LI NI U

---oOo--T xa n nay, ni n chn lun l vn c con ngi quan tm hng u. Bi

l, mi phong tc, tp qun, sinh hot, n ung ca ta u bt u t y. T xa xa, t tin ta
bit dng cc hang ng c ng v sinh sng, ri t pht kin ra nhng cch to
dng cho mnh ni u tin nh bit xp chng cc khi tng thch ln nhau hay gn
kt chng bng nhng cht kt dnh th c sn nh t st, thch cao, v.v chnh l
nhng phng thc xy dng u tin ca con ngi. Qua cc thi k, nhu cu ca con
ngi v ni li cng cao i hi vt liu lm ra phi cng c nhiu c tnh k thut tt
(c bn cao hn, chng chu n mn tt, cch m, cch nhit tt, v.v). Ngoi ra, s pht
trin ca x hi loi ngi cn gn lin vi s pht trin ca cng c sn xut v k thut, m
vt liu l yu t quyt nh cho hai ngnh ny.
Ngy nay, vi s pht trin nh v bo ca khoa hc v k thut th vai tr ca ngnh
vt liu hc cng ngy cng tr nn quan trng hn. C rt nhiu loi vt liu mi vi nhng
tnh nng vt tri, c bit c ra i nhm p ng nhu cu pht trin ca khoa hc
cng ngh v i sng nh vt liu p in, vt liu siu dn, v.v Tuy nhin vt liu truyn
thng nh thp vn gi mt vai tr quan trng trong sn xut v i sng ca chng ta bi v
so vi cc loi vt liu khc th vic sn xut ra thp vi khi lng ln l d dng, t tn
km; hn na, ta c th iu chnh hm lng, phng php x l, nu luyn to ra nhiu
loi thp khc nhau nhm p ng cc mc ch s dng khc nhau trong thc t.
Trong cuc sng, ta d dng bt gp cc loi dng, chi tit, my mc, c ch to
t thp. Tuy nhin, khng phi chi tit no cng c lm t cng mt loi thp; phi ty vo
chc nng, mc ch s dng v yu cu ca chi tit cn ch to la chn loi thp cho
ph hp. C nh vy th chi tit to ra mi m bo c cht lng.
gip lm r hn v cc loi thp, c tnh k thut, ng dng cng nh cch bo
qun thp, nhm chng em xin mang n cho cc bn ti Vt liu thp trong bi tiu
lun nho nh ny!
Bi thuyt trnh c th cha hon thin v cn nhiu thiu st nhng nhm chng em
hy vng c c th xem xt v a ra nhiu kin ng gp khch quan bi lm c hon
chnh hn.
Nhm chng em xin chn thnh cm n c!

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MC LC
LI NI U ..............................................................................................................1
MC LC .................................................................................................................... 2
NI DUNG .................................................................................................................. 4
I. Khi nim................................................................................................................ 4
II. Ngun gc................................................................................................................ 4
III. Phn loi.................................................................................................................. 4
1) Phn loi theo thnh phn ha hc.....................................................................4
a) Thp cacbon.....................................................................................................5
b) Thp hp kim................................................................................................... 5
2) Phn loi theo mc ch......................................................................................6
a) Thp kt cu.....................................................................................................6
b) Thp dng c................................................................................................... 6
c) Theo tnh cht vt l c bit...........................................................................6
3) Phn loi theo cht lng thp............................................................................7
a) Thp cht lng bnh thng...........................................................................7
b) Thp cht lng tt..........................................................................................7
c) Thp cht lng cao........................................................................................7
d) Thp cht lng cao c bit...........................................................................7
4) Phn loi theo mc oxi ha.................................................................................7
a) Thp lng......................................................................................................... 7
b) Thp si........................................................................................................... 7
c) Thp bn lng.................................................................................................. 8
IV. c tnh k thut ca thp.....................................................................................8
1) Cc thng s k thut...........................................................................................8
a) Cu trc tinh th..............................................................................................8
b) Thnh phn ha hc........................................................................................8
c) S hiu ca thp xy dng...............................................................................8
Thp carbon:.................................................................................................8
Thp hp kim thp:......................................................................................9
2) S lm vic ca thp............................................................................................9
a) S lm vic ca thp chu ko..........................................................................9
Giai on n hi:........................................................................................9
Giai on chy:.............................................................................................9
Giai on cng c (ti bn):.........................................................................9
b) S lm vic ca thp chu nn.........................................................................9
c) S lm vic ca thp chu un.......................................................................10

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Giai on n hi:......................................................................................10
Giai on c bin dng do:.......................................................................10
3) Cc hin tng ph hoi....................................................................................10
V. Cc phng php sn xut thp..........................................................................11
1) Phng php Bessemer......................................................................................11
2) Phng php Martin..........................................................................................12
3) Phng php l in..........................................................................................12
VI. ng dng ca thp...............................................................................................13
1) Thp khng g (Inox)..........................................................................................13
a) Trong dn dng..............................................................................................13
b) Trong cng nghip.........................................................................................13
Cng nghip nng:......................................................................................13
Cng nghip nh:........................................................................................13
2) Thp silic............................................................................................................14
3) Thp cacbon.......................................................................................................14
VII. Bo qun thp..................................................................................................14
VIII. Cc loi thp....................................................................................................15
1) Thp khng g (Inox)..........................................................................................15
Ngun gc:.................................................................................................15
B n ti sao thp li khng g:...................................................................16
Phn loi:....................................................................................................16
Cc c tnh ca nhm thp khng g Inox:...........................................17
2) ng dng ca cc loi thp khng g................................................................18
3) Thp Silic........................................................................................................... 19
a) Khi nim.......................................................................................................19
b) c tnh......................................................................................................... 19
c) Thnh phn.................................................................................................... 20
d) Ch to........................................................................................................... 20
e) Phn loi........................................................................................................20
f)
Thp cun Silic khng nh hng cn ngui................................................20
ng dng:...................................................................................................21
4) Thp Carbon......................................................................................................21
a) Khi nim.......................................................................................................21
b) Phn loi........................................................................................................21
Theo t chc t vi v hm lng carbon trn gin trng thi Fe C:....21
Theo cng dng:.........................................................................................22
Theo phng php luyn kim:....................................................................22
Theo phng php kh oxi:.......................................................................22
Theo hm lng carbon:.............................................................................22
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LI KT ..................................................................................................................... 23

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NI DUNG
I. Khi nim
Thp l hp kim vi thnh phn chnh l st (Fe), vi cacbon (C), t 0,02% n 2,06% theo
trng lng, v mt s nguyn t ha hc khc. Chng lm tng cng, hn ch s di
chuyn ca nguyn t st trong cu trc tinh th di tc ng ca nhiu nguyn nhn khc
nhau. S lng khc nhau ca cc nguyn t v t l ca chng trong thp nhm mc ch
kim sot cc mc tiu cht lng nh cng, n hi, tnh d un, v sc bn ko t.
Thp vi t l cacbon cao c th tng cng cng v cng lc ko t so vi st, nhng
li gin v d gy hn. T l ha tan ti a ca carbon trong st l 2,06% theo trng lng (
trng thi Austenit) xy ra 1.1470C; nu lng cacbon cao hn hay nhit ha tan thp
hn trong qu trnh sn xut, sn phm s l xementit c cng lc km hn. Pha trn vi
cacbon cao hn 2,06% s c gang. Thp cng c phn bit vi st rn, v st rn c rt t
hay khng c cacbon, thng l t hn 0,035%. Ngy nay ngi ta gi ngnh cng nghip
thp (khng gi l ngnh cng nghip st v thp), nhng trong lch s, l 2 sn phm
khc nhau. Ngy nay c mt vi loi thp m trong cacbon c thay th bng cc hn
hp vt liu khc, v cacbon nu c, ch l khng c a chung.

II. Ngun gc
Trc thi k Phc Hng ngi ta ch to thp vi nhiu phng php km hiu
qu, nhng n th k 17 sau tm ra cc phng php c hiu qu hn th vic s dng thp
tr nn ph bin hn. Vi vic pht minh ra quy trnh Bessemer vo gi th k 19, thp tr
thnh mt loi hng ho c sn xut hng lot t tn km. Trong qu trnh sn xut cng
tinh luyn tt hn nh phng php thi xy, th gi thnh sn xut cng thp ng thi tng
cht lng ca kim loi. Ngy nay thp l mt trong nhng vt liu ph bin nht trn th
gii v l thnh phn chnh trong xy dng, dng, cng nghip c kh. Thng thng thp
c phn thnh nhiu cp bc v c cc t chc nh gi xc nhn theo chun ring.
III. Phn loi
1) Phn loi theo thnh phn ha hc

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Trong s ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc th thp c phn loi thnh thp cacbon
v thp hp kim.
a) Thp cacbon
Chim t trng ln nht trong tng sn lng thp (khong 80% 90%). i vi thp
cacbon th theo th t c th phn thnh :

- Thp cha t cacbon ,i vi thp ny th thnh phn cacbon trong thp ko vt qu

0,25%, c trng ca thp ny l do dai cao, nhng bn cng thp
Thp cha cacbon trung bnh, thnh phn cacbon trong thp chim t 0,25% 0,6%. Thp
ny th bn, cng cao, dng ch to cc chi tit my chu ti trng tnh v chu v
p cao.
- Thp nhiu cacbon, thnh phn cacbon trong thp cao hn 0,6% (ko vt qu 2,14%),
thp ny dng ch to dng c ct, khun dp, dng c o lng.
b) Thp hp kim
C bn cao hn hn thp cacbon, nht l sau khi ti v ram. i vi thp hp kim
th c th phn loi thnh:

- Hp kim thp, thnh phn cc nguyn t hp kim trong thp khng vt qu 2,5%.

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- Hp kim trung bnh, thnh phn cc nguyn t hp kim trong thp chim t 2,5
10%.
- Hp kim cao, thnh phn cc nguyn t hp kim trong thp cao hn 10%.
2) Phn loi theo mc ch
Theo mc ch th thp c phn thnh cc nhm sau:
a) Thp kt cu
Khi lng ln nht. Dng sn xut, ch to cc sn phm dng trong ngnh xy
dng v c kh ch to my:

b) Thp dng c
Cng v chng mi mn, v vy dng sn xut cc dng c ct, gt, dng c o
lng, ch to khun dp.

c) Theo tnh cht vt l c bit

- Chng hn nh t vic xc nh tnh cht t ca thp
hay l h s n di nh, m ta phn thnh: thp k thut in,

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- Theo tnh cht ha hc t bit : chng hn nh phn thnh thp chu nng hay thp
bn nng, thp ko g
3) Phn loi theo cht lng thp
T s c mt ca cc tp cht c hi: lu hunh v phtpho trong thnh phn ca hn
hp thp ta c th chia nh thnh cc nhm sau:
a) Thp cht lng bnh thng
Thnh phn thp cha khong 0,06% lu hunh v 0,07% photpho trong hn hp,
thp c luyn t l L D, nng sut thp cao v gi thnh r.
b) Thp cht lng tt
Thnh phn thp cha khong 0,035% lu hynh v 0,035% photpho trong hn hp,
c luyn l mactanh v l in h quang.
c) Thp cht lng cao
Thnh phn thp cha khong 0,025% lu hynh v 0,025% photpho trong hn hp,
c luyn l in h quang dng nguyn liu cht lng cao.
d) Thp cht lng cao c bit
Thnh phn thp cha khong 0,025% phtpho v 0,015% lu hunh trong hn hp,
c luyn l in h quang, sau c tinh luyn tip tc bng c chn khng, bng
in x.
4) Phn loi theo mc oxi ha
Da vo mc oxi t thp chng ta phn loi ra cc nhm sau:
a) Thp lng
L thp oxi ha hon ton, thp ny cng bn, kh dp ngui, khng b r kh khi c,
nhng co lm ln, khng c p lm, dng cho cc kt cu hn, thm cacbon.
b) Thp si
L thp oxi ha km, thp ny mm, do, d dp ngui, khng dng thp si c
nh hnh v s sinh bt kh lm gim cht lng, ngoi ra cng khng c dng thp si
lm chi tit thm cacbon v bn cht ht ln.

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c) Thp bn lng
- L thp chim v tr trung gian ca 2 loi thp trn (thp lng v thp si), dng
thay th cho thp si.
- i vi thp phn loi theo s oxi ha th k hiu c vit sau cng ca mc thp:
thp lng thng k hiu bng ch l, tuy nhin i vi thp lng th ngi ta b qua k hiu
ny, thp si k hiu l ch ci: s, cn thp bn lng k hiu bng ch: n (theo k hiu
Vit Nam).
IV. c tnh k thut ca thp
1) Cc thng s k thut
a) Cu trc tinh th
Cu trc thp (hnh 1.1) to bi:
- Ferit: Fe nguyn cht, chim 99% th tch, do v
mm.
- Ximentic: Hp cht Fe3C, cng v gin do thnh
phn C.
- Mng peclit: Hn hp Fe v Fe 3C, l mng n hi,
bao quanh ferit. Mng cng dy, thp cng cng v km
do.
b) Thnh phn ha hc
- Fe chim 99%.
- C: C hm lng nh hn 1,7%. Lng C cng cao, thp c cng ln nhng gin
nn kh hn v kh gia cng. Yu cu thp xy dng c: %C<0,22%.
- Cc thnh phn c li:
Mn: 0,4 0,65 %. Tng cng , dai, nhng lm thp gin %Mn<1,5%
Si:0,12 0,35%. Tng cng nhng gim tnh chng g, kh hn %Si<0,3%.
- Cc thanh phn c hi:
P: Gim tnh do v dai va chm, thp gin nhit thp.
S: Lm thp gin nhit cao, d nt khi rn v hn.
O2, N2: Lm thp gin, cu trc khng thun nht %O2<0,05%; %N2<0,0015%.
Ngoi ra, trong thp hp kim cn c thm mt s thnh phn Ni, Cr, Cu ci thin
tnh cht thp.
c) S hiu ca thp xy dng
Thp carbon:
Theo k hiu Lin X (c) t CT 0 CT7. Ch s cng cao hm lng C cng ln, thp
c cng cao nhng km do kh hn v gia cng.
- CT0: Do, dng lm kt cu khng chu lc: bulng thng, inh tn, chi tit
- CT1, CT2: Mm, cng thp, dng trong kt cu v.
- CT3: Ph bin nht trong xy dng, thng l thp l bng-si hoc thp na
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tnh. Kt cu chu ti trng nng, ng dng thp l bng-tnh.

- CT4: Cng cao, dung trong cng nghip ong tau.
- CT5: Kh gia cng ch to, kh hn ch dng cho kt cu inh tn.
- CT6, CT7: Qu cng, gin khng dng c trong xy dng, ch dng lm my
cng c
Thp hp kim thp:
Ngy cng ph bin trong xy dng nh cng cao, bn v chng g tt.
Theo k hiu Lin X (c), cc ch s ch thnh phn ha hc v hm lng C.
V d: 15XCH: 0,15% C, C: Silic, H: Ni , : Cu.
2) S lm vic ca thp
a) S lm vic ca thp chu ko
Giai on n hi:
Tng quan gia P v L bc nht. Lc
ln nht trong giai on ny l lc t l Ptl, ng
sut tng ng trong mu l gii hn t l:
tl

Ptl
A0

Giai on chy:
Lc ko khng tng nhng bin dng
tng lin tc. Lc ko tng ng l lc chy Pch
v ta c gii hn chy:
ch

Pch
A0

Giai on cng c (ti bn):

Tng quan gia P v bin dng L l
ng cong. Lc ln nht l lc bn Pb v ta c
gii hn bn:
b

Pb
A0

b) S lm vic ca thp chu nn

Khi nn mu vt liu, ta ch xc nh c gii hn t l v gii hn chy, m khng
xc nh c gii hn bn do s phnh ngang ca mu lm cho din tch mt ct ngang mu
lin tc tng ln. Sau th nghim mu c dng hnh trng.

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c) S lm vic ca thp chu un

Giai on n hi:
Khi P nh, biu ng sut dng tam gic. Cc thnh phn ni lc M sinh ra
ng sut php v Q sinh ra ng sut tip T .
Giai on c bin dng do:
Tip tc tng P, do tnh cht thm chy nn d bin dng tng, ng sut cc th bin
vn khng tng, ch c ng sut cc th bn trong tip tc tng v t gii hn chy, vng
do lan dn vo cc th trong. Khi ton b tit din t gii hn chy = c, biu ng
sut c dng hnh ch nht (II). Ti tit din t lc P xut hin khp do lm hai phn
dm c th xoay c. trng thi ny, ton b tit din dm lm vic trong gii hn do.
Momen t gi tr gii hn v khng tng c na, dm b ph hoi.
3) Cc hin tng ph hoi
S ph hoi ca thp khi lm vic c 2 loi:
- Ph hoi do: Ph hoi khi bin dng ln, xy ra do s trt ca cc phn t khi
ngoi lc tc dng ln hn lc chng trt gia chng.
- Ph hoai gin: Ph hoi khi bin dng cn nh, t ngt v km theo vt nt do cc
phn t tch ri nhau khi lc tng tc gia chng mt i Nguy him hn nhiu so
vi ph hoi gin.

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Thp lun c lc chng trt nh hn lc ko t nn bnh thng thp ch c th

b ph hoi do (mt kh nng chu lc do bin dng qu ln). Trong nhng iu kin
c bit (thp b lo ha, bin cng, chu ng sut cc b, chu ti trng lp) thp mi
b ph hoi gin (t gy, sp ) rt nguy him.
-

V. Cc phng php sn xut thp

Nguyn tc sn xut thp l gim hm lng cc tp cht C, Si, S, P, Mn, c trong
gang bng cch oxi ha cc tp cht thnh oxit ri bin thnh x v tch ra khi thp.
Thp c sn xut ch yu bng cc phng php sau: phng php l Bessemer,
phng php l Martin, phng php l in, v.v
1) Phng php Bessemer
Trong phng php ny gang
lng c. vo mt l c hnh v
trng, v s c t nng bi dng
khng kh thi t y l. Lc ny, qu
trnh oxi ha cc tp cht bt u din
ra, nhit m thp cng bt u tng.
Do vy, ty thuc vo thnh phn v
nhit gang lng c th dng n 2%
silic nu l quy trnh acid v 1,5 2%
phospho nu l quy trnh basic duy tr
nhit .
Qu trnh thi kh khi tinh luyn
s to ra ngn la trn ming l ko di
khong 25 pht iu ny gy kh khn
cho vic kim sot thnh phn v cht
lng thp.
L Bessemer c th chuyn ng theo trc nm ngang, nn kh, khng kh vi p sut
cao. Cc phn ng kt thc trong vng 15 pht
Cc l chuyn thng c nng sut t 15 n 25 ton/m. Phng php ny cung cp
thp gi thnh r dng trong ng tu v kt cu thp.

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2) Phng php Martin

Np vo l: gang, thp ph liu, cht
chy.
t l bng du mazut hoc kh t,
khng kh giu oxi, nhit 17000C. Khi ,
trong l s xy ra cc phn ng:
Fe2O3 + 3C 2Fe + 3CO
Phng php ny thng cho nng
sut t 100 200 ton/m. Thi gian luyn
thp mi m thng di (10 12 gi).
3) Phng php l in
Phng php ny dng h quang chy gia cc
in cc carbon v phi lm nng chy phi liu.
Thng c dng ti ch thp t cc ph liu
hoc phi thp c luyn th, nh x theo qui
trnh basic, mc ch chnh l kh phospho. X c
loi b nh quay nghing l, sau cc hp cht
vi c a vo loi lu hunh v kh oxi m
luyn. Nh c th ko di thi gian nng chy v
nh x nn cc kh ha tan v tp cht c loi b
trit hn, kt qu l m thp sch v c cht lng
cao hn. Phng php ny thng dng luyn cc
mc thp hp kim cht lng cao nh thp inox, thp
bn nhit (heat resisting steels) v thp dng c (thp gi high speed steel), v.v
Phng php
Phng php
Phng php
Phng php
u/Nhc
Bessemer
Martin
l in
- Thi gian luyn - Luyn c thp
thp nhanh (15).
c cht lng cao, - Luyn c nhng
- Thit b n gin, thnh phn nh mong loi thp c bit.
u im
vn u t t.
mun.
- Cht lng thp
- Khng cn nhin - Khi lng mi m cao.
liu.
ln (100 200 ton).
- Thi gian luyn
- Khng luyn c
di, tn nhin liu.
thp c thnh phn
- Cha iu ch Dung tch nh. Khi
nh mong mun.
Nhc im
c nhng thp hp lng mi m thp
- Cht lng thp
kim cha kim loi khng ln.
khng cao (gin do
kh nng chy (Mo,
c ha tan N, O).
W, Cr,).

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VI. ng dng ca thp

1) Thp khng g (Inox)
Inox hay thp khng r l mt dng hp kim thp c tng hp t cc loi kim loi
mu c kh nng chu mi mn, chng oxi ha rt cao nn c ng dng kh rng ri trong
i sng hin nay.
c tnh ca inox l khng nhim t, mm do, d un v d gia cng nn inox c th
to ra nhng vt dng mang tnh thm m cao. cng chnh l l do inox c ng dng
trong hu ht cc ngnh dn dng v cng nghip.
a) Trong dn dng
Khi i sng con ngi ngy cng c nng cao,
nguyn vt liu inox s thay th dn vt liu thp en v
ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc dn
dng:
- Thit b vt t y t
- Vt liu trang tr ni tht cho cc nh hng, khch
sn, ga tu, bn xe v ni cng cng
- Lm gia dng nh ph kin nh bp, bn cha
nc, l nng, bp ga, bp cng nghip, dng c nh bp,
thit b kh mi, thit b v sinh, v.v
b) Trong cng nghip
Trong cng nghip, inox c tn gi k thut l thp khng g. Thp khng g c
s dng rt nhiu trong cc ngnh cng nghip, c cng nghip nng v cng nghip nh.
Cng nghip nng:
- Cng nghip ng tu, cng nghip du kh (ng kh dn du v kh ga cng
nghip), cng nghip luyn clanke cc nh my xi mng.
- Cc cng trnh thy in, cc nh my ha cht.
Cng nghip nh:
- Phc v cc ngnh ha thc phm nh: Cc nh my
hp, nh my bia, nh my ha cht
- Nh my ch bin thy sn ng lnh.
- Hin nay, theo nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc, vt
liu inox cun b mt c bng BA cn dng cn sng
thay th cho tn lp. Vt liu ny c tc dng phn quang,
ht nhit ln khng trung lm gim nhit trong cc nh
xng cc khu cng nghip v cc mi nh dn dng. Ty
theo v tr a hnh to ra gc lp, dc ca mi lm
phn quang li nh sng mt tri. y l pht minh mi nht
ca cc nh khoa hc cho nguyn vt liu thp khng g.

Nhm 2 Vt liu thp

ng dn bng inox

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GVHD: C Nguyn Thanh Bo Nghi

2) Thp silic
Thp silic c s dng rng ri trong ngnh ch
to my in, nh cc ng c in, my bin p
Trong k thut dng rt nhiu cc thp silic vi lng
cacbon rt thp (m thc cht l hp kim st silic v hu nh
khng cha cacbon) lm nam chm in, li my bin p v
stato my in
3) Thp cacbon
- Cc thp c hm lng carbon
thp ( 0,25%) ni chung do, mm v
bn, cng thp, hiu qu ha bn
bng nhit luyn nh ti v ram khng
cao, nn chng c dng ch yu lm
cc chi tit cn qua dp ngui (l nhng
sn phm cn do cao v khng cn
qua nhit luyn) v lm cc kt cu xy
dng. Mun tng hiu qa ca nhit
luyn ca cc thp ny cn phi qua
thm carbon lp b mt.
- Cc thp vi hm lng carbon trung bnh (0,3 0,5%) c c tnh tng hp cao v c
s hi ha gia bn, cng, do v dai. Cc thp ny thng c dng lm cc
vt liu kt cu nh cc chi tit chu ti trng tnh v va p cao nh trc truyn lc, bnh
rng,
- Cc thp c hm lng carbon tng i cao (0,55 0,7%) c cng cao v gii
hn n hi cao nht nn thng c s dng lm cc chi tit n hi nh l xo, nhp.
- Cc thp c hm lng carbon cao ( 0,7%) c cng v tnh chng mi mn cao,
nn thng c dng lm dng c ct gt, dng c o, khun dp ngui,
- Ch rng, ngoi nh hng n c tnh, carbon coi nh hng n mt s tnh cht
ha l ca thp. Chng hn khi hm lng carbon tng, mt (khi lng ring ) cng
t thm () v kh nng chng n mn ca thp gim i cn in tr () v lc kh t (Hc)
li tng ln.
VII. Bo qun thp
Thp l vt liu d b n mn do cc tc dng vt l, ha hc ca mi trng. Do
phi c bo qun ni kh ro, trnh t trn nn t.
Kho cha thp phi cao ro, thong, khng dt, khng ht ma. Thp trong kho phi
xp ring tng loi. Thp thanh c b thnh tng b xp trn cc gi .
Thp si c cun thnh cun. Thp li c cun hoc phng. Khi s dng
thp phi s dng ng loi, lm sch g, du, m (nu c).
Trong qu trnh s dng, thp l loi vt liu d b n mn, dng n mn ph bin l
n mn ho hc v n mn in ho. bo v vt liu thp cho kt cu c th p dng mt

Nhm 2 Vt liu thp

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GVHD: C Nguyn Thanh Bo Nghi

s bin php sau:

- Cch ly kim loi vi mi
trng bng cc lp sn chng g, trong
mt s trng hp c bit c th dng
cc lp sn ph phi kim loi (men, thu
tinh, cht do) hoc cc lp ph kim loi
(m km) ngay t khi sn xut.
- Ct thp trong b tng c bo
v khi chng c bao bc bng lp b
tng bo v c chc, dy, khng nt n.
Trong mt s trng hp cn lm tng
tnh chng thm cho lp b tng bo v
(tng c chc, sn b tng). Chng cng c th c ph bng lp ph hu c hoc lp
ph kim loi (m km) ngay t khi sn xut.
- i vi ct thp ng sut trc c th bo v bng va lng phun hoc bng m c
vo ngay t lc sn xut ct thp.
Trong nhng nm gn y ngi ta dng phng php mi bo v kim loi kh hiu
qu: phng php s dng cht cn cho vo mi trng to nn mng chng n mng
trn b mt kim loi. Th d c th dng du Natri hoc K 2CrO2, Na2CO3 lm cht cn ho
tan vo nc.
VIII. Cc loi thp
1) Thp khng g (Inox)
Ngun gc:
- Thp khng g l thut ng chung dng ch tt c nhng loi thp khng b g c
kh nng chng n mn v cha t nht 10,5% Crm. Thp khng g gn lin vi tn tui ca
mt chuyn gia ngnh thp ngi Anh l ng Harry Brearley. Khi vo nm 1913, ng
sng ch ra mt loi thp c bit c kh nng chu mi mn cao, bng vic gim hm lng
carbon xung v cho Crm vo trong thnh phn thp (0.24% C v 12.8% Cr).

Harry Brearley (1872-1948)

Nhm 2 Vt liu thp

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GVHD: C Nguyn Thanh Bo Nghi

B n ti sao thp li khng g:

- Hu nh tt c mi kim loi u to ra phn ng vi oxi trong khng kh v to nn
mt lp mng mng oxi trn b mt. Qu trnh oxi ho din ra trn b mt cc loi thp thng
thng s lm chng b g. Tuy nhin, do thp khng g cha t nht 10,5% Crm nn c s
khc bit trong c tnh ca loi oxt ny. Vi thp khng g, lp mng mng v v hnh cha
Crm (hay cn gi l lp mng b ng) c vai tr nh mt lp bo v c tc dng chng
li s n mn, n c kh nng t phc hi trong trng hp b mt kim loi b tc ng.
- Trong mi trng lun tn ti qu trnh oxi ho, mt lp mng bo v bng oxt crm
(nh lp mng b ng) s t ng hnh thnh trn b mt thp khng g.
- Khi b mt thp khng g b try xc, h hi hoc c gia cng bng my, lp
mng bo v ny s mt i lm cho b mt thp tip xc trc tip vi mi trng. Lp mng
bo v ny s t ng hnh thnh khi xut hin oxi.
Phn loi:
C bn loi thp khng g chnh:
- Austenitic l loi thp khng g thng dng nht. Thuc dng ny c th k ra cc mc
thp SUS 301, 304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321, 310s Loi ny c cha ti thiu 7% niken, 16%
Crm, carbon (C) 0.08% max. Thnh phn nh vy to ra cho loi thp ny c kh nng chu
n mn cao trong phm vi nhit kh rng, khng b nhim t, mm do, d un, d hn.
Loi thp ny c s dng nhiu lm gia dng, bnh cha, ng cng nghip, tu
thuyn cng nghip, v ngoi kin trc, cc cng trnh xy dng khc
- Ferritic l loi thp khng g c tnh cht c l tng t thp mm, nhng c kh
nng chu n mn cao hn thp mm (thp carbon thp). Thuc dng ny c th k ra cc
mc thp SUS 430, 410, 409 Loi ny c cha khong 12% 17% crm. Loi ny, vi
12% Cr thng c ng dng nhiu trong kin trc. Loi c cha khong 17% Cr c s
dng lm gia dng, ni hi, my git, cc kin trc trong nh
- Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) l loi thp c tnh cht gia loi Ferritic v
Austenitic c tn gi chung l DUPLEX. Thuc dng ny c th k ra LDX 2101, SAF 2304,
2205, 253MA. Loi thp duplex c cha thnh phn Ni t hn nhiu so vi loi Austenitic.
DUPLEX c c tnh tiu biu l bn chu lc cao v mm do c s dng nhiu
trong ngnh cng nghip ho du, sn xut giy, bt giy, ch to tu bin Trong tnh hnh
Nhm 2 Vt liu thp

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GVHD: C Nguyn Thanh Bo Nghi

gi thp khng g leo thang do ni ken khan him th dng DUPLEX ang ngy cng c
ng dng nhiu hn thay th cho mt s mc thp thuc dng thp Austenitic nh SUS
304, 304L, 316, 316L, 310s
- Martensitic Loi ny cha khong 11% n 13% Cr, c bn chu lc v cng
tt, chu n mn mc tng i. c s dng nhiu ch to cnh tuabin, li dao
Cc c tnh ca nhm thp khng g Inox:
Tc ha bn rn cao.
- do cao hn.
- cng v bn cao hn.
- bn nng cao hn.
- Chng chu n mn cao hn.
- do dai nhit thp tt hn.
- Phn ng t km hn (ch vi thp khng g austenit).
- Cc c tnh thc ra ng cho h thp khng g austenit v c th thay i kh nhiu
i vi cc mc thp khng g v h thp khng g khc.
Cc c tnh lin quan n cc lnh vc ng dng thp khng g, nhng cng chu
nh hng ca thit b v phng php ch to.
-

Bng 1 (Phn A). Tnh cht so snh ca h thp khng g - inox

nhm hp kim T tnh 1 Tc ho bn rn Chu n mn 2 Kh nng ho bn
Austenit

Khng

Rt cao

Cao

Rn ngui

Duplex

Trung bnh

Rt cao

Khng

Ferrit

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Khng

Martensit

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Ti v Ram

Ho bn tit pha C
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Ho gi
(1)- Sc ht ca nam chm i vi thp khng g. Ch , mt s mc thp khng g b
nam chm ht khi qua rn ngui.
(2)- Bin ng ng k gia cc mc thp khng g trong mi nhm, v d cc mc
khng gia c c tnh chu n mn thp hn, khi c Mo cao hn s c tnh khng cao hn.
Bng 1 (Phn B). C tnh so snh ca h thp khng g. - inox
Nhm hp kim Tnh do Lm vic nhit cao Lm vic nhit thp3 Tnh hn
Austenit

Rt cao

Duplex

Rt cao

Rt tt

Rt cao

Trung bnh Thp

Trung bnh

Cao

Ferrit

Trung bnh Cao

Thp

Thp

Martensit

Thp

Thp

Thp

Thp

Ho bn tit pha Trung bnh Thp

Thp

Cao

(3)- o bng do dai hoc do gn 0 C. Thp khng g Austenit gi c

do nhit thp.
2) ng dng ca cc loi thp khng g

Nhm 2 Vt liu thp

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GVHD: C Nguyn Thanh Bo Nghi

Thp khng g c s dng ph bin v rng ri mang li nhng tnh nng m khng
mt kim loi no c th c p ng c, nh kh nng chng n mn, d dng hn hoc to
hnh, chi ph bo dng thp v kh nng ti ch. Chnh iu lm cho thp khng g tr
thnh vt liu l tng sn xut hng lot cc sn phm quan trng trong i sng hng
ngy t thit b cng nghip n cc sn phm gia dng, dng nh bt c sn phm no
sn xut ra cng c th s dng loi vt liu a nng ny.
- dng nh bp: Thp khng g, c bit l loi Austenitic 304 BA t lu c
cng nhn l loi vt liu sch, bn, p mt v d bo dng, ph hp sn xut cc loi
dao ko, a, bt sng bng.

- Thit b gia dng: V thp khng g loi Austenitic c kh nng chng g v khng b
ph hu bi axt hay mui cho nn n l la chn l tng cho cc nh sn xut gia dng
nh bn ra,Thit b v sinh, my ra bt, my git, my ch bin thc phm, l nng, bp
ga, thng nc

- Cng nghip xy dng: Thp khng g c bit l cc sn phm bng (BA) c

s dng rng ri trong kin trc. Chnh b mt bng gng, bng m vi chi ph thp lm
cho nhiu kin trc s ng i quyt nh s dng thp khng g trong cc thit k ca
mnh. Bn c th nhn thy thp khng g c s dng rt nhiu ti hnh lang cc cc khch
sn, trung tm mua sm, khu lin hp thng mi, trm xe but, trm in thoi cng cng

Nhm 2 Vt liu thp

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GVHD: C Nguyn Thanh Bo Nghi

- Cc vt dng trang tr, ngh thut v trang sc: Chnh b mt sch v bng p
ca thp khng g lm cho n tr thnh mt vt liu tuyt vi cc ngh s v cc nh trang
tr ngy nay sng to ra nhng tc phm ngh thut, t nhng cng trnh kin trc cng cng
nh cc tc phm iu khc, cc bc tng cho ti nhng vi nc trang tr, trang sc
nh dy chuyn, ng h. Thp khng g trong nhng ng dng ny ch yu l ferrtic v
chng c kh nng chu un v hn tt hn.

- Cc sn phm khc: Thp khng g - c austenitic v ferritic - rt an ton v bn cho

nn chng cng thng c s dng sn xut nhiu chi, vt dng cho vt nui v
nhng trang tr thng thng khc.
3) Thp Silic
a) Khi nim
Thp silic (hay cn gi l thp k thut in)
l loi thp c cha nguyn t silic trong thnh phn
v thng c s dng rng ri trong ngnh ch
to my in nh ng c in, my bin p
b) c tnh
- Thp silic cn c tn gi khc l tn silic, thp k thut in, thp in t,
l thp chuyn dng c tnh nng t tnh cao, c tnh tr t thp v tnh thm t rt cao.
- Thp silic thuc loi hp kim t mm (phn bit vi hp kim t cng dng ch to
cc nam chm vnh cu)
Nhm 2 Vt liu thp

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GVHD: C Nguyn Thanh Bo Nghi

c) Thnh phn
- Hm lng carbon gii hn 0,01 0,1%.
- Cc tp cht nh m bo t chc ferit.
- Nguyn t hp kim ch yu: Silic (l nguyn t m rng vng ), khi ho tan
vo ferit n nng cao in tr ca pha ny v lm gim tn tht dng Foucault, ngoi ra Si
cn tc dng tng t thm v gim lc kh t, gi tr cm ng bo ho ln.
- Hm lng Si khng nn vt qu 4%, bi ln hn na c th lm thp qu gin. Tuy
nhin lm li my bin p, stato my in c th ly hm lng Si gii hn trn (3,8
4,4%) bi cc chi tit ny lm vic ch tnh, t b bin ng gy ph hu gin.
d) Ch to
Thng c sn xut bng phng php cn ngui thnh dng tm c chiu dy nh
hn 2mm. Khi cn vi cc loi thp c textua cao phi lu phng cn trng vi ng
trc ca li my bin p m bo gim tn tht ring, do gim c khi lng v kch
thc.
V d: Dng thp textua lm my bin p mnh c th gim 20 - 25% khi lng, bin
p rai gim ti 40%.
t c textua cao, thp phi qua qu trnh gia cng phc tp bao gm: cn
nng, cn ngui ln I, , cn ngui ln II, kt tinh li v cui cng l kt thc nhit
cao. Sau khi gia cng nh vy thp s c t tnh cao dc theo phng cn.
e) Phn loi
C 2 loi ph bin l:
- Thp silic khng nh hng l loi thp c hng tinh th khng trng hng cn;
- Thp sillic nh hng l loi thp c hng ca cc ht tinh th trng vi hng cn
v c gi l cnh vn (nguyn nhn l do khi cn lnh lm cho vt liu b nn rt mnh
xut hin bin dng v gy ra nh hng ht tinh th).
nh hng thng thng;
nh hng cao;
nh hng laser.
f) Thp cun Silic khng nh hng cn ngui
Thp cun silic khng nh hng cn ngui, hay cn c gi l thp cun k thut
in, cha 0.5% n 3.0% silic. Thp cun k thut in vi dy 0.5mm c to thnh
qua vic cn lnh cun nng dy t 2 n 3mm v c ty ra ha hc bng axit. Sn phm
dc ch to t b thit b tin tin. Do , sn phm ca chng ti c b mt nhn bng v
dy tiu chun. Khi c ng dng cho ng c v my bin th, n khng ch gip tit
kim in m cn ko di tui th ca my v n gin thit b lm lnh. Nu ng c v
my bin th c in p khng i, n cn t thp silic hn, do tit kim c chi ph sn
xut. Ngoi ra, vi c tnh t tnh cao, thp cun s gim c s mt mt t tnh .
Thng s
Model (Mark)

H50W470/H50W600/H50W1300/H50W800

Nhm 2 Vt liu thp

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Kch c
dy
rng
Ph
Trng lng
Sn lng hng nm

GVHD: C Nguyn Thanh Bo Nghi

0.5X1200, 0.5X1150, 0.65x1200
0.5mm
1010-1200mm
H5
5t0.5 cho mi cun
200,000 tn

ng dng:
- Thp cun silic khng nh hng cn ngui c ng dng rng ri trong cc ta
nh cao tng, my mc gia nh, my in, my bin th, dng c gia nh v trang tr. Hn
na, sn phm cng c danh ting ngoi nc v c xut khu i nhiu khu vc nh
Nam , Trung ng, Trung Nam M, chu u, chu Phi v nhiu khu vc khc.
- Cng ty chng ti l nh sn xut thp cun silic khng nh hng cn ngui giu
kinh nghim ca Trung Quc. Chng ti cung cp nhiu sn phm, bao gm thp cun, thp
dy cn nng, thp bng cn ngui, v nhiu sn phm khc na.

4) Thp Carbon
a) Khi nim
L hp kim ca Fe C vi hm lng %C<2.14%, trong khi cc nguyn t khc trong
thp carbon l khng ng k (gm: Si, Mn, S, P,)
Thnh phn ph tr trong thp carbon l mangan (ti a 1,65%), silic (ti a 0,6%) v
ng (ti a 0,6%). Lng carbon trong thp cng gim th do ca thp carbon cng cao.
Hm lng carbon trong thp tng ln cng lm cho thp tng cng, tng thm bn
nhng cng lm gim tnh d un v gim tnh hn. Hm lng carbon trong thp tng ln
cng ko theo lm gim nhit nng chy ca thp.
b) Phn loi
Theo t chc t vi v hm lng carbon trn gin trng thi Fe C:
- Thp trc cng tch (%C < 0.8%): c t chc peclit pherit c do cao.
- Thp cng tch (%C = 0.8%): t chc l peclit.
- Thp sau cng tch (%C > 0.8%): t chc l peclit v xmentit c cng cao.
Theo cng dng:

Nhm 2 Vt liu thp

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GVHD: C Nguyn Thanh Bo Nghi

- Thp carbon thng (thp carbon thng dng): loi ny c tnh khng cao, dng
ch to cc chi tit my, cc kt cu chu ti nh dng trong ngnh xy dng, giao thng.
- Thp carbon kt cu: c hm lng tp cht S, P rt nh. Hm lng C chnh xc,
cht lng tt, c tnh cao hn thp CT. Loi ny dng ch to nhng chi tit chu lc cao.
- Thp carbon dng c: l loi thp c hm lng C cao (%C = 0.7 1.3%). Hm
lng tp cht S v P thp (<0.025%). Loi ny chu nhit thp (250 350 0C) nn ch dng
lm cc dng c ct c tc thp: c, da, cc loi khun, chi tit cn cng.
Theo phng php luyn kim:
- Thp luyn trong l Bessemer: thng c cht lng khng cao, hm lng cc
nguyn t km chnh xc.
- Thp luyn trong l Martin: c cht lng cao hn trong l chuyn (l Bessemer).
- Thp luyn trong l in: c cht lng cao nht, kh c ht tp cht ti mc thp nht.
Theo phng php kh oxi:
Chia ra 2 loi l thp si v thp lng.
Theo hm lng carbon:
- Thp mm (t cacbon): Lng cacbon trong khong 0,05 0,29% (V d theo tiu
chn AISI c thp 1018). Thp mm c bn ko va phi, nhng li kh r tin v d cn,
rn; Thp mm s dng nhiu trong xy dng, cn tm, rn phi
- Thp carbon trung bnh: Lng cacbon trong khong 0,30 0,59% (V d theo tiu
chun AISI c thp 1040). C s cn bng gia mm v bn v c kh chng bo mn
tt; phm vi ng dng rng ri, l cc thp nh hnh cng nh cc chi tit my, c kh.
- Thp carbon cao: Lng cacbon trong khong 0,6 0,99%. Rt bn vng, s dng
sn xut nhp, l xo, ko thnh si dy thp chu cng ln.
- Thp carbon c bit cao: Lng cacbon trong khong 1,0 2,0% . Thp ny khi ti
s t c cng rt cao. Dng trong cc vic dn dng: dao ct, trc xe hoc u ba.
Phn ln thp ny vi hm lng 1,2%C c s dng trong cng ngh luyn kim bt v
lun c xp loi vo vi thp cacbon c hp kim cao.

Thp mm

Nhm 2 Vt liu thp

Thp carbon
trung bnh

Thp carbon
cao

Thp carbon
c bit cao

Trang 24

 LI KT
---oOo--Thi i ngy cng vn minh, x hi ngy cng pht trin th nhu cu ca con
ngi v ni n chn cng ngy cng cao. V p ng c vn th vic ci
thin v nng cao cht lng cc loi vt liu ngy cng tt hn, ph hp v thn thin
vi mi trng hn v iu rt cn thit.
Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc v cng ngh, con ngi v
ang pht hin, ci tin v to ra nhiu loi vt liu mi c nhiu c tnh k thut tt,
cht lng cao v gi thnh r, khc phc c nhiu nhc im ca nhng vt liu
c li thi. V d: knh t lm sch v khng xy xc (Nht Bn), B tng xanh,
tm SHERA (hn hp xi mng si xenluloz) dng lm trn, sn, tng,
Hin nay, hi nhp v bt kp vi xu th chung ca th gii, gii tr nc ta
cn thng xuyn cp nht nhng thng tin v cc loi vt liu mi, tm hiu v
nghin cu v cc loi vt liu thn thin, an ton ph hp vi iu kin hon cnh
nc ta nh s dng li rc ph liu lm vt liu hay kt hp cc loi vt liu vi nhau
nhm to ra vt liu mi tt hn, v.v
Vi nhng thng tin t i m nhm cung cp trn y hy vng c th p ng
c phn no lng kin thc nht nh v vt liu thp cho mi ngi lm tin
cho nhng vt liu mi trong tng lai.
Bi lm c tham kho thng tin t cc trang thng tin nh Wikipedia, cc bi
ging t cc trang Violet, Tailieu.vn. Nhm chng em hy vng c s xem xt v nh
gi bi lm ca nhm bi lm c hon thin hn.
Nhm chng em xin chn thnh cm n c!