Cwna Guide To Wireless Lans, Second Edition: Chapter Twelve

CWNA Guide to Wireless
LANs, Second Edition

Chapter Twelve
Personal, Metropolitan, and Wide Area
Wireless Networks
Objectives
Define a wireless personal area network
List the technologies of a wireless metropolitan
area network
Describe the features of a wireless wide area
network
Discuss the future of wireless networking
CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit
Wireless Personal Area Networks

Wireless networks classified into four broad
categories:
Wireless personal area network (WPAN): Handheld and portable devices; slow to moderate
transmission speeds
Wireless local area network (WLAN): i.e., IEEE
802.11a/b/g
Wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN):
Range up to 50 kilometers
Wireless wide area network (WWAN): Connects
networks in different geographical areas

(continued)
Figure 12-1: Wireless network distances

(continued)
Figure 12-2: Point-to-point transmission

(continued)
Figure 12-3: Point-to-multipoint transmission

(continued)
WPANs encompass technology designed for
portable devices
PDAs, cell phones, tablet or laptop computers
Low transmission speeds
Three main categories:

IEEE 802.15 standards
Radio frequency ID (RFID)
IrDA
WPANs: IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)

Bluetooth uses short-range RF transmissions
Users can connect wirelessly to wide range of
computing and telecommunications devices
Rapid and ad hoc connections between devices
802.15.1 adapted and expanded from Bluetooth

Designed for area of about 10 meters
Rate of transmission below 1 Mbps
Two types of 802.15.1 network topologies

Piconet
Scatternet
WPANs: IEEE 802.15.1 (continued)

Piconet: When two 802.15.1 devices come within
range, automatically connect
Master: Controls wireless traffic
Slave: Takes commands from master
Piconet has one master and at least one slave
Active slave: Connected to piconet and sending

transmissions
Parked slave: Connected but not actively
participating
Figure 12-4: Piconet
10
Figure 12-5: Slave device detected by a master device
11

Devices in piconet can be in one of five modes:
Standby: Waiting to join a piconet
Inquire: Device looking for devices to connect to
Page: Master device asking to connect to specific
slave
Connected: Active slave or master
Park/Hold: Part of piconet but in low-power state
Scatternet: Group of piconets in which

connections exist between different piconets
802.15.1 uses FHSS
12
Figure 12-6: Scatternet
13
Table 12-1: Comparison of 802.15.1 speed
14
WPANs: IEEE 802.15.3

Created in response to limitations of 802.15.1
High-rate WPANs
Two main applications:

Video and audio distribution for home entertainment
systems
High-speed digital video transfer
High-density MPEG2 transfer between video
players/gateways and multiple HD displays
Home theater
PC to LCD projector
Interactive video gaming
High speed data transfer
15

Differences between 802.15.3 and 802.15.1
Quality of Service (QoS)

Security
High data rates
Spectrum utilization
Coexistence
Table 12-2: IEEE 802.15.3 security modes
16

802.15.3a: Will support data transfers up to 110
Mbps between max of 245 devices at 10 meters
Ultrawideband (UWB)
Intended to compete with USB 2.0 and FireWire
IEEE 802.15.3b task group working on improving

implementation and interoperability of 802.15.3
IEEE 802.15.3c task group developing alternative
physical layer standard that could increase speeds
up to 2 Gbps
17
WPANs: IEEE 802.15.4

Sometimes preferable to have low-speed, lowpower wireless devices
Size can be dramatically reduced
IEEE 802.15.4 standard addresses requirements

for RF transmissions requiring low power
consumption and cost
Table 12-3: IEEE 802.15.4 data rates and frequencies
18

ZigBee Alliance: Industry consortium that promotes
802.15.4 standard
Figure 12-7: ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4
19
WPANs: Radio Frequency ID (RFID)
Figure 12-8: RFID tag
20
WPANs: Radio Frequency ID

(continued)
Passive RFID tags: No power supply
Can be very small
Limited amount of information transmitted
Active RFID tags: Must have power source

Longer ranges/larger memories than passive tags
Table 12-4: RFID tags
21
WPANs: IrDA
Infrared Data Association
IrDA specifications include standards for physical
devices and network protocols they use to
communicate
Devices communicate using infrared light-emitting
diodes
Recessed into device
Many design considerations affect IrDA performance
22
WPANs: IrDA (continued)
Figure 12-9: IrDA diodes in device
23
WPANs: IrDA (continued)

IrDA drawbacks:
Designed to work like standard serial port on a
personal computer, which is seldom used today
Cannot send and receive simultaneously
Strong ambient light can negatively impact
transmissions
Angle and distance limitation between
communicating devices
24
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks

Cover an area of up to 50 kilometers (31 miles)
Used for two primary reasons:
Alternative to an organizations wired backhaul
connection
i.e., T1, T3, T4 lines
Fiber Optics
Very expensive to install backhaul connections
Often less expensive to use a WMAN to link remote
sites
25
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks

(continued)
Used for two primary reasons (continued):
Overcome last mile connection
Connection that begins at a fast Internet service
provider, goes through local neighborhood, and ends
at the home or office
Slower-speed connection
Bottleneck
26
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks:

Free Space Optics
Optical, wireless, point-to-point, line-of-sight
wireless technology
Able to transmit at speed comparable to Fiber Optics
Transmissions sent by low-powered IR beams
Advantages compared to fiber optic and RF:
Lower installation costs

Faster installation
Scaling transmission speed
Good security
Atmospheric conditions can affect transmission

27

Local Multipoint Distribution Service
(LMDS)
LMDS provides wide variety of wireless services
High-frequency, low-powered RF waves have limited
range
Point-to-multipoint signal transmission
Signals transmitted back are point-to-point
Voice, data, Internet, and video traffic

Local carrier determines services offered
LMDS network is composed of cells

Cell size affected by line of site, antenna height,
overlapping cells, and rainfall
28

LMDS (continued)
Figure 12-11: LMDS cell
29

Multichannel Multipoint Distribution
Service (MMDS)
Many similarities to LMDS
Differs in area of transmission
Higher downstream transmission, lower upstream
transmission, greater range
In homes, alternative to cable modems and DSL

service
For businesses, alternative to T1 or fiber optic
connections
MMDS hub typically located at a very high point
On top of building, towers, mountains
30

MMDS (continued)
Hub uses point-to-multipoint architecture
Multiplexes communications to multiple users
Tower has backhaul connection
MMDS uses cells

Single MMDS cell as large as 100 LDMS cells
Receiving end uses pizza box antenna

Advantages:
Transmission range, cell size, low vulnerability to
poor weather conditions
Still requires line-of-site, not encrypted

31

IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)
High potential
Can connect IEEE 802.11 hotspots to Internet
Can provide alternative to cable and DSL for last
mile connection
Up to 50 kilometers of linear service area range
Does not require direct line of sight
Provides shared data rates up to 70 Mbps
Uses scheduling system

Device competes once for initial network entry
32

IEEE 802.16 (continued)
Currently addresses only devices in fixed positions
802.16e will add mobile devices to the standard
IEEE 802.20 standard: Sets standards for mobility

over large areas
Will permit users to roam at high speeds
WiMAX base stations installed by a wireless

Internet service provider (wireless ISP) can send
high-speed Internet connections to homes and
businesses in a radius of up to 50 km (31 miles)
33
Wireless Wide Area Networks

(WWANS)
Wireless networks extending beyond 50 kilometers
(31 miles)
Two primary technologies:
Digital cellular telephony
Satellites
34
Digital Cellular Telephony

Two keys to cellular telephone networks:
Coverage area divided into cells
Cell transmitter at center

Mobile devices communicate with cell center via RF
Transmitters connected to base station,
Each base station connected to a mobile
telecommunications switching office (MTSO)
Link between cellular and wired telephone network
All transmitters and cell phones operate at low power

Enables frequency reuse
35
Digital Cellular Telephony (continued)
Figure 12-13: Frequency reuse
36
Satellites
Satellite use falls into three broad categories:
Acquire scientific data, perform research
Examine Earth
Military and weather satellites
Reflectors
Relay signals
Communications, navigation, broadcast
37
Satellites (continued)
Satellite systems classified by type of orbit:
Low earth orbiting (LEO): Small area of earth
coverage
Over 225 satellites needed for total coverage of earth
Must travel very fast
Medium earth orbiting (MEO): Larger area of

coverage than LEO
Do not need to travel as fast
Geosynchronous earth orbiting (GEO): orbit

matches earths rotation
Fixed position
Very large coverage area
38
Satellites (continued)
Figure 12-14: LEO coverage area
39
The Future of Wireless Networks

IEEE 802.11 subcommittees currently at work:
802.11d: Supplementary to 802.11 MAC layer
Promote worldwide use of 802.11 WLANs
802.11f: Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP)

Will assist with faster handoff from one AP to another
802.11h: Supplement to MAC layer to comply with

European regulations for 5 GHz WLANs
802.11j: Incorporates Japanese regulatory
extensions to 802.11a standard
802.11s: Defines a mesh wireless network
Devices configure themselves and are intelligent
40
Summary
WPANs encompass technology that is designed for
portable devices, typically PDAs, cell phones, and
tablet or laptop computers at transmission speeds
lower than the other types of networks
The IEEE 802.15 standards address wireless
personal area networks
RFID is not a standard but is a technology that
uses RF tags to transmit information
IrDA technology uses infrared transmissions to
transmit data at speeds from 9,600 bps to 16 Mbps
41
Summary (continued)
FSO is an optical, wireless, point-to-point wireless
metropolitan area network technology
LMDS can provide a wide variety of wireless
services, including high-speed Internet access,
real-time multimedia file transfer, remote access to
local area networks, interactive video, video-ondemand, video conferencing, and telephone
MMDS has many of similarities to LMDS, yet has a
longer distance range
42
Summary (continued)
The IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) standard holds great
promise for providing higher throughput rates for
fixed location and mobile users
Wireless wide area network (WWAN) technology
encompasses digital cellular telephony and satellite
The future of wireless networks is hard to predict,
but most experts agree that wireless networks will
be faster, more global, and easier to use in the
years ahead
43

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CWNA Guide to Wireless

LANs, Second Edition

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

Wireless Personal Area Networks

Wireless Personal Area Networks

Figure 12-1: Wireless network distances

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

Wireless Personal Area Networks

Figure 12-2: Point-to-point transmission

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

Wireless Personal Area Networks

Figure 12-3: Point-to-multipoint transmission

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

Wireless Personal Area Networks

Three main categories:

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

WPANs: IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)

802.15.1 adapted and expanded from Bluetooth

Two types of 802.15.1 network topologies

WPANs: IEEE 802.15.1 (continued)

Active slave: Connected to piconet and sending

WPANs: IEEE 802.15.1 (continued)

Figure 12-4: Piconet

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

WPANs: IEEE 802.15.1 (continued)

Figure 12-5: Slave device detected by a master device

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

WPANs: IEEE 802.15.1 (continued)

Scatternet: Group of piconets in which

WPANs: IEEE 802.15.1 (continued)

Figure 12-6: Scatternet

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

WPANs: IEEE 802.15.1 (continued)

Table 12-1: Comparison of 802.15.1 speed

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

WPANs: IEEE 802.15.3

Two main applications:

High speed data transfer

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

WPANs: IEEE 802.15.3 (continued)

Quality of Service (QoS)

Table 12-2: IEEE 802.15.3 security modes

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

WPANs: IEEE 802.15.3 (continued)

IEEE 802.15.3b task group working on improving

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

WPANs: IEEE 802.15.4

IEEE 802.15.4 standard addresses requirements

Table 12-3: IEEE 802.15.4 data rates and frequencies

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

WPANs: IEEE 802.15.4 (continued)

Figure 12-7: ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

WPANs: Radio Frequency ID (RFID)

Figure 12-8: RFID tag

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

WPANs: Radio Frequency ID

Active RFID tags: Must have power source

Table 12-4: RFID tags

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edit

WPANs: IrDA (continued)

Figure 12-9: IrDA diodes in device