Chapter 8

Approximati
on methods

Relevant methods in acoustical

problems:
1.Websters horn -regular perturbation
method
2.Multiple scales- singular perturbation
method that describes problems in which in
the problem several length scales act in the
same direction

3. Helmholtz resonator with non-linear

dissipation-an application of multiple scale technique
which allows us to investigate the small non-linear
terms that will be seen to represent a small damping.
4.Slowly varying ducts
5.Reflection at an isolated turning point- a
turning point is described as a point where the wave
number vanishes.
7. Ray acoustics in temperature gradient- When
a sound wave propagates in free space through a
medium that varies on a much larger scale than the
typical wave length, the same ideas of
multiple scales may be applied. In contrast to the
duct, where the wave is confined by the duct walls,
the waves may now freely refract and follow curved
paths
7. Refraction in shear flow

8. Matched asymptotic expansions Very often it happens

that a simplifying limit applied to a more comprehensive model
gives a correct
approximation for the main part of the problem, but not
everywhere: the limit is non-uniform.
9. Duct Junction - very simple problem that can be solved with
matched asymptotic expansions is the reflection and
transmission of low-frequency sound waves through a junction of
two ducts with different diameter.
10. Co-rotating line-vortices - In an inviscid infinite 2D medium
a stationary line vortex produces
a time-independent velocity and pressure field. Two of such
vortices,
however, move in each others velocity field. Two equally
strong and equally orientated vortices rotate around a common
centre,
and produce a fluctuating velocity and pressure field (for a fixed
observer).

Websters horn( also known as Websters horn)

A regular perturbation
method,
known as method of slow
variation,
since the typical axial length
scale is much greater than
the transverse length scale.

Websters horn equation

p1 p0 XX 2 p0 d p1 n d l A( p0 XX 2 p0 )
A

p0 X

RR
0

d A p0 XX 2 p0 AX p0 X A p0 XX 2 p0 0

8.8 Matched asymptotic

expansions