1

, ,
:

vs.

2014

 (connectivity)

--
.

2014

--
point-to-point

(switches)
4

multiple access

- (routers)

2014

...

(Bus)

(full mesh)

S
(Star)
5

(Ring)
-

(Tree)
2014




:

:

: ,
, ,

:
, ,
,

Internet

2014

: ,
: ,

: <= <=

!
< !!
-

2014

> =>
!

2014


R = (bps)
L = (bits)
a =

= La/R

La/R ~ 0:

La/R 1:

La/R > 1:
, !

2014

(circuit
switching)

10

(packet switching)

( )

2014

 (switching)

(a)
(b)
(c)

11

Circuit
switching
Message
switching
Packet
switching

2014

: vs.
Hi

TCP connection
req.
TCP connection
reply.

Hi

Got the
time?

Get http://www.rpi.edu/index.htm

2:00

time

12

<file>

:

-

2014

13

2014

(service) :

peer -to- peer :

Li+1

Li+1

service interface
Li

14

peer interface

Li

2014

ISO OSI

peer-to-peer
-- (end-to-end)
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical

15

Network
Datalink
Physical
Physical medium

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical

2014


TCP/IP Model

Application
Transport

TCP/IP Protocols
FTP Telnet HTTP
TCP

Internetwork

Host to
Network
16

OSI Ref Model

UDP
IP

Ethernet

Packet
Radio

Point-toPoint

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
2014

 ?
(FTP File Transfer Protocol, NFS Network File Transfer, HTTP World Wide Web protocol)

Application
Transmission
Media

FTP

Telnet

NFS

Coaxial
cable

Fiber
optic

HTTP
Packet
radio

:
--. .
, .
Application

Telnet

FTP

NFS

HTTP

Fiber
optic

Packet
radio

Intermediate
Layer (IP)
Transmission
Media
17

Coaxial
cable

2014

data
application
transport
network
link
physical

,

application

transport

network
link

physical

18

ack
data

network
link
physical

application
transport
network
link
physical

2014

data
application
transport
transport
network
link
physical

:
data
application
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical

19

network
link
physical

application
transport
network
link
physical

data
application
transport
network
link
physical

2014

(header)
( )

M
Ht M
Hn Ht M
Hl Hn Ht M

20

source

destination

application

application

transport

transport

network

network

link
physical

link
physical

Ht M
Hn Ht M
Hl Hn Ht M

2014

message
segment
datagram
frame

 :

100000%

Relative preformance increase

DWDM Link speed

x2/8 months
Huge mismatches in technology trends (eg: DWDM
vs DRAM) must be planned for modular designs!

10000%

Internet
x2/yr

Router capacity
x2.2/18 months

1000%

Moores law
x2/18 m
DRAM access rate x1.1/18 m

100%
1996
21

1998

2000

2002
2014

22

2014

,
:
1. ,
, .
2.
.

23

2014

n .

. h
.
( )?

24

2014

(1)
( + )
(2).
(1):

(2):

n * h ( h

n)

M . , n*h
( 1).

nh / ( + nh).
25

2014

1024x768
3 /.
.
56kbps ? 1Mbps
? 10Mbps ? 100Mbps
?

26

2014

Q = 1024 768 3 2,359,296

, 18,874,368 .
D , D = Q / t
=> t = Q / D.

27

56,000 bits/sec, 337.042

.
1,000,000 bits/sec,
18.874 .
10,000,000 bits/sec,
1.887 .
100,000,000 bits/sec,
0.189 .
-

2014

100 ,
.

, TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) FDM
(Frequency Division Multiplexing) ?

28

: .

, .
.. TDM .
, 100
, FDM.

.
-

2014

.
,
.

29

2014

x-
k

.
s , d ,
p , b
.
?

30

2014

t = s
t = s + x/b
t = s + x/b + kd

t = x/b
t = x/b + (k - 1)p/b + kd

s < (k - 1)p/b

31

2014

3 () .
7 .
18km/h.

(
) 150Mbps?

32

2014

Smin = ?

Dmin = 150 Mbps

n = 3
q = 7GB
V = 18 km/h

t = Q / D, S = V * t, Q = n * q.

33

S = V * t = V * (Q / D) = V * (n * q / D) < V * (n * q / Dmin)
S < 5.6km
-

2014

B .
, n
.
.
h , t .
,

B ?

34

2014

Dn = ?

Q0 = M B
D0 = B Bps
H0 = T0 = 0
Qn = M B
Hn = (n * h) B; Tn = (n * t) B

t = t0 = Q0 / D0 = tn = (Qn + Hn + Tn ) / Dn

35

Dn = (Qn + Hn + Tn ) / Q0 * D0 = B * (M + nh + nt ) / M
-

2014

Warriors of the net

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ve7_4ot-Dzs

36

2014