coe c (5 marks) Explain why the length of the air column can be used to represent the volume. (2 marks) Total 19 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238032/F 2010-8- 4. (@__@_A scientist conducts an experiment where she measures a series of values of pressure, P, and temperature, 8, of a gas at a constant volume. On the axes shown in Figure 3, sketch the graph she would obtain from plotting her results. Pra T T T T T T T T ae 400 300-200 100 0 100, 200 300 4000 OFC Figure 3 (2 marks) Gi) She now repeats the experiment with a different gas. Draw, on the same axes, ‘a graph she could obtain from the second experiment, (2marks) (iii) Explain how results like those she obtained led to the establishment of the Kelvin temperature scale. (mark ) (iv) Whats the value in Kelvin of a Celsius temperature of 25 °C? (@marks) (6) @)_—_Abottle full of ar is corked at atmospheric pressure of 1.00 x 10* Pa and a temperature of 25°C. The bottle is heated. Calculate the temperature at which the pressure ofthe ai will each 2.5 x 10° Pa. Assume the volume ofthe bottle does not change. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002492/F/JANUARY 2001os Gi)__Interms of the kinetic theory of gases, explain the origin of the pressure inside the bottle (marks) (iii) State whether the following quantities increase, decrease or stay the same when the bottle is heated: (a) The speed of the gas particles, (b) The average space between the particles (©) Thenumberof gas particles (3 marks) ‘Total 16 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002492/F/JANUARY 2001-7- (a) (i)_ Define the “lower fixed point’ on the Celsius scale. (2 marks) Gi) A changing temperature can cause the physical properties of a substance to vary. ‘Complete Table 4 by listing TWO other types of thermometers and the physical property which varies in EACH of the three thermometers. TABLE 4 ‘Thermometer Physical Property 1 Thermocouple (S marks) (>) The temperature at the top of a popular waterfall is 22.0 °C. The temperature at its base, 210 m lower, is 22.5 °C. (Calculate the specific heat capacity of the water. [Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10.0 ms] (3 marks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238020/ANUARY/F 20098 Gi) If the waterfall was twice as tall, determine by how much the water temperature would change from its initial value. ( 2 marks) (©) A gas of volume 60.0 em’ and initial pressure 2.0 x 10° Pa has its pressure reduced to 1.6 x 10° Pa. If the temperature remains constant, what is the final volume of this gas? ( 3 marks) Total 15 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238020 ANUARY/F 2009L @ (by © (b) © State, in words, Newton's three Laws of Motion, (8 marks) ‘The Boeing 737 - 800 aircraft can accelerate from rest to a takeoff speed of 300 km hr=! in 25 seconds. Calculate in ms~ the value of this acceleration, assuming it to be constant ( Smarks) () — Theaircrafthas amass of 6 x 10*kg. Two identical jetengines provide athrusting force. Calculate the magnitude of the thrusting force needed to give the aircraft the acceleration calculated in part (b). Hence find the corresponding thrust for EACH engine. Gi) Thethrust calculated in (i) is atheoretical value. Suggest areason why this thrust if applied IN PRACTICE would NOT provide the expected acceleration. Gii) The mass of the aircraft was increased by loading additional passengers and luggage. How could this affect the time taken to reach take-off speed? (7 marks) Total 20 marks With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain how you would observe Brownian motion. (C8 marks) Use the Kinetic Theory of Matter to explain (the Pressure Law Gi) how a drop of blue ink placed in a container of pure water eventually spreads cout to occupy the entire volume. (Tmarks) Mr Shah decided to do some measurements on one of his motor car tyres. ‘The temperature of the air in the tyre was found to be 20°C and the pressure was 200 kPa above atmospheric pressure. After driving for a few kilometres, he again measured the air pressure of the tyre and found it to be 240 kPa above atmospheric pressure. (i) What was the final temperature of the air in the tyre, assuming that the volume of the tyre remained constant? Gi) What other assumption is necessary for your calculation to be valid? (Atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa) (marks) ‘Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238030/F 20061. (@)_ Give a brief account of the Kinetic Theory of Matter and use it to explain the macroscopic properties of a gas. (8 marks) (b) Figure Ishows a stoppered wide-necked flask in which litres of a gas are trapped. A pressure gauge and thermometer pass through the stopper via airtight seals to monitor pressure and temperature of the gas in the flask. ‘The initial pressure of the gas is 1 atmosphere and the temperature is 27°C @ (i) Gi) (iv) ‘Thermometer Wide-Necked Flask O11 Bath Figure 1 The flask is placed in an oil bath at 127°C and the gas initallowed tocometoequilibrium with its surroundings. What will be the reading of the pressure gauge? ‘The mass of gas in the beaker is 8 grams and the specific heat ofthe gas, (at constant volume) is 300 J kg K-!. Determine the amount of energy absorbed by the gas. Apparatus such as that shown in Figure 1 forms the basis of an instrument used to measure temperature in some laboratories because the pressure indicated is directly proportional to the temperature, thatis, P = oT Calculate the value ofthe constant ct forthe given initial conditions [Atmospheric pressure = 1.0.x 105 Pa] What would be the effect on o if the initial pressure were 2 atmospheres while the temperature remained the same as before? (12marks) Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238030/) ANUARY/F 2006bank 5. The diagram shows an arrangement, using a gas syringe, that can be used to investigate how the volume of air depends on temperature. The initial temperature of the water in the beaker and the initial length, J, of the air are measured. The beaker is heated and a number of sets of measurements made. Close fitting 2 —— piston Glass barrel Water |_— Airtight cap (a) When making calculations from these measurements certain assumptions are made, | State the assumption made about: (i) the cross-sectional area of the glass barrel (i) the pressure of the air in the gas syringe @ (ii) the mass of air in the gas syringe wo (b) ‘The initial temperature of the air is 27 °C and the initial length of the air, J is 5.0 em. Calculate the length /, when the temperature is 97 °C. @ (Total 6 marks) ‘Turn over2 (@) State Charles’ Law. Describe with the aid of a diagram, an experiment to test the validity of Charles’ Law. Show how you would use the results obtained to test the law. (8 marks) () _Thecylinder shown in Figure 2s fitted with a freely-sliding piston containing an ideal gas of mass 13 g and volume 1.0 x 10* cm?. The temperature of the gas is 25°C anc is initially at atmospheric pressure. Figure 2 (The gasisheated toa temperature of 400°C. What is the new volume of the gas? (i) How much energy must be supplied to the gas to raise its temperature to 400°C? Part of this energy becomes the kinetic energy of the gas particles. State the effect of the remainder of the energy. If the volume of the gas were kept fixed during the heating what would be the pressure of the gas at 400°C? (Specific heat capacity of the gas at constant pressure = 0.7 g-!°C™! Atmospheric pressure = 1.0 x 10° Pa) (12 marks) ‘Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002493/F 2001© @ © Te ‘he 4 Uisiope has a halite of 5x 10% years. How lng woud it take forthe mas of tran nth tmp decay 0 i gia value? (Bmarks) ‘Total 15 marks @_Detine the upper fixed pont’ on the Celsius Scale (Cimark) (ii) Give the values of EACH ofthe following on the Celsius Scale. Lower fxedpoint Upper fixed point (Zmarks) As the temperature of «substance changes, some of its physical properties may vary [entify THREE physical properties which vary with temperature. (Bmarks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGErated in em, Figure 1 shows a football pump wit gas tight piston placed alongsidearulere ‘The piston when positioned atthe 4m mark traps a volume, V, of gas inside the pump at 27°C and 100 kPa © Figure (Calculate the volume V, given thatthe eross-sectional area of the piston is 15 em (3marks) “The end ofthe pumps sealed andthe temperature of the gasincreased to 122 °C while a the pressure is increased BY 150 kPa. Caleulate the NEW volume of the gas. (Smarks) (Gi) Express your result in standard form. (Cmark) ‘Total 15 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE‘You should NOT spend more than 30 minutes on this question, TE - Glass tube 104 Fro Dry air 204 Fao] 304 20] ay Pressure gauge | fo} oHall oo pa) ‘Connection for pump Figure 1 ‘The apparatusshown in Figure 1 above may be usedto investigate how the volume of afixed mass of gas at constant temperature varies when the pressure is changed. Air is trapped in uniform glass tube which has a scale behind it calibrated in cm*. As the pressure in the oil chamber is increased using the pump, oil is forced into the glass tube, decreasing the volume of the air. The pressure, in kPa, is indicated by a gauge fitted to the oil chamber. Volumelem? 60 7 Hate = 3 eae 4s : 2s 2» 18 10 30 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 PressurelkPa GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002492/F 98a ‘The graph on page 2 was plotted from data gathered using the apparatus shown in Figure 1. (@) How would you make sure that the temperature of the gas was constant during the experiment? (Tmark) (>) Ibis suggested that ifthe temperature is constant, the pressure, P, of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to the volume,V, that is kx P where kis a constant, v To test whether the relationship applies inthis case, read off values of V from the graph to complete Table 1 below. Calculate the corresponding values of YV. Pressure, p/kPa ‘Volume, V/cm? (wyem 100 150 200 230 270 300 Table 1 (9 marks) (©) Onpage 5, plot a graph of WV against P. ( 8 marks) (@ What conclusion can you draw from the graph you have ploted? Give a reason for your answer. ( 2marks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002492/F 98ae (©) The gradient of the graph is equal to the value of &. Find k. Gi) 002492/F 98 (5 marks) ‘What would be the volume of the air in the tube ifthe pressure could be increased 10 550 kPa? (Assume the equation in (b) on page 3 applies.) (3 marks) ‘The maximum volume of the air in the tube is 65 cm*. Calculate the pressure of the air for this volume. ( 2 marks) Total 30 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE-2- 1. This question is about some of the physical principles involved in scuba diving. Scuba divers breathe air fromsteeI tanks carried on their backs. The tanks containair ata pressure 0f2.0 x 10” Pa. Atatmospheric pressure, this air would occupy a volume of @ ) © «@ 2 @ () © 002493/F 96 Sm Explain, in terms of the kinetic theory of gases: @ How the air exerts a pressure on the inside of the steel tank Gi) Why the pressure in the tank increases when the tank is left out in the sun (ii) Why the pressure inside the tank decreases as air is released (8 marks) Determine the volume of the air when inside the tank at a pressure of 2.0 x 10” Pa. (3 marks) ‘When the tank is in the sun, the temperature of the air inside reaches 40°C and its pressure is 2.1 x 10’ Pa. Under the water, the temperature of this air goes downto 10°C. Assuming that the volume of the tank does not change when it is underwater, determine the pressure of the air in the tank, when it is underwater. (4 marks) Gi) Express the change in air pressure, when the tank is underwater, as a percentage of the air pressure when the tank is in the sun. (mark) Because of increasing pressure with depth underwater, there is a limit to the depth to which a scuba diver can safely go. Calculate the total pressure exerted on a diver who is 24 m under the surface. (4 marks) DATA: Density of water 1.0 x 10° kgm? 8 ION kg? Atmospheric pressure = 1 x 10°Pa 0°C = 273K Total 20 marks (__ Drawaray diagramto show the formation of animage by a diverging lens. State, with ONE reason, whether you think the image is real or virtual. (4 marks) Gi) One defect of the eye is ‘short-sight’, Explain what this term means. Draw a ray diagram to show how a diverging lens may be used to correct this, defect, (4marks) When a converging lens forms a real image, the magnification of the image can be calculated from the equation image di = object distance * With the aid of a ray diagram, show that this rel magnification jonship is true. (3 marks) A converging lens is used to form a real image of an object placed 15 cm away from it Given that the image istwice as high as the object, by means of ascale drawing, determine the focal length of the lens, (9 marks) Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE