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Building Technology Reviewer
Building Technology Reviewer
Building Technology Reviewer
1.
2.
3.
CLEAR THE SITE OF ANY EXISTING STRUCTURE, TREES, AND OTHER ELEMENTS
THAT WILL OBSTRUCT THE CONSTRUCTION WORK.
4.
5.
6.
7.
STAKE ARE WOODEN STICKS USED AS POSTS SHARPENED AT ONE END DRIVEN
INTO THE GROUND TO SERVE AS BOUNDARIES OR SUPPORTS OF THE BATTER
BOARDS.
8.
CENTER TO CENTER
OUTER TO CENTER
OUTER TO OUTER
INSIDE TO INSIDE
FIX THE BATTER BOARD TO ITS HORIZONTAL POSITION WITH THE AID OF LEVEL
INSTRUMENT PREFERABLY PLASTIC HOSE WITH WATER.
9.
EXCAVATION
EXCAVATION WORK IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IS CATEGORIZED INTO TWO
TYPES: THE MINOR AND MAJOR EXCAVATION DEPENDING UPON THE SIZE AND NATURE
OF THE FOUNDATION TO BE CONSTRUCTED. EXCAVATION FOR A SMALL CONSTRUCTION
WITH INDEPENDENT WALL, OR COMBINED FOOTING IS CLASSIFIED UNDER THE MINOR
EXCAVATION, WHILE THE REST WHICH REQUIRES SIZEABLES OR TOTAL EXTRACTION OF
THE EARTH FALL UNDER THE CATEGORY OF MAJOR CONSTRUCTION.
MINOR EXCAVATION
3.
HOW AND WHERE TO DISPOSE THE EXTRACTED SOIL INVOLVES THE EFFECTIVE
MANNER OF MANEUVERING THE PAYLOAD AND DRUMPTRUCKS IN HAULING
WITHOUT OBSTRUCTING THE PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR TRAFFIC FLOW.
4.
5.
MAJOR EXCAVATION
3 TYPES OF SUBSTRUCTURES:
1.
SLAB ON FILL
CRAWLSPACE
2.
BASEMENT
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ARE THOSE THAT TRANSFER THE LOAD TO THE EARTH AT
THE BASE OF THE COLUMN OR WALL OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE.
2.
RESIST
3.
RECTANGULAR
TRAPEZOIDAL
4.
RAFT OR MAT FOOTING ITS OCCUPIES THE ENTIRE AREA BENEATH THE
STRUCTURE AND CARRY THE WALL AND THE COLUMN LOADS.
CONCRETE MIXTURE:
CLASS
UNIFORM SLAB
THICKENED SLAB
CONCRETE
CONCRETE IS AN ARTIFICIAL STONE MADE OUT FROM THE MIXTURE OF
CEMENT, SAND, GRAVEL AND WATER. THIS IS KNOWN AS SOLID MASS OR PLAIN
CONCRETE. CONCRETE IN WHICH REINFORCEMENT IS EMBEDDED IN SUCH A MANNER
THAT THE TWO MATERIALS ACT TOGETHER IN RESISTING FORCES IS CALLED
REINFORCED CONCRETE.
AA
cu.m.
A
0.5
B
0.5
C
0.5
A
cu.m.
0.5
7.5
1.0
CLASS
9.5
1:3:6
12
GRAVEL
1:21/2:5
1.0
SAND
1.0
50kg.
1:2:4
40kg.
1:11/2:
1.0 cu.m.
MIXTURE
MORTAR MIXTURE:
MIXTURE
40kg.
50kg.
SAND
1:2
18
14.5
1:3
12
9.5
1.0
1:4
1.0
1:5
7.5
1.0
1.0
SHORT COLUMN WHEN THE UNSUPPORTED HEIGHT IS NOT GREATER THAN TEN
TIMES THE SHORTEST LATERAL DIMENSION OF THE CROSS SECTION.
LONG COLUMN WHEN THE UNSUPPORTED HEIGHT IS MORE THAN TEN TIMES THE
SHORTEST LATERAL DIMENSION OF THE CROSS SECTION.
TENSION STRESS
3.
SHEAR STRESS
4.
TORSION STRESS
BALANCE BEAM WHEN THE AREA OF THE CONCRETE AND STEEL ARE JUST
ENOUGH TO CARRY THE COMPRESSION AND TENSION FORCES SIMULTANEOUSLY.
TYPES OF COLUMNS
2.
BUILDING CODE REQUIRED THAT A BALANCE BEAM SHALL PROVIDE, THAT THE
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE EQUAL TO .005 TIMES
THE CROSS SECTIONAL PRODUCT OF THE WIDTH AND THE DEPTH OF THE BEAM.
METAL REINFORCEMENT
THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF STRESSES THAT MAY ACT ON THE STRUCTURE ARE:
1.
COMPRESSION STRESS
BRIDLE JOINT A JOINT IN WHICH TWO TONGUES PROJECT FROM THE SIDES OF
THE TENONED MEMBER, THESE TONGUES FIT INTO CORRESPONDING SLOTS IN THE
MORTISED MEMBER.
BOARD FOOT THE VOLUME OF A PIECE OF WOOD ONE INCH. THICK, ONE FOOT
WIDE AND ONE FOOT LONG.
SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 48 TIMES THE DIA. OF THE LATERAL TIES.
WOOD CONSTRUCTION
FISH PLATE A WOOD OR METAL PIECE USED TO FASTEN TOGETHER THE ENDS OF
TWO MEMBERS WITH NAILS OR BOLTS.
SPLICE PLATE A METAL PLATE USED FOR FASTENING TWO OR MORE MEMBER
TOGETHER.
FLOOR STRUCTURE
WOOD FLOOR SYSTEM
FLOOR FRAMING IS THAT PLATFORM STRUCTURE
SUSPENDED BY POSTS, COLUMNS, WALLS AND BEAMS.
OF THE BUILDING
2.
3.
4.
5.
SOLE PLATE A HORIZONTAL TIMBER WHICH SERVES AS A BASE FOR THE STUDS IN
A STUD PARTITION.
TYPES:
A.
B.
C.
SILL THAT PART OF THE SIDE OF A HOUSE THAT RESTS HORIZONTALLY UPON THE
FOUNDATION.
FLOOR JOISTS ARE THOSE PARTS OF THE FLOOR SYSTEM PLACED ON THE
GIRDERS WHERE THE FLOOR BOARDS ARE FASTENED.
FLOORING THE TONGUE AND GROOVE WHICH ARE POPULARLY KNOWN AS T & G
IS GENERALLY SPECIFIED FOR WOOD FLOORING.
TAIL BEAM OR TAIL PIECE A SHORT BEAM, JOIST OR RAFTER WHICH IS
SUPPORTED BY A HEADER JOIST AT ONE END AND A WALL AT THE OTHER.
LEDGER STRIP A STRIP OF LUMBER WHICH IS NAILED TO THE SIDE OF THE BEAM,
FORMING A SEAT FOR THE JOISTS.
SIMPLE BEAM
B)
CONTINUOUS BEAM
1.
C)
SEMI CONTINUOUS
2.
3.
4.
WEB REINFORCEMENT
ONE WAY SLAB ONE WAY SLAB IS THE COMMON TYPE OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM WHICH THE REINFORCEMENTS RUNS ONLY IN ONE
DIRECTION. MADE OF SOLID SLAB SUPPORTED BY TWO PARALLEL BEAMS. IT IS
COMPARATIVELY ECONOMICAL FOR A MEDIUM AND HEAVY LIVE LOADS ON SHORT
SPANS RANGING FROM 2.00 TO 3.50 METERS LONG. ALTHOUGH THE REINFORCEMENTS
ARE ALSO PLACED IN THE SLAB PARALLEL WITH THE BEAMS PERPENDICULAR WITH THE
MAIN REINFORCEMENTS CALLED TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENTS. USUALLY NO. 3
STEEL BAR IS USED TO COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF SHRINKAGE AND CHANGES IN
TEMPERATURE. IT ALSO DISTRIBUTES POSSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF LOADS OVER A
LARGER AREA.
TWO WAY SLAB SLAB WHICH ARE SUPPORTED ON FOUR SIDES WHERE THE
FLOOR PANEL IS NEARLY SQUARE IS GENERALLY ECONOMICAL TO EMPLOY THE TWO
DIRECTIONS OF REINFORCING BARS PLACED AT RIGHT ANGLE WITH EACH OTHER.
THE CODE SPECIFIES THAT THICKNESS OF THE SLAB SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN
4 INCHES OR 10 CM. NOR LESS THAN THE PERIMETER OF THE SLAB DIVIDED BY 180. THE
SPACING OF THE REINFORCEMENT SHALL NOT BE MORE THAN 3 TIMES THE SLAB
THICKNESS.
2.
3.
RIBBED FLOORS.
4.
EACH TYPE OF THE FLOOR SYSTEM HAS ITS OWN ADVANTAGES IN APPLICATION
DEPENDING UPON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
3.
4.
IF THE RESULT, FOUND IN STEP THREE IS LESS THAN THE NUMBER FOUND IN
STEP TWO, THE RUN LENGTH HAS TO BE EXTENDED.
5.
COLD JOINT A JOINT FORMED WHEN A CONCRETE SURFACE HARDEN BEFORE THE
NEXT BATCH OF CONCRETE IS PLACED AGAINST.
2.
TYPE OF STRINGERS
THERE ARE SEVERAL FORMS OF STRINGER CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE
METHOD OF ATTACHIND THE RISERS AND THE TREADS.
1.
CUT
2.
CLEATED
3.
BUILT-UP
4.
RABBETED (HOUSE)
DOME- IS
OBNSERVATORIES.
TYPES OF ROOF
THERE ARE SEVERAL FORMS OF ROOF AND NUMEROUS VARIETY OF SHAPES
THAT ONE HAS TO BE FAMILIAR WITH:
SHED OR LEAN-TO ROOF- IS CONSIDERED AS THE SIMPLEST FORM OF ROOF
CONSISTING OF ONE SINGLE SLOPE.
A HEMISPHERICAL
OF
ROOF
USUALLY
USED
ON
GABLE OR PITCH ROOF- THE MOST COMMON TYPE AND ECONOMICAL FORM
OF ROOF MADE OF TRIANGULAR SECTIONS CONSISTING OF TWO SLOPES MEETING AT
THE CENTER OF THE RIDGE FORMING A GABLE.
1.
RAFTERS TYPE
2.
TRUSS TYPE
SAW TOOTH ROOF- IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHED MADE INTO A SERIES
TO LEAN-TO ROOF COVERING ONE BUILDING. THIS IS COMMONLY USED ON FACTORIES
WHERE EXTRA LIGHT IS REQUIRED THROUGH THE WINDOW ON A VERTICAL SIDE.
3.
LAMINATED TYPE
FORM
ROOF.
COMMON RAFTERS- ARE RAFTERS EXTENDED AT RIGHT ANGLES FROM THE PLATE
OR GIRTS T THE RIDGE.
HIP RAFTERS- ARE RAFTERS LAID DIAGONALLY FROM THE CORNER OF A PLATE OR
GIRTS TO THE RIDGE.
JACK RAFTERS- ANY RAFTER WHICH DOES NOT EXTEND FROM THE PLATE OR
GIRTS TO THE RIDGE.
IS A MODIFICATION OF THE
HIT JACKS
2.
VALLEY JACKS
3.
CRIPLE JACKS
JACK RAFTERS FRAMED BATWEEN HIP RAFTERS AND GITS ARE CALLED HIP JACKS. THE
FRAME BETWEEN THE RIDGE AND VALLEY RAFTERS ARE CALLED VALLEY JACKS,
WHILE THOSE FRAMES BETWEEN THE HIP AND THE VALLEY RAFTERS ARE CALLED
CRIPPLE JACKS.
TRUSS IS A BUILT-UP FRAME COMMONLY EMPLOYED ON A LONG SPAN ROOF
UNSUPPORTED BY INTERMEDIATE COLUMNS OR PARTITIONS. TRUSS IS A DESIGN OF A
SERIES OF TRIANGLES USED TO DISTRIBUTE LOAD, STIFFEN THE STRUCTURE AND
FLEXIBILITY FOR THE INTERIOR SPACING AS WELL AS STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY.
2.00
SIZE:
SCISSORS
3.00
50mm X 100mm
3.50
50mm X 150mm
4.50
50mm X 200mm
LIGHT TRUSSES:
PITCHED
50mm X 75mm
HOWE
THE TERM ROOF USED HERE MEANS THE TOP COVERING OF A BUILDING THAT
SERVES AS A PROTECTIVE COVERING FROM THE WEATHER.
RAISED CHORD
ROOFING CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS USED:
SAWTOOTH
1 STORY FRAME
FIBER
WOOD
METAL
SLATE
TILES
REINFORCED CONCRETE
PLASTICS
FIBERGLASS
FLAT UTILITY
BOWSTRING
HEAVY TRUSSES:
HOWE TRUSS
BELGIAN
FINK
PRATT
SCISSORS
CAMBERED FINK
WARREN
SAW TOOTH
FLAT HOWE
FLAT PRATT
GALVANIZED IRON
ALUMINUM
TIN
COPPER
STAINLESS STEEL
LEAD
PLAIN G.I. SHEET COMMERCIAL STANDARD SIZE IS 0.90m. X 2.40m. ITS ALSO
USED FOR ROOFING, GUTTERS,FLASHING,RIDGE,HIP AND VALLEY ROLLS, DOWNSPOUT,
AND STRAP FOR RIVETING.
NAILING
COST OF MATERIALS
RIVETING
PANTILE A ROOFING TILE WHICH HAS THE SHAPE OF S LAID ON ITS SIDE.
SQUARE
RECTANGULAR
CONSTRUCTION OF FORMS
CIRCULAR
BEAM FORMS CONSIST OF ONE BOTTOM FORM AND A PAIR OF SIDE FORMS.
CONTINUOUS
FULL UNIT
LAYER UNIT
GREASING OF FORMS
THE PURPOSE OF GREASING THE FORM IS TO MAKE THE WOOD WATER PROOF,
THUS PREVENTING ABSORPTION OF WATER IN THE CONCRETE WHICH CAUSES SWELLING
AND WARPING. ITS ALSO PREVENTS ADHERENCE OF CONCRETE TO THE PORES OF THE
WOOD.
PRODUCED FOR ONE TO FOUR STOREY HIGH STRUCTURES ARE SECTIONS HAVING A
WIDTH UP TO 2.40 m. THEY ARE USED AS CURTAIN WALLS ATTACHED TO COLUMNS AND
BEAMS OR SOMETIMES AS BEARING WALLS.
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WALL PANELS ARE:
1.
FLAT TYPE
2.
3.
RIBBED TYPE
4.
PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS ARE USUALLY STEAM CURED WITH THE USE
OF HIGH EARLY STRENGTH CEMENT TO ENABLE A PRECAST TO REMOVE IN FORM IN 24
HOURS.
FORMS ARE CALLED CASTING BEDS. THE CASTING BEDS AVERAGE 125 METERS
TO EXTEND 250 METERS IN LENGTH.
TYPES OF PRECAST STRUCTURE
WALL PANELS THIS TYPE OF PRECAST STRUCTURE HAS NUMEROUS DESIGNS
DEPENDING UPON THE ARCHITECTURAL REQUIREMENTS. THE COMMON SHAPES
RECTANGULAR BEAM
L SHAPED BEAM
ESTIMATE THE DEPTH OF A PRECAST SOLID SLAB AT 1/40 OF ITS SPAN. DEPTH
TYPICALLY RANGE FROM 90-200mm.
A PRECAST CONCRETE SINGLE TEE 928mm DEEP SPANS APPROXIMATELY 26.0M. AND
1142mm TEE FOR 32.0M. SPAN.
PRESTRESSING OF CONCRETE
THERE ARE SEVERAL METHODS EMPLOYED IN APPLYING PRESTRESSED FORCE
TO A CONCRETE BEAM:
THE SELF CONTAINED AND THE BOND AND FRICTION METHODS CAN
GENERALLY BE CLASSIFIED AS PRE-TENSIONING OR POST-TENSIONING SYSTEM. THESE
METHODS CAN BE APPLIED TO MASS PRODUCTION OF CASTING SEVERAL METERS LONG
OF STRUCTURE AND CUTTING THE INDIVIDUAL BEAM OR POST TO THE DESIRED LENGTH
OUT FROM THE LONG CASTING.
SLIP AT ANCHORAGE
2.
3.
CREEP OF CONCRETE
4.
SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE
5.
1.
2.
BUILDING MATERIALS
6.
FRICTIONAL LOSS DUE TO INTENDED OR UNINTENDED CURVATURE IN THE
TENDONS.
WOOD MATERIALS
WOOD HAS DURABILITY AND BEAUTY. IT HAS GREAT ABILITY TO ABSORB SHOCKS
FROM SUDDEN LOAD AND LIGHT IN WEIGHT WHICH ADAPTABLE IN A COUNTLESS
VARIETY OF PURPOSES.
A)
OF
B)
C)
BOND
D)
PROPERTIES OF WOOD:
DEFECTS OF LUMBER:
TYPES OF WARPING:
WOOD GRAIN:
FLAT GRAIN WHEN THE ANNUAL RINGS RUN MORE OR LESS PARALLEL
TO THE SURFACE.
SEASONING OF LUMBER:
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
MANUFACTURE BOARDS:
MANUFACTURED BOARDS ARE MADE OF WOOD BUT DOES NOT
APPEAR IN THEIR NATURAL STATE. THIS TYPE OF BUILDING MATERIALS CAN BE
CLASSIFIED AS A TYPE OF LUMBER AS THEY ARE THE BY-PRODUCT IN THE
TYPES OF BOARDS:
MASONRY
MASONRY REFERS TO A MAN-MADE UNITS WHICH ARE FORMED AND
HARDENED INTO MODULAR BUILDING UNITS.
ROWLOCK IS A BRICK LAID ON ITS FACE WITH ITS END VISIBLE IN THE WALL
FACE.
STRUCTURAL BONDS FOR BRICKWORK:
STRETCHER IS A BRICK LAID WITH ITS FACE PARALLEL TO THE WALL AND ITS
LONG DIMENSION HORIZONTAL.
SOLDIER IS A BRICK LAID ON ITS END WITH ITS FACE PARALLEL TO THE WALL.
CONCAVE JOINT
FLUCH JOINT
STRIPPED JOINT
VEE JOINT
RAKED JOINT
STRUCK JOINT
REINFORCED BRICK MASONRY
A REINFORCED BRICK WALL IS CREATED BY CONSTRUCTING TWO WYTHES
OF BRICK 50 100mm APART, PLACING THE REINFORCING STEEL IN THE CAVITY, AND
BRICK BOUNDS
- FOUND IN RIVERBEDS,
FREE OF SALT
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS HAS THREE CELLS AND TWO ONE HALF CELLS
AT BOTH ENDS HAVING A TOTAL OF FOUR.
CONCRETE
- AND
DIAMETER STONES.
SMALLER
COARSE AGGREGATE
CEMENTS
PORTLAND CEMENT
MADE FROM MATERIALS WHICH MUST CONTAIN IN THE PROPER PROPORTIONS OF
LIME, SILICA, ALUMINA AND IRON COMPONENTS. FOUR PARTS OF LIMESTONE TO ONE
PART CLAY ARE BASIC INGREDIENTS. THESE ARE MIXED, BURNED THEN PULVERIZED.
PORTLAND CEMENT IS SOLD EITHER IN CEMENT BAGS OF 40 & 50 KILOS WEIGHT OR
IN BULK INTO CEMENT TRUCKS.
CONCRETE MIXES
CLASS AA
- 1: 1 : 3
SPECIAL CEMENTS
CLASS A
- 1:2:4
BEAMS, R.C.
FOOTINGS, COLUMNS
SLABS
CLASS B
- 1: 2 1/ 2:5-
CLASS C
- 1: 3: 6
ISLAND CEMENT
CONTINENTAL CEMENT
HI- CEMENT
UNION CEMENT
RIZAL CEMENT
FILIPINAS CEMENT
PACIFIC CEMENT
FORTUNE CEMENT
REPUBLIC CEMENT
NORTHERN CEMENT
CANAL LINING
3
HEAVY MASS CONSTRUCTION
KEENE
TRINITY
SNOWCRETE
MORTAR FILLER FOR HOLLOW CELL 0.05 X 0.075 X 0.20 = 0.00075 cu.m.
No. 8=
= 25mm.
No. 9=
1 1/8
= 30mm.
STEEL PRODUCTS
No. 2=
= 6 mm.
No. 3=
3/8
= 10 mm.
No. 4=
= 12mm.
No. 5=
5/8
= 16mm.
No. 6=
= 20mm.
No. 7=
7/8
= 22mm.
STEEL WIRE OVER 150,000 USES FOR WIRE INCLUDING PINS, NEEDLES,
NAILS, BOLTS, CABLES, PIANO WIRE, FENCES.
NONFERROUS METALS:
ALUMINUM ITS ORE, BAUXITE, REQUIRES 10 KILOWATT HOURS FOR EACH POUND OF
METAL ALUMINUM EXTRACTED. THE REDDISH BROWN ORE IS WASHED AND TREATED
IN A SODA SOLUTION TO YIELD A CHALKY-WHITE POWDER CALLED ALUMNA,
CONTAINING A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ALUMINUM.
ALUMINUM FOIL USED AS A VAPOR BARRIER ON WALLS AND
CEILINGS AND AS REFLECTIVE INSULATION.
COPPER A LUSTROUS REDDISH METAL, HIGHLY DUCTILE AND MALLEABLE;
HAS HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH, IS AN EXCELLENT ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL
CONDUCTOR, IS AVAILABLE IN A WIDE VARIETY OF SHAPES; WIDELY USED FOR
DOWNSPOUTS, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS, FLASHINGS GUTTERS, ROOFING, ETC.
COPPER ALLOYS ARE BRASSES, AND BRONZES WHICH CONTAIN
PRIMARILY ZINC AND TIN, RESPECTIVELY, AND THE ALLOYS CONTAINING NICKEL.
BRASSES ARE USED IN ARCHITECTURAL AND HARDWARE
APPLICTIONS. BRONZES ARE USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF SPRINGS.
LEAD A SOFT, MALLEABLE, HEAVY METAL; HAS LOW MELTING POINT AND A
HIGH COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION. VERY EASY TO CUT AND WORK,
ENABLING IT TO BE FITTED OVER UNEVEN SURFACES. USED FOR ROOFING,
FLASHING AND SPANDREL WALL PANELS.
5.
CHANNELS
10.
ZEE
STANDARD CHANNEL
THE STANDARD CHANNEL HAS THE SHAPE OF UNSYMMETRICAL BALANCE
CONSISTING OF TWO FLANGES ON ONE SIDE. IT THEREFORE REQUIRES LATERAL
SUPPORT TO PREVENT ITS TENDENCY TO BUCKLE. THE STANDARD CHANNELS ARE
GENERALLY USED AS ELEMENTS OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS FOR COLUMNS AND ARE
ALSO SUITABLE FOR FRAMING AROUND FLOOR OPENINGS, SPANDRELS, AND LINTELS
ATTRIBUTED TO THE ABSENCE OF FLANGE ON THE OTHER SIDE. THE CHANNEL
SECTION IS IDENTIFIRD AS C 15 x 20 WHICH MEANS THAT THE CHANNEL HAS A DEPTH
OF 20 cm. AND WEIGHTS 15 kg. PER METER LENGTH.
WIDE FLANGE
WIDE FLANGE SECTIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS W 12 x 24 WHICH MEANS THAT
THE FLANGE HAS A DEPTH OF 24 cm. AND IT WEIGHS 12 kg. PER METER LENGTH. ALL
WIDE FLANGE SECTIONS ARE GENERALLY WITH PARALLEL FACE FLANGE EXCEPT
THOSE WITH 5% SLOPE INSIDE FACE PRODUCED BY BETLEHEM STEEL COMPANY.
COMPARATIVELY, WIDE FLANGE SECTIONS ARE MORE EFFICIENT THAN STANDARD I
BEAM WITH RESPECT TO BENDING RESISTANCE.
STANDARD I-BEAM
STRUCTURAL SHAPES
H-BEARING PILES
1.
SQUARE BARS
6.
I-
ZEE SECTIONS
BEAM
2.
ROUND BARS
3.
PLATE BARS
7.
TEE
BEAM
8.
H-
COLUMN
4.
WIDE FLANGES
ANGLE BARS
9.
CAST IRON AN IRON ALLOY USUALLY INCLUDING CARBON AND SILICON WHICH
HAS HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BUT LOW TENSILE STRENGTH.
WELDING IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH TWO METALS ARE SO JOINT THAT THERE
IS AN ACTUAL UNION OF THE INTERATOMIC BONDS.
1)
2)
STEEL SHAPES CAN BE JOINED INTO A BUILDING FRAME WITH ANY OF THREE
FASTENING TECHNIQUES.
TURN-OF-NUT METHOD
RIVETS
THE WRENCH HOLDS BOTH THE NUT AND THE SPLINED BODY OF THE BOLT,
AND TURNS THEM AGAINST ONE ANOTHER TO TIGHTEN THE BOLT,
PROCESS OF RIVETING:
A)
B)
WHEN THE REQUIRED TORQUE IS ACHIEVED, THE SPLINED END TWISTS OFF
IN THE WRENCH,
B)
C)
C)
D)
BOLTS
WELDING
FILLET WELD
V-GROOVE WELD
PUDDLE WELD
THE BASIC WELD SYMBOL IS LOCATED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE REFERENCE LINE AS
FOLLOWS:
SYMBOLS ON THE TOP OF THE REFERENCE LINE REFER TO WELDS ON THE SIDE OF THE
JOINT OPPOSITE THE
ARROW
FILLET
PLUG
OR
GROOVE OR BUTT
SQUARE
LINE
BEVEL
FLARE V
FLARE BEVEL
REFER TO WELDS ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE
JOINT AS
THE ARROW
AS THE ARROW
THE REFERENCE LINE CARRIES
THE DESCRIPTIVE SYMBOLS
SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS
THE WELD
FIELD WELD THIS WELD BE DONE IN THE FIELD DURING ERECTION. OTHER WELDS
ARE DONE EARLIER IN THE FABRICATORS SHOP.
WELD ALL AROUND THIS INDICATES THAT THE WELD SHOULD BE CARRIED FULLY
AROUND THE PERIMETER OF THE JOINING PIECES.
HEAT-STRENGTHENED GLASS
THE HEAT STRENGTHENED PROCESS IS SIMILAR TO TEMPERING,
BUT ITS, ABOUT ONE-THIRD AS HIGH AS TEMPERED GLASS IN TERMS OF
BENDING AND STRENGTH.
SPACER SMALL METAL SPACERS ARE USED TO MAINTAIN A GAP BETWEEN THE PIECS
TO BE JOINED, PRIOR TO WELDING.
3.
A SHARP BEND NEAR THE END OF THE ARROW INDICATES THAT THE ARROWHEAD IS
POINTING TOWARD THE GROOVED SIDE OF THE BEVEL OR J-GROOVED JOINT
GLASS
4.
5.
1.
TEMPERED GLASS
SPANDREL GLASS
SPECIAL OPAQUE GLASSES ARE PRODUCED FOR COVERING THE SPANDREL
AREA (THE BANDS OF WALL AROUND THE EDGES OF FLOORS) IN GLASS
CURTAIN. IT IS USUALLY TEMPERED OR HEAT-STRENGTHENED TO RESIST
THE THERMAL STRESSES THAT CAN CAUSED BY ACCUMULATIONS OF SOLAR
HEAT BEHIND THE SPANDREL.
THICKNESSES OF GLASS
HOT GLASS CAN BE ROLLED INTO SHEETS WITH MANY DIFFERENT SURFACE
PATTERNS FOR USE WHERE LIGHT TRANSMISSION IS DESIRED BUT VISION MUST BE
OBSCURED FOR PRIVACY.
LAMINATED GLASS
6.
WIRED GLASS
SIMPLY A ROLLED GLASS INTO WHICH WIRE MESH IS INSERTED DURING THE
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE. THE WIRE GREATLY INCREASES THE
RESISTANCE TO SHATTERING THROUGH IMPACT. ITS USE FOR SAFETY
GLAZING, WHEN ITS BREAKS FROM THERMAL STRESS, THE WIRES HOLD THE
SHEET OF GLASS TOGETHER.
B.
C.
1)
TINTED GLASS
2.
TINTED GLASS IS MADE BY ADDING SMALL AMOUNTS OF SELECTED
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS TO THE MOLTEN GLASS MIXTURE TO PRODUCE THE
DESIRED HUE AND INTENSITY OF COLOR IN GRAYS, BRONZES, BLUES,
GREEN, AND GOLDS.
PAINT FINISHES
2)
INSULATING GLASS
A SECOND SHEET OF GLASS APPLIED TO A WINDOW WITH AN AIRSPACE
BETWEEN THE SHEETS CUTS THIS RATE OF HEAT LOSS IN HALF. TWO KINDS
OF EDGES SEALS ARE FUSED GLASS EDGES AND A METAL SPLINE AND
ORGANIC SEALANT.
GLASS PRODUCTS
I.
GLASS BLOCKS
(NO THINNER)
1 GAL
1600 SF (149 m2)
@ 1 MIL DFT
800 SF ( 74 m2)
@ 2 MIL DFT
400 SF ( 37 m2)
@ 4 MIL DFT
TYPE OF PAINT
-
COVERS
METHOD
1 GAL
-
DRYING
-
THE TIME AND CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR A PAINT TO DRY MUST BE CHECKED.
FILM THICKNESS
-
THE DRY FILM THICKNESS (DFT) IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE NUMBER OF
COATS.
MULTIPLE THIN COATS ARE GENERALLY MORE EFFECTIVE THAN A SINGLE THICK
COAT.
COVERS
@ 1 MIL DFT
@ 2 MIL DFT
BINDER SERVE TO FORM THE PAINT FILM AND CAUSE IT TO ADHERE THE
SURFACE BEING PAINTED.
COVERAGE
COLOR
EXPOSURE
FAST DRYING A HARDER THAN ORDINARY TIME, LOWERS THE GLOSS, AND
IMPROVES THE PAINTS WETTING PROPERTIES, DURABILITY AND ELASTICITY TO
RESIST BLISTERING.
EXTERIOR OR INTERIOR
CHARACTERISTICS:
PIGMENTED COATING
ASPHALT USED FOR WATERPROOFING AT FIREWALL AND ROOF DECKING.
ZINC-PIGMENTED COATINGS
ADDITION OF EPOXY RESINS MINIMIZES THE COLD FLOW AND MAXIMIZES THE
CHEMICAL-RESISTANCE OF ASPHALT.
CLEAR COATINGS
3.
EAGLE
YALE
9.
4.
CORBIN
10.
MASTER
5.
SCHLAGE
11.
ALPHA
6.
KWIKSET
12.
YETI
TYPES OF DOOR:
PANEL DOOR A DOOR HAVING STILES, RAILS AND SOMETIMES MUNTINS, WHICH
FORM ONE OR MORE FRAMES AROUND RECESSED THINNER PANELS.
HARDWARE
HARDWARE - METAL PRODUCTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION, SUCH AS BOLTS, HINGES,
LOCKS, TOOLS, ETC. THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
FINISHING HARDWARE HARDWARE, SUCH AS HINGES LOCKS, CATCHES,
ETC. THAT HAS A FINISHED APPEARANCE AS WELL AS FUNCTION, ESP. THAT USED
WITH DOORS, WINDOWS, AND CABINETS, MAYBE CONSIDERED PART OF THE
DECORATIVE TREATMENT OF A ROOM OR BUILDING.
ROUGH HARDWARE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, HARDWARE MEANT TO
BE CONCEALED, SUCH AS BOLTS, NAILS, SCREWS, SPIKES, RODS, AND OTHER METAL
FITTINGS.
SOME FINISHING HARDWARE BRANDS:
1.
SARGENT
7.
RABBIT
2.
STANLEY
8.
UNIVERSAL
KINDS OF DOORS:
SWINGING DOOR
LOOSE PIN HINGE - A HINGE HAVING A REMOVABLE PIN WHICH PERMITS ITS
TWO PARTS TO BE SEPARATED.
SLIDING POCKET DOOR - A DOOR WHICH SLIDES INSIDE A HOLLOW OF THE WALL.
DUTCH DOOR - A HINGED DOOR WHICH IS DIVIDED TO TWO. THE UPPER PART
CAN BE OPENED WHILE THE LOWER PORTION IS CLOSED.
FRENCH DOOR
FINISHING HARDWARES:
A. TO HUNG A DOOR
SINGLE ACTION
3. PIVOT HINGE - THE AXLE OR PIN ABOUT WHICH A WINDOW OR DOOR ROTATES.
TYPES OF HINGES:
B.
1. BUTT HINGE - CONSISTS OF TWO RECTANGULAR METAL PLATES WHICH ARE JOINED
WITH A PIN, IN LARGE HINGE, THE PIN IS REMOVABLE, IN SMALL HINGES, IT IS FIXED.
FLUSH BOLT
C.
LATCH A SIMPLE FASTENING DEVISE HAVING A LATCH BOLT, BUT NOT A DEAD BOLT
CONTAINS NO PROVISIONS FOR LOCKING WITH A KEY.
NIGHT LATCH KEY OPERATED LATCH WITH SAFETY PIN.
LIP STRIKE THE PROJECTION FROM THE SIDE OF A TRIKE PLATE WHICH
THE BOLT OF A LOCK STRIKES FIRST, WHEN A DOOR IS CLOSED; PROJECTS
OUT FROM THE SIDE OF THE STRIKE PLATE TO PROTECT THE FRAME.
KIND OF LOCKSET:
OPENS
BY
USING
THE
HASPLOCK A KIND OF HASP THAT HAS A BUILT-IN LOCKING DEVICE WHICH CAN BE
OPENED ONLY WITH A KEY.
BORED LOCK A LOCK INTENDED FOR INSTALLATION IN A CIRCULAR HOLE IN A DOOR.
CREMONE BOLT USED TO FASTEN UPPER AND LOWER DOOR.
DEAD BOLT A TYPE OF DOOR LOCK, THE BOLT, WHICH IS SQUARE IN SECTION IS
OPERATED BY THE DOOR KEY OR A TURN PIECE.
PNEUMATIC TYPE
CONCEALED TYPE
FLUSH
OVERLAPPING
OFFSET
BUTT HINGES
COMMON BUTT
LOOSE PIN
T-HINGE
PIANO HINGE
DECORATIVE HINGE
TYPES OF KNOBS:
SCREW-IN KNOB
BOLT-ON KNOB
FLUSH KNOB
FLUSH RING
PULL
PHILIPPS HEAD
SHEET-METAL SCREW
LAG SCREW
FLAT
COUNTER SUNK
FLUSH
WASHERS
ROUGH HARDWARES:
NAILS
BOLTS
BOLTS HAVE THREADED SHAFTS THAT RECEIVE NUTS. TO USE THEM, A HOLE
IS DRILLED, PUSHING A BOLT THROUGH AND ADDING A NUT.
SIZES, 1, 1 , 2 , 2 , 3, 3 , 4, 6
BOLTS TIGHTENED WITH SCREW WHILE HOLDING THE NUT WITH A WRENCH.
OTHER COMMON HAMMER DRIVEN FASTENER
NUTS
SCOTCH NAILS
STAPLES
BRADS
HEX NUT
SQUARE NUT
ACORN NUT
T NUT
TACKS
SCREWS
CLASSIFIED BY GAUGE (DIAMETER), LENGTH, HEAD TYPE, AND METALLIC
MAKE-UP.
TYPES OF SCREW HEAD
KNURLED NUT
WING NUT
KNOB BOLT A DOOR LOCK WITH A SPRING BOLT CONTROLLED BY ONE OR BOTH
KNOBS AND DEAD BOLT CONTROLLED BY AKEY.
BEVEL THE ANGLE WITH ONE SURFACE OF A BODY MAKES WITH ANOTHER
SURFACE WHEN THEY ARE NOT AT RIGHT ANGLE.
MENDING PLATE
T-PLATE
L-BRACKET
HOPPER WINDOW A WINDOW SASH WHICH OPENS INWARD AND ITS HINGED AT
THE BOTTOM.
BUILDING PROTECTION
PREVENTIONS
ROOF DECKS
WATER TANKS
KITCHEN FLOOR
TOILETS
CANOPIES
ELEVATOR PITS
SWIMMING POOL
RAT RESISTANT.
ROOFING FELTS THE BASE FELTS USED IN BUILT-UP ROOFING ARE AVAILABLE IN
TWO BASIC TYPE ASBESTOS FELTS AND ORGANIC OR RAG FELTS. THEY LOOK
ALIKE, SUPERFICIALLY, BUT THEY DIFFER WIDELY IN SERVICE.
ASBESTOS:
ORGANIC:
THERMAL INSULATION
IN COLD WEATHER, WE ARE INTERESTED IN TRANSFERRING HEAT FROM FURNACES,
RADIATORS, HEATING PANELS, INTO VARIOUS ROOMS OF OUR BUILDINGS. AT THE
SAME TIME WE ARE INTERESTED IN PREVENTING THAT HEAT FROM BEING
TRANSFERRED FROM THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING TO THE OUTSIDE.
DURING THE SUMMER, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT WE PREVENT THE TRANSFER OF HOT
OUTSIDE TEMPERATURES TO THE WORKING AND LIVING SPACE WITHIN OUR
BUILDINGS.
ALL OF THESE ARE DONE BY THE JUDICIOUS USE OF MATERIALS WHICH IS BEST
PREVENT THE TRANSFER OF HEAT, THIS WE CALL THERMAL INSULATION.
KINDS OF THERMAL INSULATION
FIBROUS TYPE
GRANULAR INSULATION
GRANULE
BATTS
STRAWBOARD
CORKBOARD
FOAMED CONCRETE
REFLECTIVE INSULATION
ALUMINUM FOIL
REFLECTIVE INSULATION
SHEET FOIL
CORRUGATED INSULATION
SOIL TESTING
LARGER THAN A SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DETERMINE THE SOIL AND
WATER CONDITION BENEATH THE SITE.
METHOD OF SOIL TESTING:
1.
2.
TYPES OF SOILS:
APPLICATION BY POURING
APPLICATION BY SPRAYING
SAND IF THE PARTICLE SEEN BUT ARE TOO SMALL TO BE PICKED UP.
SILT
BOS PILES
CLAY
RAIL PILES
PILE DRIVING
MATERIAL USED IN PILE FOUNDATION ARE:
1.
TIMBER
2.
CONCRETE
ENGLISH
3.
Adobe
Anchor
Fill-------------------
--------------------Escombro
Liyabe
Earth
Aligned ----------------------------Alero,Barakilan,
Kaliniya
Eave ------------------------
Alignment -------------------------Elektrista
Asintada
Electrician -----------------
Uno Sinotra
Anchor ---------------------------------------Tabike
Liyabe
Engineer -------------------
CAST-IN-PLACE
2.
VERNACULAR
STEEL
TIMBER CANNOT RESIST HIGH STRESSES DUE TO HARD DRIVING THAT IS REQUIRED TO
PENETRATE HIHLY RESISTANT LAYER OF SOIL. THE TIP OF THE TIMBER PILE WHICH
COULD BE EASILY DAMAGED IS PROTECTED BY THE USE OF STEEL SHOES, ON THE
OTHERHAND THE BUTT IS ALSO PROVIDED WITH AN AMPLE PROTECTION BY THE USE OF
CUSHION BLOCK.
1.
ENGLISH
VERNACULAR
CASED IS CAST INSIDE A METAL SHELL FORM WHICH ARE LEFT IN THE
GROUND.
UNCASED ELIMINATE THE METAL CASING.
H-BEARING PILES
Architect ----------------------------
Arkitekto
Astragal ----------------------------Senepa
Batidura
Balusters ---------------------------Piye
Balustre,Barandilla
Beam
-------------------------------------------------------Tambak
Banisters ---------------------------Tapal, Dagdag
Exterior
Siding
Faucet ----------------------
Gripo
Feet ------------------------
Biga
Barandil
Fill
Filler -----------------------
Trankilya
Ceiling
Board
--------------------------------------Canal
Baseboard -------------------------Batidura
Rodapis
Fillet -----------------------
Baniera
Flooring -------------------
Cement --------------------------Gabay
Bolt
-------------------------------------------------Guililan
Bottom Chord --------------------Alahado
Brace ------------------------------Pundasyon
Brick ------------------------------Kapatas,
Pierno
Tirante, Estunyo
Pie de Gallo
Landrillo
Floor
sill
Flush ----------------------
Espolon
Ladrilyo
Head ----------------------
Baldosa
Hinge ---------------------
Baral de Kadena
Foreman ------------------
Collar ----------------------------Trabe-Anzo
Sinturon
Column --------------------------Pulgada
Kolumna,Haligue
Concrete -------------------------Hamba
Konkreto
Larga Masa
Pundido
Kisame
Inch -----------------------
Jamb ----------------------
Joist -----------------------
Dos
Biga
Kingpost
Alulod
Laborer
Girder --------------------Conductor
-----------------------------------------Piyon
Karpinteria
Framework ---------------
Concrete
Beam
---------------------------------Pendolum
Karpintero
Gutter ---------------------
Semento
Media Agua
Kostil Yahe
Foundation or Footings-
aestr
oDe
Obra
Canopy ---------------------------Balangkas
Groobe
Kontratista
Yiero Canalado
Landing ------------------
Gravel ---------------------
Lavatory -----------------
Escalera
Punsol
Asinta
Crushed Stone -------------------
Eskombro
Sinturon
Pinto
Batidora
Sombrero (Pintuan)
Hamba Pintuan
Punsol
Canto Mesa
Lastilyas
Mortar
------------------------------------------------Plantsa
Masonry -----------------
Meter ---------------------
Paupo
Kostura
Moulding -------------------------Tabika
Moldura
Nailers ----------------------------Prigadero
Pamakuan
Pako
Bolt
Mason -------------------
Shape --------------------
Nail --------------------------------------------Krokis
Level ---------------------
Machine
Sibe
Poso
Korte
Newel
Post
----------------------
----------------------Bahada
Tukod
Slope
Nut --------------------------------Hinang
Tuerka
Solder
Estanyo
Oakum
Biento
Estopa
Spacing
Hardinera
Bolada
Stairs ----------------------
-----------------------------
---------------------
-------------------
Pintor
Bandeha
Stake
De Bandeha
Stringer --------------------
Pattern -----------------------------Palitada
Plantilya
Stucco ---------------------
Grabita
Stud (vertical)-------------
Pendulon
Piketa
Sheet
Shower -------------------
Sidings -------------------
Sink -----------------------
Sketch
Plan
Temper
(metal
Piglead -----------------------------Roskas
Tingga, Estopa
Lingueta
Mediacana
Tinsmith -------------------
Rabbet ------------------------------Sombrero
Vaciada
Tinsmithing --------------Bintana
Senepa
Palitada
Plug
----------------------------------------------------Pergola
Thread ---------------------
Transom
Kilo,
------------------
Kusturada
Tread
---------------------Baytang, Perdano
Tapon
Trellise
Kilo
Window
Senepa, Takip
Jamb
Pasamano
Silipan
Plumb
Bob
-----------------------
-------------------------Truss, Kilo
Plumber ----------------------------Varnisado
Plumb Line -------------------------------------- Pilarete
Post ---------------------------------Asolehos
Hulog
Truss
Rivets ------------------------------Haspe
Tubero
Varnished -----------------
Hulog
Poste, Haligue
Rimatse
Vertical
Roof -------------------------------Tabla
Atip, Bubong
Sand -------------------------------Plantsuela
Buhangin
Stud
Bolada
Washer ---------------------
Purlins ------------------------------Inidoro
Reostra
Putty --------------------------------Bintana
Masilya
Window
-------------------
Scaffolding ------------------------
Andamiyo, Plancha
Rebokada
Screw -------------------------------
Turnilyo