orm 4

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PHYSICS SPM

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5:

Form 5
Intro. to physicsChapter
Force & motionChapter
Force & pressure
Chapter
Heat
Chapter
Light
Chapter

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1:
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1:

Waves
Electric
Electromagne
Electronic
Radioactive

Vernier caliper
( 0.01 cm)

2.47
cm
+ zero error

- zero error

+ 0.08 cm

- 0.01 cm

Micrometer screw gauge

( 0.01 mm)

7.37
mm
+ zero error

- zero error

+ 0.09 mm

- 0.04 mm

MEASUREME
NT
Accuracy
The closeness
of a
measurement
to the actual
value

Consisten
cy
The ability of a
measuring
instrument to
measure with
little
deviation in
the
measurements

Sensitivit
y
The ability of a
measuring
instrument to
detect a
small change
in the
measurements

ERROR
Systematic
error
Due to:
Instrument

Example:
Zero error
Absolute error
(error in calibration)

Random error
Due to:
Human mistakes
Surrounding factor

Example:
Parallax error

Motion graph

Mercury Barometer
[Atmospheric pressure is 76 cm Hg ]
[Mercury density = 1.36 x 104 kg m3]

Pressure at P = 0
cm Hg
Q = 76 cm
Hg
R = 91 cm

Pressure at P = 20
cm Hg
Q = 76 cm
Hg
R = 91 cm

U-tube manometer

[Density of water = 1 000 kg m

Pgas

= Pwater
= (h g)
= (1000)(10)

(0.1)
= 1000 Pa

[Atmospheric pressure is 1x105

Pgas
= Patm
+ Pwater
= Patm + (h
g)
=
5
(1x10 )+1000 Pa
= 1.01x105
Pa

U-tube manometer

Density of water = 1 g
cm-3
What is the density of the
Pressure at A = Pressure at B
oil+?hoil oil goil
Patm
= Patm + hwater
water gwater
hoil oil goil
gwater
oil

hwater water

(10)(1)

Pressure in tube
Densities of liquid M = 1000kgm-3
Densities of liquid N = 2500kgm-3
What is the pressure of
a. liquid M at point x
b. liquid M and N at point y
P =
=
=
P =
=
=
=

gh
(1000)(10)(0.5)
5 kPa
(gh)M + (gh)N
(1000)(10)(0.5) + (2500)(10)(0.3)
5 kPa + 7.5 kPa
12.5 kPa

atmospheric pressure is 76 cm Hg.

What is the pressure of the trapped air P ?
Pair + Pmercury = Patm
Pair + 10 cmHg = 76cmHg
Pair
= (76 10) cmHg
= 66 cmHg

P1 =
P2

Bouyant

Bouyant

= W

= W

liquid displaced

liquid displaced

= W

object

V
P
V
P

Characteristic at thermal equilibrium:

1. Temperature A = Temperature B
2. Net rate of heat transfer = 0
( Rate of heat transfer from A to B = Rate of heat transfer from B to A

GAS LAW

P V
T
1.

2
.

3
.

LENSES & MIRROR

CONVERGING
LENS
MIRROR

DIVERGING

convex

concave

concave

convex

CHARACTERISTIC OF IMAGE
CONVEX MIRROR
&
CONCAVE LENS
VIRTUAL
u anywhere

UPRIGHT
DIMINISHED

REFLECTION
CONCAVE MIRROR
Ray
P

parallel - F

Ray
F

F - parallel

Ray
C

head (object /
arrow) C

REFRACTION
CONVEX LENS
Ray
P

parallel - F

Ray
F

F - parallel

Ray
C

through centre