Approximation of Filters

Methods of finding poles/zeros of a specific kind of filter. There are two

kinds of approximations:

Magnitude approximation

Phase approximation

We will cover only Magnitude approximation of filters (lowpass, bandpass,

highpass ...) using one of the following methods:

Butterworth approximation

Chebyshev or Equi-ripple approximation

Inverse Chebyshev approximation

Cauer or Elliptic approximation

Properties of Magnitude approximation functions

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1
Plot of y = --------------n- for different n
1+x
1.2

n=20
n=10
n=4
n=2
n=1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

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0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
x

Filter Approximation

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

103

Butterworth Approximation
Butterworth lowpass filters:
1
1
T ( j ) 2 = --------------------------=
---------------------------------- 2n
1 + ( C n ( ) ) 2

1 + ----- 0

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Butterworth response:
0
n=1
-20
2
-40
Magnitude [dB]

4
-60
6
-80

10

-100

-120
0.1

1
[rad/s]

10

0
10
6
2

-1

Magnitude [dB]

n=1

-2

-3

-4

-5
0.1

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[rad/s]

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Butterworth poles and quadratic factors in the form ( s 2 + a 1 s + 1 ) and the

pole Q. Note that for n odd, there is a pole at s = 1 , the corresponding
term is a linear factor ( s + 1 )
Order n
Poles
2
-0.7071 j 0.7071
3
-0.5000 j 0.8660
-1.0000
4
-0.3827 j 0.9239
-0.9239 j 0.3827
5
-0.3090 j 0.9511
-0.8090 j 0.5878
-1.0000
6
-0.2588 j 0.9659
-0.7071 j 0.7071
-0.9659 j 0.2588
7
-0.2225 j 0.9749
-0.6235 j 0.7818
-0.9010 j 0.4339
-1.0000
8
-0.1951 j 0.9808
-0.5556 j 0.8315
-0.8315 j 0.5556
-0.9808 j 0.1951
9
-0.1736 j 0.9848
-0.5000 j 0.8660
-0.7660 j 0.6428
-0.9397 j 0.3420
-1.0000

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Filter Approximation

a1
1.4142
1.0000

Q
0.7071
1.0000

0.7654
1.8478
0.6180
1.6180

1.3066
0.5412
1.6180
0.6180

0.5176
1.4142
1.9319
0.4450
1.2470
1.8019

1.9319
0.7171
0.5176
2.2470
0.8019
0.5550

0.3902
1.1111
1.6629
1.9616
0.3473
1.0000
1.5321
1.8794

2.5629
0.9000
0.6013
0.5098
2.8794
1.0000
0.6527
0.5321

106

Example: Design a Butterworth lowpass filter with maximum passband

attenuation of 0.5 dB in a passband of 0 - 1000 rad/s, minimum stopband
attenuation of 20 dB for frequencies greater than 2000 rad/s. Implement
the filter with a cascade of bilinear and biquad sections as needed.

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Section 1: Need biquad in the form:

1
T ( s ) = -----------------------------1
s 2 + ----s + 1
Q

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Biquad section SK-1

C1

R1

R2
+
-

+
V1

RB
C2

RA

+
V2
-

SK-1

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Example: Lowpass Filter design (Butterworth)

10

Magnitude [dB]

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

10

100
[rad/s]

1000

10

100
[rad/s]

1000

0.1
0
-0.1

Magnitude [dB]

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8

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200
150
100

Phase [degrees]

50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250

500

1000

1500

2000

2500
[rad/s]

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Semi-normalized sensitivity w.r.t. C3, R5, R6, C2, R4, C5, R3, R
0.3

Magnitude for 1% element change [dB]

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

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500

1000

1500

2000
[rad/s]

Filter Approximation

2500

3000

3500

4000

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Chebyshev or Equi-ripple Approximation

The Butterworth lowpass filters are of the form:
1
1
T ( j ) 2 = --------------------------=
---------------------------------- 2n
1 + ( C n ( ) ) 2

1 + ----- 0
For Chebyshev approximation the function C n ( ) is given by

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Chebyshev response for = 0.1 corresponding to a ripple of 0.0432 dB.

0
n=1

-20

Magnitude [dB]

-40
6
10

-60

-80

-100
0.1

1
[rad/s]

10

0
-0.01
-0.02

Magnitude [dB]

-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
n=1

-0.06
-0.07
-0.08

10
-0.09
-0.1
0.1

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Example: Design a Chebyshev lowpass filter with maximum passband

attenuation of 0.5 dB in a passband of 0 - 1000 rad/s, minimum stopband
attenuation of 20 dB for frequencies greater than 2000 rad/s. Implement
the filter with a cascade of bilinear and biquad sections as needed. Compare with the equivalent Butterworth filter.

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Section 1: Biquad section SK-2

C1

R1

R2
+
-

+
V1
C2

+
V2
-

SK-2

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Example: Lowpass Filter design (Chebyshev)

10

Magnitude [dB]

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

10

100
[rad/s]

1000

10

100
[rad/s]

1000

0.4

Magnitude [dB]

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

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Example: Lowpass Filter design (Chebyshev)

20

0
Butterworth
-20

Magnitude [dB]

Chebyshev
-40

-60

-80

-100

-120
10

100

1000
[rad/s]

10000

0.1
0
Butterworth
-0.1

Magnitude [dB]

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4

Chebyshev

-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8

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[rad/s]

Filter Approximation

100

1000

117

200

100

Phase [degrees]

Butterworth

-100

-200

Chebyshev

-300

-400

500

1000

1500

2000

2500
[rad/s]

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Semi-normalized sensitivity w.r.t. C3, R4, R3, C2, C5, R8, R7, C4
0.15

Magnitude for 1% element change [dB]

0.1

0.05

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2

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500

1000

1500

2000
[rad/s]

Filter Approximation

2500

3000

3500

4000

118