a

()

,
.

CPU

. 1. .

.


.

( ),
.
( ),
( )

.

2n
K ,
M=2n/K.
C (C<<M) K
.


.

0
1
2

0
1
2
3

(K )

..
.

..
.
C-1

(K )

2n-1

. 2. .

RA CPU-a

RA ?

RA
CPU-

RA

. 3. .

RA
CPU-

. 4. .

.
,


.

.

.


.

. .

L1 1

L2

L3

IBM 360/85

Mainframe

1968

16-32 kB

PDP-11/70

1975

1kB

VAX 11/780

1978

16kB

IBM 3033

Mainframe

1978

64kB

IBM 3090

Mainframe

1985

128-256kB

Intel 80486

PC

1989

8kB

Pentium

PC

1993

8kB/8kB

256kB-512kB

PowerPC 601

PC

1993

32kB

PowerPC 602

PC

1996

32kB/32kB

PowerPC G4

PC/

1999

32kB/32kB

256kB-1MB

2MB

IBM S/390 G4

Mainframe

1997

32kB

256kB

2MB

IBM S/390 G6

Mainframe

1999

256kB

8MB

Pentium 4

PC/

2000

8kB/8kB

256kB

High-end /

2001

64kB/32kB

8MB

CRAY MTA2

PC/

2001

16kB/16kB

96kB

4MB

Itanium

PC/

2001

16kB/16kB

96kB

4MB

High-end

2001

32kB/32kB

4MB

IBM SP

SGI Origin 2001

1
2

. :

.
.
- .

, ,

64kB,

4B.
16k=214
4B.

16MB
24-
(224=16).

i = j mod m

i
j
m

.

.
w
.

s
2s .
s
s-r ( )
r .
m=2r .

. 5. .

= (s+w) .
= 2s+w.
= = 2w.
= 2s+w/ 2w= 2s.
= m = 2r .
= (s-r) .

0
1
..
.

0, m, 2m, , 2s-m
1, m + 1, 2m + 1, , 2s - m + 1
..
.

m-1

m - 1, 2m - 1, 3m - 1, , 2s 1

0
1
..
.
214 - 1

000000, 010000, , FF0000

000004, 010004, , FF0004
..
.
00FFFC, 01FFFC, , FFFFFC

00, 01, ..., FF.

. 6. .

,


( trashing ).

.


.

.


.

. 7. .

= (s+w) .
= 2s+w.
= = 2w.
= 2s+w/ 2w=
2s.
= .
= s .

. 8. .

.

.

-

.

v k
:
m = vk
i = j mod v

i

j

m

k - .
Bj
i.

: , . d
v=2d . s
2s
.

. 9. k- - .

= (s+w) .
= 2s+w.
= = 2w.
= 2s+w/ 2w=
2s.
= k
= v=2d
= kv=k2d.
= (s-d) .

. 10. - .

,
.

!
-

.

.

LRU (Least Recently Used).

FIFO (First In First Out)
LFU (Least Frequently Used)

.

.
,
.

(. / DMA).
,
.


.

Write through:

.
Write back:


.

.
,
/
!

.
,
.
,

.

/ 8-32
HPC 64-128.

.

.

on-chip .
off-chip
.
: L1 (on-chip) i L2 (off-chip).

on-chip
,

.
:

.

.

(Pentium
PowerPC).


/
.