Pak Phanang Clay

Engineering Properties of Soft Pakphanang Clay
Akradet Saejiw
()
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering (Geotechnical Engineering)
Prince of Songkla University
2552
(1)

()
.........
( . )
..
( . )
( . )
........
(. )
(. )
(. )

()
..
( . )
(2)

()
2551

9 85

15.00 18.00
(Topsoil) 1.50
(Crust) (Wn) 72%
(LL) 65%
(PI) 35%
Field vane shear test (FV-Test) Unconfined compression test (UCS)
3.81 1.67
Compression index (CC)
0.668 Recompression index (Cr) 0.140 Coefficient of
consolidation, CV 1.034 Over consolidation ratio (OCR)
0.932 Normally consolidation clay

2.80 4.70 17.61
25.47

(3)
(R2)
: , ,
(4)
Thesis Title
Author
Major Program
Academic Year
Engineering Properties of Soft Pakphanang Clay

Mr. Akradet Saejiw
Civil Engineering (Geotechnical Engineering)
2008
ABSTRACT
In this study, field and laboratory tests were conducted to determine index and
engineering properties of soft Pakphanang clay using 85 samples taken from nine boreholes in
Pakphanang district, Nakhonsithammarat province. In addition, relationships between these index
and engineering properties were also determined.
Study results showed that the soft Pakphanang clay is located about 1.5 m form
ground surface to the depth of 15.00 -18.00 m. Testing results indicated that the soft Pakphanang
clay has average natural water content of 72% which is higher than its liquid limit (i.e., average
LL of 65%). Its average plasticity Index is 35%. The average undrained shear strength values
obtained from field vane shear and unconfined compression tests (UCS) are 3.81 t/m.2 and 1.67
t/m.2, respectively. The compressibility properties of the soft Pakpanang clay: namely average
compression index (CC), average recompression Index (Cr) and average coefficient of
consolidation, CV are 0.668, 0.140 and 1.034 m.2/yr, respectively. Its average overconsolidation
ratio (OCR) is 0.932 which indicate that the clay is normally consolidated. The average cohesion
and internal friction angle of the soft Pakphanang clay in total and effective stress conditions are
2.80 t/m.2, 4.70 t/m.2, 17.61 degree and 25.47 degree, respectively.
From this study, the relationships between index properties, engineering
properties and depth of the soft Pakphanang clay can be evaluated. It was found that the depth is
an important parameter that creates good relationships between the index properties and the
engineering properties.
Key word: Soft Pakphanang Clay, Index Properties, Engineering Properties
(5)

.
.

.
.
(6)
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7 Critical State Parameter
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
2 (7)
7(9)
4(12)
6
1
3
3
4
4
5
6
8
12
13
17
31
35
37
39
46aaaa48
53
55
59
59
60
64
(7)
()
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5 Pore Pressure Parameter A at Failure

5
5.1
5.2
. Unconfine Compression
Test, Consolidation Test Triaxial Test
.
. Unconfined Compression Test , Consolidation Test
CU Triaxial Test-
. Critical State Parameter
.
69
71
78
111
120
124
127
129
121
134
144
149
181
185
197
204
(8)
2.1 (Specific Gravity)

2.2 Cr / CC
2.4
2.5 Undrained Modulus of Elasticity Undrained Shear
Strength
2.6 Parameter A at Failure
2.7 Plasticity Index Liquid Limit
2.8 Compression Index Recompression Index

2.9 Compression Ratio
2.10
3.1
3.2
4.1 BH - 1
4.2 BH - 2
4.3 BH - 3
4.4 BH - 4
4.5 BH - 5
4.6 BH - 6
4.7 BH 7
4.8 BH 8
4.9 BH 9
4.10
4.11 BH 1
4.12 BH 2
14
29
35
38
38
39
40
41
43
54
57
60
73
74
74
75
75
76
76
77
77
78
79
80
(9)
()
4.13 BH 3
4.14 BH 4
4.15 BH 5
4.16 BH 6
4.17 BH 7
4.18 BH 8
4.19 BH 9
4.20 Undrained Modulus of Elasticity
4.21
4.22 Critical State BH 1
4.32
4.33
4.34 Undranied modulus of elasticity Undrained shear strength

4.35 Maximum past pressure Undrained shear
strength
4.36 Overconsolidation ratio Normalized
undrained shear strength from field vane shear test
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
89
95
105
106
106
107
107
108
109
109
110
111
113
114
115
117
116
119
117
(10)
()

undrained shear strength from unconfined compression test
4.38 Parameter A at Failure for Confining Pressure of 5 t/m.2
4.41 Parameter A at failure Confining pressure
5.1
4.21
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.38 Parameter A at Failure Confining Pressure
119
80
121
121
122
122
125
87
93
103
104
104
105
105
106
107
107
108
109
111
112
113
115
116
117
(11)
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5 6000
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9 Unified Soil Classification System chart
2.10
2.11 Vane
2.12 () Plasticity Index
2.13 Unconfined Compression Test
2.14 Triaxial Test
2.15 Mohrs Circle Triaxial Test
2.16 Mohrs Circle Triaxial 3
2.17 Mohr circle Stress path
2.18 Void Ratio Effective Overburden Pressure
Normally Consolidated Clay
2.19 Void Ratio Effective Overburden Pressure
Over consolidated Clay
2.20 (Maximum Past Pressure)
2.21 Critical State of Soil
2.22 Critical State Line for Triaxial Tests
2.23 Pore Pressure in Ttriaxial Tests
2
3
5
6
7
7
9
11
12
13
16
17
19
21
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
31
33
34
36
(12)
()
2.24 Liquidity Index Maximum Past Pressure

Sensitivity Index
2.25 Maximum Past Pressure Undrained Shear Strength
From FV-Test
2.26 Overconsolidation Ratio Normalized Undrained
Shear Strength From FV-Test
2.27 KFV Plasticity Index
2.28 Coefficient of Consolidation Liquid Limit
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4 Consolidate Cell
3.5 Consolidation Test
3.6
3.7 Shearing Triaxial Test
3.8 Slope of Critical State Line project to p:q plane (M)
3.9 Slope of Critical State Line ()
4.1
4.2
4.3 CU Triaxial Test BH 1 3.00
4.4 CV BH 1
4.5
BH 1
4.6 Boring log of BH - 1
4.7 Boring log of BH 2
40
44
46
47
48
56
57
58
61
62
65
65
66
67
70
71
90
92
93
96
(13)
()

4.15 Undrained odulus of Elasticity Undrained
Shear Strength
4.16 Maximum past pressure Undrained Shear

Strength

undrained Shear Strength
4.18 Parameter A at Failure BH 6

3.11 Strain at Failure
() 0 , () 7 , () 14 , () 28
() 56
3.16 Void Ratio Pressure
10 % 10 %
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
116
118
120
110
123
113
115
(14)
1.1

(1.1)
(Water content)

(Embankment) ( 1.2)
3 (Immediately settlement)
(Consolidation settlement)
(Secondary settlement)

1.1
: http://maps.google.com
1.2
1.2
1.
2.
3.
1.3
1.
2. 18
N (Standard penetration resistance) 5 blows/ft.
()
3.
4.
(Multiple variable regression)
5. SPSS version 15.0
1.4
1.
2.

3.
4.

Critical state parameters
2.1 (Cohesive Soil)

(Chemical
weathering) (Clayey soil)
(Kaolinite)
(Illite)
(Montmorllonite) 0.002

(Plasticity)
2 (Dispersed
structure) (Flocculated structure) 2.1
2.1
2.2 (Clay Mineral)

3

(Kaolinite)
2.5

1000 2000 (Angstroms; 10-7 mm.) 100 1000

(Adsorbed)
2.2
2.2
(Montmorllonite)
(Hydrous aluminum silicate)
3
1000 5000
10 50
400 10
2.3
2.3
(Illite)
3
(Potassium ion)
100 5000
50 500 2.4
2.4
2.3
(2546)

610
220
64
14
, , , , ,
, , , , ,

Recent
Period ( 10,000 )

Marine terrace

River terrace
U shape

Lagoon Lagoon

Peat

10

V
River terrace
2.5 6000
: (2546)
10
2.5

20
Lagoon
.

1:1,000,000 (, 2544)
(Quaternary)
(Quaternary)

1.6
4
1) (Beach sand deposits: Qb)

2) (Mangrove deposits: Qm)

3) (Alluviam deposits: Qa)

4) (Terrace deposits: Qt)

(Host Rock)
2.6
: (2544)
11
12
2.4

12 Lagoon
(Peat)
3.0 - 4.0 (Marine clay)
2.7
2.7
: (2546)

2.8
13
Cox (1970)

(Marine clay) Quarternary

2.8
: Cox (1970)
2.5
2.5.1

(Natural water content)
()
14
(Atterbergs limits)
(Liquid limit, LL)

LL ASTM D - 4318
(Plastic limit, PL)
(Semi-Solid) LL
ASTM D - 4318
(Plastic index, PI)
(PI = LL - PL) PI
PI
(Total unit weight)
(Specific gravity)
4 GS
ASTM D - 854
2.1 (Specific gravity)
Gravel
Sand
Silt, Inorganic
Clay, Inorganic
Clay, Organic
: (2542)
(Specific gravity)
2.65 2.68
2.65 2.68
2.62 2.68
2.68 2.75
2.58 2.65
15
2.5.2
(Soil classification)
Atterberg's limits (Particle size)
2 Unifined soil classification system AASHTO
Unifined soil classification system 2
(Coarse grained soil) (Fine grained soil)
2.9
2
2 G ( Gravel)
S ( Sand) ( 2) 4
W ( Well graded) P (
Poorly graded) M ( Mjala = Silt) C (
Clay) GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP,
SM SC
4 M (Silt) C
(Clay) O (Organic) Pt Peat
2 H High Liquid Limit (LL > 50%) L Low
Liquid Limit (LL < 50%) MH, ML, CH, CL,
OH, OL Pt
16
2.9 Unified soil classification system chart

: http://matrix.vtrc.virginia.edu/DATA/GINT/vdotusc.PDF
17
2.6

2.6.1 (Shear Strength Parameter)

Geostatic stress
Applied stress

Applied stress (
2.10)

(Shear strength)

2.10
: http://www.gerd.eng.ku.ac.th
18

Field vane shear test (FVTest) (Unconfined compression test)
(Direct shear test) (Triaxial test)
(Unconfined compression test)
(Direct shear test)
(Horizontal stress, h )
(Vertical stress,v) (Submerged
unit weight) (Earth pressure
coefficient,K)

2
(Saturate) (Pore water pressure measurement)
(Direct shear test) (Consolidate)
2 (Pore water pressure measurement)
(Effective stress parameters)
(Drained)
(Direct shear box)

3
(Triaxial test) 2 (
)

1) Shear strength parameter Field
vane shear test (FV-Test) ASTM D-2573
(Undrained shear strength)

19
(Sensitive clay)
(Sensitivity)
Vane shear test 4
45
2.11
2.11 Vane

(Torsion) 0.1
Unit Shearing Resistance
(Undrained shear strength) 2.1
Su =
T max
3
DH D
(
+
)
2
6
(2.1)
20
SU
T
D
H
(Undrained Shear Strength)

(Maximum Torque Force)
(Vane)
(Vane)
Field vane shear test

2.2
SU (design) = SFV
(2.2)
SU (design)
SFV

(Correction Factor)
SU(Design) SFV
Bjerrum (1972) () Plasticity index
2.3 2.12
= 1.70 0.54log(PI)
(2.3)
21
2.12 () Plasticity index

: Bjerrum (1972)
Morris and William (1994) ()
Plasticity index (PI) Liquid limit (LL) 2.4 2.5
= 1.18 e-0.08(PI) + 0.57 PI > 5
= 7.01 e-0.08(LL) + 0.57 PI > 5
(2.4)
(2.5)
2) Shear strength parameter

Unconfined compression test (UC-Test)

proving ring
(Unconfined compressive strength, qU)
(Undrained shear strength)
22
2.13 Unconfined compression test

: http://www.thaipilingrig.co.th/unconfined.html
3) Shear strength parameter
(Triaxial test)

2
2 porous stone

(drained) (undrained)
Pressure transducer
3
(UU triaxial test)
23
2
(CU triaxial test)

3
(CD triaxial test)
CU triaxial test
Proving Ring
Triaxial Cell
Loading Frame
2.14 Triaxial Test

: www.gf.su.ac.yu/%7Ewus/wus07/web4/triaxial.html
24
(Shear plane) (Mohr)

(Mohr Coulomb strength envelope)
2.6
= C + . tan
(2.6)
C = (Cohesion intercept)
= (Internal friction angle)
(Shear plane) 1 3
3

Principal stress () Major
principal stress (1) () Minor principal stress (3) 2
Mohrs diagram
C 2.15
2.16
2.15 Mohrs circle Triaxial test
25
2.16 Mohrs circle Triaxial 3

,
(Mohr) Lambe (1979)
3 (Stress Path)
(Stress path)
(Total stress) 3 = 0 (), 3 > 0
45
y : q =
x : p =
1 3
2
1 + 3
2
(2.7)
(2.8)
26
( Effective
pressure, u )
= - u
1 = 1 u
q = q =
p =
'1 '3
2
'1 + '3
2
stress )(Pore
(2.10)
(2.11)
, NCC : , u
+ () , QCC : , u - ()
3 NCC, OOC
2.17
(Mohr) (Stress
Path) (Strength envelope) (Mohr)
( 2 4 ) (Strength envelope)
(Stress path) (Mohr)
= sin-1 tan
c =
a'
cos '
(2.12)
(2.13)
27
2.17 Mohr circle Stress path

2.6.2 (Compressibolity)
Consolidation test
(ASTM D 2435-80)
Compression index Void ratio log
Effective overburden pressure Normally consolidated clay 2.18
Compression index 2.17
CC = e / log vo
(2.17)
Compression index
CC
e
Void ratio
log vo Effective overburden pressure
Scale log
28
2.18
Void ratio Effective overburden pressure

Normally consolidated clay
: Das (1998)
Recompression index Void ratio log
Effecitve overburden Pressure Overconsolidated clay Maximum past
Pressure 2.19 Recompression index 2.18
Cr = e / log vo
(2.18)
Recompression index
Cr
e
Void Ratio
log vo Effective overburden pressure
Scale log
29
2.19 Void ratio Effective overburden pressure Over

consolidated clay
: Das (1998)
Recompression index (Cr) 1/4 - 1/5
Compression index Cr / CC 2.2
2.2 Cr / CC
Boston Blue Clay

Chicago Clay
New Orleans Clay
St. Lawrence Clay
: (2548)
Cr / CC
0.24-0.33
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.28
0.05-0.10
Compression ratio Compression index

(Initial void ratio) Normally consolidated clay
Compression ratio 2.19
30
CR = CC / 1+eo
(2.19)
CR Compression ratio
CC Compression index
eO Initial void ratio
Recompression ratio Recompression index
(Initail void ratio) Overconsolidated clay pressure
Recompression ratio 2.20
RR = Cr / 1+eo
(2.20)
RR Compression ratio
Cr Compression index
eO Initial void ratio
(Preconsolidation pressure or Maximum part
Pressure ) v max C
Normally consolidated deposit
(vo)
Over consolidated soil
(Maximum past
pressure) Casagrande (1936)
P PQ
P PR PS QPR PS
31
PS T
T mp
2.20 (Maximum past pressure)

: Casagrande (1963)

(Stress history) Over consolidation ratio

(Overconsolidated) OCR 1.0 OCR
1.0 (Normally consolidated)
Consolidated undrained triaxial test Cohesion
Friction angle Parameter p q
Critical state Critical state parameter
32
2.7.1 Critical State Concept

(Ultimate)
(Critical state) Critical state Atkinson and Bransby
(1978) Muir Wood (1991)
10 (Failure)

2.21
2.21 (a) (b) Critical state line (CSL)

2.21 (c) 2.21 (b)
Log 2.21 (c) One dimensional normal compression line (Subscript f )
Stress Critical
state line CC (Compression index) Critical state line
f = f tan c
(2.21)
e f = e - CC log f
(2.22)
f = Shear stress at failure

f = Normal stress at failure
c = Critical state friction angel
e f = Voids ratio of soil on critical state line at normal stress at failure

e = Voids ratio of soil on critical state line at p = 0.1 t/m.2
2.21 Mohr Coulomb Critical state line
2.21 (c) e Critical state line
Normal compression line (NCL)
e0
33
2.21 Critical state of soil

2.7.2 Critical State Strength of Soil Measured in Triaxial Test
(Direct shear test)

(Triaxial test)
(Stress)
(Strain) (Effective stress) Critical
state strength
34
2.22 Critical state line for triaxial tests

Critical state line 2.22
2.21
Critical state line 2.22
qf = M pf
f = - ln pf
qf
pf
M
f
(2.23)
(2.24)
= Parameter q of stress path at failure

= Parameter p of stress path at failure
= Slope of critical state line project to p : q plance
= Specific volume at failure
= Specific volume of soil on critical state line at p = 0.1 t/m.2
= Slope of critical state line
Subscript f
2.23 2.21 M
35
c 2.22 (b) Critical state line Normal state line

Critical state
parameters 2.3
2.3 Critical state parameter
Soil
M
London Clay
0.89
Kaolin Clay
1.00
Weald Clay
0.95
Glacial till
1.18
Klein Belt Ton
0.85
Wiener Tegel V
1.01
: Atkinson, Schofield and Wroth (1999)
Critical State Parameter
2.60
0.16
2.70
0.19
2.55
0.09
2.65
0.09
2.65
0.36
2.70
0.12
2.45
3.14
1.88
1.81
3.99
2.13
2.8 (Pore pressure Parameters)

(Triaxial test)
A B (Skempton, 1954)
36
2.8.1 A B
Triaxial compression test
(3) 1
u
1
ua
1 - 3
ud
1 - 3
2.23 Pore pressure in triaxial test

2.23 u ua Dud ua
3 (All around pressure) ud 1 3
(Deviator stress)

ua = B.3
ud = A.(1 3)
(2.25)
(2.26)
u = ua + ud
(2.27)
u = B.3 + A.(1 3)
(2.28)
37
u = B[3 + A.(1 3)]
(2.29)
A B =
Pore pressure parameter A
-0.50 +1.50 2.6
Pore pressure parameter B
0 1
Pore pressure parameter B = 0
Pore pressure parameter B = 1
2.9

2.4 Modulus of elasticity
Undrained shear strength 2.5 Parameter A at failure
2.6
38
2.4
Properties
Liquid Limit, LL (%)
Plastic Limit, PL (%)
Plasticity Index, PI (%)
Natural Water Content, %
Unit Weight, t/m.3
Specific Gravity, GS
Undrained Shear Strength, t/m2
Modulus of Elasticity, E, t/m.2
Compression Index, CC
Recompression Index, Cr
Coefficient of Consolidation,
CV , m.2/year
Maximum Past Pressure, pm, t/m2
OCR
Internal Friction Angle,, Degree
Reference
Bangkok Clay
75 90
31 36
47 56
52 75
1.60 1.90
2.50 2.75
1.20 4.60
340 - 760
0.59 1.15
0.08 0.15
Singapore Clay
75 115
25 38
50 77
60 - 110
1.65 1.90
2.62 2.78
1.05 3.50
250 - 650
0.7 1.3
-
London Clay
66 100
22 34
36 55
42 72
1.70 2.00
2.65 2.70
1.50 4.00
1000 - 3600
-
0.34 1.47
0.50 2.30
0.20 2.00
1.02 18.15
0.60 2.73
15 24
(2548)
2.54 18.35
1.30 1.45
20 25
Lee (2005)
0.80 1.55
17 - 23
Bell (2000)
2.5 Undrained modulus of elasticity Undrained shear strength

Site
Oslo
Boston
Shell haven
South Portland
EU/SU
150
240
220
400
Reference
Lambe (1973)
Lambe (1973)
Bjerrum (1964)
Liu and Dugan (1974)
39
2.6 Parameter A at failure

Type of Clay
Highly Sensitive Clay
Normally Consolidation Clay
Compacted Sandy Clay
Lightly Overconsolidated Clay
Compacted Clay-Gravel
Heavily Overconsolidated Clay
Af
+0.75 to +1.50
+0.50 to +1.00
+0.25 to +0.75
0 to +0.50
-0.25 to +0.25
-0.50 to 0
: Craig (1997)
2.10

(Index properties)
(Strength properties) (Compressibility characteristics)
(Stress history)
2.10.1 Plasticity Index Liquid Limit

Plasticity chart
Unified soil classification system (USCS)
2.7
40
2.7 Plasticity index Liquid limit
PI = 0.74LL9.21
PI = 0.805LL11.48
PI = 0.745LL9.89
PI = 0.74LL11.47
PI = 0.753LL12.26
R2
-
(Soft - Medium Clay)
(Soft - Medium Stiff

Clay)
0.968 (All Clay)
0.934 (Soft Clay)
0.934 (Soft Clay)
-
Muktabhant et al.
(1966)
Dumn Muh (1977)
Tongyagate (1978
Kerdsuwan (1984)
(2530)
2.10.2 Liquidity Index Preconsolidation Pressure Sensitivity Index

Kulhaway and Mayne (1990)
2.24 mp LI
2.24 Liquidity index Maximum past pressure Sensitivity

index
: Kulhaway and Mayne (1990)
41
2.10.3 Compression Index Recompression Index

Compression index Recompression index
Natural water content (Wn), Liquid limit (LL), Plastic limit (PL), Plasticity
index (PI), Specific gravity (GS) Initial void ratio (eO)
2.8
2.8 Compression index Recompression index
CC = -0.09 + 0.009 LL
CC = 0.20 + 0.008 W n
CC = 0.21+ 0.008 LL
CC = 0.22 + 0.29 eO
CC = -0.014 + 0.010 W n
CC = -0.015 + 0.38 eO
CC = -0.28 + 0.012 LL
CC = -0.59 + 0.04PL
CC = 0.20 + 0.008 W n
CC = 0.0083 + 0.208 eO
CC = -0.0414 + 0.0046 LL
CC = 0.0002 Wn2 + 0.0067 W n
0.014
CC = -0.091 + 0.013 W n
CC = -0.1593 + 0.514 eO
CC = -0.005 + 0.01 LL
CC = -0.965 + 0.029 W n
CC = -0.847 + 0.024 LL
CC = -0.941 + 1.057 eO
R2
0.770
0.700
0.770
0.870
0.870
0.760
0.768
0.810
0.890
0.680
0.880
All Clays
Soft Clay
Skempton (1944)
Adikari (1977)
All Clays
Chicago Clay
Azzouz and All (1976)
Brazilian Clay
All Clays
Muktabhant et al. (1977)
All Clays
(2520)
All Clays
Tonyagate (1978)
42
2.8 () Compression index Recompression index
CC = 0.5 (PI/100) GS
CC = 0.1882 + 0.3097 eO
CC = -0.5876 + 0.0217 W n
CC = -0.5906 + 0.8019 eO
CC = 0.1029 + 0.0087 LL
CC = 0.2343 (LL/100) GS
R2
All Clays
Soft Clay
0.802 Soft Clay
0.811
0.516
All Clays
CC = 0.007 + 0.011 W n
CC = -0.100 + 0.464 eO
CC = 0.6402 + 0.0202 W n
CC = 0.6554 + 0.7549 eO
CC = 0.1486 + 0.0090 LL
0.702
0.735
0.702
0.735
-
CC = -1.4148 + 0.0326 LL
Cr = 0.00045 + 0.00535 LL
Cr = 0.0463 (LL/100) GS
Wroth and Wood (1978)

Sivandran (1979)
Kerdsuwan (1984)
Nagaraj and Murthy

(1985)
(2530)
Soft Medium
Clay
. (2530)
Soft Clay
Verginia Clay Martin et al. (1995)
All Clays
Nagaraj and Murthy

(1985)
2.10.4 Compression Ratio

Compression ratio Natural
water content (Wn), Liquid limit (LL) Initial void ratio (eO)
2.9
43
2.9 Compression ratio

R2
0.810
0.630
0.658
0.689
0.458
-
CR = 0.0043 W n
CR = 0.0045 LL
CR =-0.037 + 0.00566 W n
CR =-0.013 + 0.00463 LL
CR = 0.037 + 0.00566 W n
CR = - 0.013 + 0.00463 LL
CR = -0.013 + 0.0047 W n
CR = 0.0265 + 0.1788 eO
CR = 0.123 + 0.002 LL
CR = 0.0421 + 0.0044 W n
CR = 0.0467 + 0.1645 eO
CR = 0.1264 + 0.002 LL
Soft Marine Clay
Cox (1970)
All Clays
Tonyagate (1978)
Bangkok Clays
Balasubra and Branner

(1981)
Kerdsuwan (1984)
Soft Clay
. (2530)

Soft Clay
2.10.5 Effective Preconsolidation Pressure Undrained Shear Strength From FV-Test

Mayne and Mitchell (1988)
(Normally consolidation) 343
Log-Log
xcale 2.30 2.25
mp = FV . (SFV)
mp
SFV
(kPa)
(2.30)
(Maximum past
pressure)
44
FV
(Correction factor)
c SFV
2.24 FV 4
2.25 Maximum past pressure Undrained shear strength from

FV-Test
: Mayne and Mitchell (1988)

Power (Correlation, r2)
0.89 2.31
mp = 7.04 (SFV)
0.83
(kPa)
(2.31)
Yudhbir (1982) Mesri (1975) Maximum past

pressure Undrained shear strength from FV-Test Linear 2.32
45
mp / (SFV) = 4.5 6.0
(2.32)
Jamiolkowski et al.(1985) Effective maximum

past pressure Undrained shear strength from FV-Test 2.33
(SFV) / VO = 0.23 0.004
(2.33)
2.10.6 Overconoslidation Ratio Normalized Undrained Shear Strength FV-Test

Mayne and Mitchell (1988) 42
Log Log Scale 2.34 2.26
OCR = KFV (SFV / VO)
(2.34)
OCR Overconsolidation ratio

SFV Field vane
shear test
vo (Effective overburden
pressure)
KFV (Correction factor) OCR
Normalized undrained shear strength from FV-Test
46
2.26 Overconsolidation ratio Normalized undrained shear

strength from FV-Test
Power (Correlation, r) 0.80 2.35

OCR = 3.55 (SFV / VO) 0.66
(2.35)
2.34 2.36
KFV = OCR / (SFV / VO)
(2.36)
Hansbo (1957) KFV

Swedish clay 2.37
KFV = 222 / Wn%
(2.37)
47
Larsson (1980) KFV

Scandinavian clay 2.38
KFV = 1 / (0.08 + 0.0055 PI) PI > 5
(2.38)
Mayne and Mitchell (1988) KFV

Power
(Correlation, r) 0.75 2.39 2.27
KFV = 22 (PI) -0.48
KFV = OCR / (S FV / ' VO)
KFV = 22 (PI) -0.48
2.27 KFV Plasticity index

(2.39)
48
2.10.7 Coefficient of Consolidation Liquid Limit

Coefficient of consolidation U.S.
Department of the Navy (1971) CC LL 2.28
2.28 Coefficient of consolidation Liquid limit

: after U.S. Department of the Navy (1971)
2.11

4
1.
49
2.

3.
4.

2.11.1
(Measure of central
tendency) (Measure of dispersion)
(Measure of central tendency)

(Mean, x ) 2.40
n
X =
x
i =1
(2.40)
X
xi i
n
(Measure of dispersion)

50
(Variance, SD2) (Standard deviation, SD)

2.41 2.42
n
(x
SD =
i =1
SD 2 =
x)2
n 1
n
SD
SD2
XXi
n
(x
i =1
x)2
n 1
(2.41)
(2.42)
2.11.2 (Regression Analysis)

(Dependent variable) Y
(Independent variable) X

(Simple regression)
2 Y X

2.43
Y = f (X)
(2.43)
51
X
Y
(Independent variables)
(Dependent variables)
(Multiple regression)
3
2 k
2.45
Y = f (X1,X2,X3,,Xk)
(2.45)
X1 , X2 ,X3 1, 2, 3
Xk
k
Y

(Nonlinear regression)

2 (Simple linear
Regression) 2
(Multiple linear regression)

(Simple linear regression analysis)

52
Y X (Scatter diagram)

(Regression line)

(Ordinary least square method)
(Ordinary least square :
OLS) 3
(Linear) (Unbiased estimator)
(Minimum variance)
2.11.3

(Coefficient of determination, r2)

2.46 2.47
n
r 2 = Yi Y
i =1
) / (Yi Y )
2
r2 =
b xi y i
i =1
n
y
i =1
2
i
(2.46)
i =1
r2 = 1
e
i =1
n
2
i
y
i =1
(2.47)
2
i
(Yi Y )2 (Sum of square total)

(i - Y )2 (Sum-
53
of Square explained by regression)

(Y I -i)2
ei
(Sum of
square due to error)
(Error term)
r2 r2
0 1 0% 100% 0 r2 1 0% r2 100%
Y
r2 1 Y
r2 Y
r2 Y
r2 0 Y
r2 X Y r2
Y
X Y r2 0.7958
Y 79.58 % X
Y 79.58% X
Y 100 79.58 20.42%
(Correlation analysis)
2
(Coefficient of correlation)
r 2.48
54
r=
b1 xi y i
i =1
n
y
i =1
2
i
r=
b1
x
i =1
y
i =1
2
i
(2.48)
2
i
b1

r ( b1) 1 +1
r _1
r 1
r
r

2.9
2.10
(X,Y)
(X,Y)
(Linear relation)

3.1
3.1
9
(
3.1 3.3)
7 8
15
(Wash boring) (Undisturbed sample)
(Shelby tube) 1.50
N

(Wrap)
(3.2)
55
56
- Field Vane Shear Test

- Standard Penetration Test
Index Properties Test
Engineering Properties Test
- Natural water content

- Unit weight
- Atterbergs limits
- Specific gravity
- Unconfined compression test

- Consolidation test
- Consolidated undrained triaxial test
3.1
57
3.1
BH 1
BH 2
BH 3
BH 4
BH 5
BH 6
.6 4013 . . .
.25 4094 . . .
.1 . . .
.1 . . .
. . .
. .
.
BH 7 .18 4013 . . .
BH 8 . .
.
BH 9 . 25 4013 . . .
3.2
58
3.3
59
3.2 (Filed Test)

3.2.1 (Filed vane shear test)
(Undrained
shear
strength; SU) ASTM D 2573
1.50 1.50
N
3.2.2 (Standard Penetration Test)

ASTM D 1586
1.50 N N
5 N 5
3.3 (Index Properties)

9
85

1. (Total unit weight, m)

ASTM D 3282
2. (Natural water content, W)
ASTM D 2216
3. (Liquid limit, LL) (Plastic limit,
PL) ASTM D 4318
60
4. (Specific gravity, Gs)

ASTM D854
5. USCS (Unified soil classification system)
ASTM D 2487
3.4 (Engineering Properties)
9
3.2
3.2
Unconfined Compression Test

Consolidation Test
Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Test
85
85
85
255
3.4.1 (Unconfined Compression Test)

ASTM D 2166

1. (Unconfined compressive strength, UCS, qu )
2. (Undrained shear strength, Su )
3. (Undrained modulus of elasticity, EU )
61
3.4.2 (Consolidation Test)

ASTM D 2435
(Compressibility parameter)

- (Maximum past pressure , VO)
- (Coefficient of consolidation, CV)
- (Compression index, CC)
- (Recompression index, Cr)
1. Consolidate cell ( 3.4)

Porous stones

Dial gauge Displacement transducer
3.4 Consolidate cell
62
2.

(Load increment ratio, LI)
1.56, 3.13, 7.82, 15.64, 31.28 62.56
3. 24 90%

4. 0.1, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.25, 2.25, 4.00

6.25 ,9.00 , 12.25 , 16 , 25 , 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 3, 6, 12 , 24
(
3.5)
3.5 Consolidation test
63
5. (Rebound) 1
(Dial gauge)
6.

3.4.3 3 (Triaxial Test)
ASTM D 2850 D 4767
(Total and Effective)
(Cohesion; C,C), (Friction angle; ,),
,
(Stress path)

(Consolidated undrained triaxial test, CU Test)
1. Cell
Confining pressure Back pressure
24 ( 3.5)
2. (
24 ) B Check ()
Confining pressure 1 Back pressure
3. B 0.95 Confining pressure
Back pressure pressure 5, 10 15
4.
( Volume change indicator )
30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 720, 1440 2880
64
5. ( 1 % /
)

(Proving ring)
2
( Read out ) (Pressure transducer)
6. ( Back pressure ) B

10 ( 0.1 . ) 25 (
)
() 20% ) ( 3.6)
7.

3.5

-

- , ,
Boring
log
- Summary of result
65
3.6
3.7 Shearing Triaxial Test
66
- ,
(Multiple variable regression)

- Critical state Critical state
parameters Consolidated undrained
triaxial test
1. p q (p - q diagram)
Failure p q diagram at failure 3.3
M (Slope of critical state line project to p:q plane)
p q diagram at failure
Critical State Line
7
6
5
qf
3
2
1
0
0
pf
3.8 Slope of critical state line project to p:q plane (M)
67
2. Specific volume (f) ln p at failure

Specific volume Consolidated undrained triaxial test
p at failure log (ln)
3.4 (Slope of critical state line)
Specific volume at failure ln p at failure
Critical State Line
Specific Volume at Failure
7
6
5
3
2
1
0
0
ln3pf
3.9 Slope of critical state line ()

3. Specific volume of soil on critical state line at p = 1.0 kPa ()
Slope of critical state line Specific volume at failure
p at failure
= f + ln pf
68
=
f =
=
pf =
Specific volume of soil on critical state line at p = 1.0 kPa

Specific volume at failure
Slope of critical state line
p at failure
4.

(London clay) (Weald clay)

4.1

3.3
4.1
1.50
Crust
(
4.2) 15.00
18.00 ( N 1-5 ) (Dark gray)
4.2

( N 6 35 )
18.00
(Silty clay) (Light gray)
(Yellowish gray)
69
BH - 9
BH 5
BH 7
Depth (m.)
BH 1
0
4
8
12
16
20
BH 3
BH 8
BH 4
BH 6
4.1
4.2
4.2 (Index Properties)
9
4.1 4.9 4.10
USCS High plasticity clay (CH)
Liquid limit
(Liquid limit)
61.7 68.5% 64.9%

(Plastic limit)
24.6 36.1% 29.9 %

(Plasticity index)
30.0 41.5% 34.9 %
(Natural water content)

71.1 79.7% 72.1 %

1.00
18.00

16.50

(Total unit weight)
1.68 1.79 t/m.3 1.74 t/m.3

(Specific gravity)
2.67 2.77 2.71

4.1 BH - 1
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
18.00 - 18.45
Atterbergs Limit
LL
PL
PI
64.5
29.7
34.8
63.5
27.2
36.3
64.2
28.3
35.9
63.7
28.7
35.0
64.6
27.9
36.7
63.9
28.1
35.8
63.7
27.5
36.2
64.2
27.5
36.7
64.8
28.2
36.6
63.1
28.4
34.7
64.6
27.4
37.2
54.1
24.4
29.7
Natural Water Content

%
39.4
71.4
72.4
71.9
72.9
73.1
72.4
72.8
72.4
71.9
72.5
40.4
Unit Weight
t./m.3
1.93
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.76
1.72
1.74
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.73
1.93
Specific Gravity
2.72
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.73
2.70
2.69
2.72
2.71
2.68
2.73
4.2 BH - 2
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
Atterbergs Limit
LL
PL
PI
64.4
25.8
38.6
63.9
28.2
35.7
64.1
27.5
36.6
63.8
28.1
35.7
63.1
27.9
35.2
63.4
28.0
35.4
63.9
28.5
35.4
64.0
29.3
34.7
63.7
27.2
36.5
64.2
28.6
35.6
52.7
23.6
29.1

%
32.5
71.3
72.8
72.5
72.9
71.4
72.6
71.8
72.8
72.9
32.4
Unit Weight
t./m.3
1.91
1.72
1.75
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.79
1.72
1.68
1.88
Specific Gravity
2.73
2.70
2.68
2.69
2.72
2.77
2.74
2.71
2.69
2.74
2.71
4.3 BH - 3
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
Atterbergs Limit
LL
PL
PI
63.9
28.7
35.2
64.9
29.2
35.7
63.6
27.9
35.7
64.1
28.8
35.3
64
29.5
34.5
63.7
28.4
35.3
64.8
29.1
35.7
63.5
29
34.5
63.9
28.7
35.2
65.4
31.5
33.9

%
71.1
72.8
72.1
71.9
71.8
71.9
72.0
72.4
72.5
36.9
Unit Weight
t./m.3
1.74
1.76
1.75
1.72
1.76
1.76
1.74
1.71
1.75
1.93
Specific Gravity
2.73
2.69
2.72
2.73
2.68
2.71
2.76
2.70
2.74
2.77
4.4 BH - 4
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
Atterbergs Limit
LL
PL
PI
64.5
30
34.5
64.8
29.7
35.1
64.2
28.8
35.4
64.7
29.4
35.3
63.8
27.9
35.9
64.9
29.6
35.3
64.5
29.3
35.2
64.9
29.4
35.5
63.8
28.1
35.7
58.6
25.8
32.8

%
71.6
72.8
72.5
71.2
71.9
72.3
71.9
72.8
72.5
34.1
Unit Weight
t./m.3
1.71
1.76
1.71
1.76
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.73
1.77
1.87
Specific Gravity
2.72
2.72
2.71
2.69
2.69
2.73
2.74
2.71
2.74
2.83
4.5 BH - 5
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
Atterbergs Limit
LL
PL
PI
63.9
28.1
35.8
64.1
28.4
35.7
64.0
29.7
34.3
63.8
27.9
35.9
64.2
29.2
35.0
63.7
28.2
35.5
64.5
29.1
35.4
64.8
29.4
35.4
63.2
27.3
35.9
46.5
23.7
22.8
43.4
20.3
23.1

%
72.9
71.9
71.5
72.0
71.5
72.4
71.7
72.3
72.8
22.5
24.3
Unit Weight
t./m.3
1.72
1.73
1.76
1.74
1.77
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.72
1.97
1.99
Specific Gravity
2.73
2.69
2.74
2.72
2.68
2.70
2.71
2.69
2.69
2.70
2.75
4.6 BH - 6
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
18.00 - 18.45
19.50 - 19.95
21.00 - 21.45
Atterbergs Limit
LL
PL
PI
63.9
29.4
34.5
64.1
28.9
35.2
64.7
30.6
34.1
64.5
29.9
34.6
63.2
27.4
35.8
63.3
28.9
34.4
64.4
29.8
34.6
63.9
29.7
34.2
64.1
29.4
34.7
63.7
28.1
35.6
63.1
27.6
35.5
63.8
29.5
34.3
43.9
19.3
24.6
46.5
23.7
22.8

%
72.8
71.5
71.4
72.1
72.3
71.9
71.8
71.6
71.9
72.5
72.4
71.1
24.9
25.7
Unit Weight
t./m.3
1.74
1.76
1.74
1.73
1.73
1.70
1.72
1.75
1.77
1.75
1.79
1.79
1.98
2.01
Specific Gravity
2.73
2.75
2.71
2.74
2.73
2.69
2.69
2.75
2.74
2.70
2.69
2.70
2.64
2.75
4.7 BH - 7
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
Atterbergs Limit
LL
PL
PI
62.4
31.3
31.1
64.5
29.0
35.5
63.8
28.4
35.4
64.2
28.5
35.7
64.0
29.0
35.0
63.1
28.4
34.7
63.6
28.0
35.6
63.4
28.1
35.3
64.7
29.5
35.2
43.9
22.1
21.8
46.2
23.7
22.5

%
42.4
71.9
72.6
71.8
72.4
72.5
71.5
71.4
72.0
28.9
27.9
Unit Weight
t./m.3
1.93
1.79
1.74
1.73
1.74
1.76
1.75
1.73
1.75
1.98
1.97
Specific Gravity
2.73
2.75
2.72
2.71
2.70
2.69
2.74
2.69
2.74
2.76
2.83
4.8 BH - 8
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
18.00 - 18.45
Atterbergs Limit
LL
PL
PI
63.5
29.3
34.2
64.7
30.2
34.5
64.3
30.0
34.3
64.5
29.2
35.3
63.2
28.4
34.8
63.9
29.1
34.8
63.6
29.5
34.1
63.9
28.4
35.5
64.5
28.6
35.9
64.3
30.1
34.2
43.9
24.6
19.3
41.8
22.1
19.7

%
72.6
71.8
72.4
71.5
71.8
72.1
72.3
72.5
71.9
72.7
28.1
25.7
Unit Weight
t./m.3
1.73
1.75
1.72
1.74
1.75
1.73
1.78
1.72
1.75
1.74
1.93
1.95
Specific Gravity
2.70
2.69
2.71
2.74
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.74
2.72
2.74
2.80
2.68
4.9 BH 9
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
18.00 - 18.45
Atterbergs Limit
LL
PL
PI
64.5
30.4
34.1
64.9
30.6
34.3
64.2
29.7
34.5
63.9
28.2
35.7
64.2
29.0
35.2
63.8
29.1
34.7
64.7
29.4
35.3
64.3
29.1
35.2
64.6
29.4
35.2
63.9
28.6
35.3
41.4
20.9
20.5
43.9
24.1
19.8

%
40.7
72.8
72.5
71.2
72.4
72.6
71.5
71.5
72.3
72.4
14.2
15.9
Unit Weight
t./m.3
1.94
1.75
1.73
1.74
1.76
1.71
1.75
1.74
1.76
1.72
2.01
1.98
Specific Gravity
2.70
2.69
2.71
2.73
2.70
2.71
2.69
2.71
2.71
2.72
2.69
2.67
4.10
Liquid limit, LL
61.7 68.5
Plastic limit, PL
36.1 24.6
Plasticity index, PI
30.0 41.5
Natural water content, %
71.1 79.7
Unit weight, t/m.3
1.68 1.79
Specific gravity, GS
2.67 2.77
Color
Dark Gray
Soil classification, USSC
CH
85 9
64.9
29.9
34.9
72.1
1.74
2.71
-
SD
1.644
2.401
2.572
2.078
0.021
0.022
-
( 4.1 4.9)
85 9
4.10
71.1 79.7 %
61.7 68.5
% 30.0 41.5% USCS
CH 2.67 2.77
4.3 (Engineering Properties)

9 85
4.11 4.19
4.21
4.11 BH 1
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
18.00 - 18.45
SU (FV-Test)
(t/m.2)
2.77
2.90
3.04
3.00
3.14
3.01
3.12
3.24
4.13
4.29
SU (USC)
(t/m.2)
1.27
1.24
1.39
1.32
1.47
1.44
2.29
2.10
2.18
2.04
CC
0.864
0.812
0.738
0.687
0.681
0.562
0.465
0.436
0.374
0.311
Cr
0.097
0.121
0.141
0.150
0.155
0.169
0.178
0.183
0.189
0.194
CV
2
(m. /year)
1.818
1.327
0.962
0.608
0.490
0.308
0.204
0.169
0.128
0.098
mp
(t/m.2)
OCR
Stiff Clay
3.60 1.13
4.46 1.03
5.20 0.95
6.00 0.88
7.10 0.94
7.54 0.85
8.10 0.83
9.08 0.82
9.85 0.79
10.61 0.81
Stiff Clay
C
(t/m.2)
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.20
2.50
2.70
3.20
3.60
4.20
4.90
C
(t/m.2)
2.80
3.20
3.60
4.00
4.80
4.90
5.10
6.00
6.70
7.40
(degree) (degree)
15.64
15.64
17.74
17.74
18.77
18.77
17.74
17.74
17.74
18.77
24.70
24.70
25.64
25.64
23.75
23.75
30.11
30.11
30.11
30.11
a
(t/m.2)
0.25
0.31
0.34
0.39
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
SPT
(degree) (blows/ft.)
24.20
24.20
26.56
26.56
24.22
24.22
28.81
28.81
28.81
28.81
13
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
12
Note : SU (FV-Test) = Undrained Shear Strength from Field Vane Shear test, SU (USC) = Undrained Shear Strength from Unconfine Compression Test, CC = Compression
Index, Cr = Recompression Index, CV = Coefficient of Consolidation, OCR = Over Consolidation Ratio
: CV
4.12 BH 2
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
SU (FV-Test)
(t/m.2)
3.86
4.07
3.86
3.51
3.63
3.99
4.25
4.43
4.70
SU (USC)
(t/m.2)
1.26
1.22
1.44
1.38
1.44
1.62
2.13
2.66
2.45
CC
0.664
0.611
0.568
0.538
0.480
0.465
0.454
0.392
0.355
Cr
0.120
0.125
0.130
0.135
0.141
0.146
0.152
0.159
0.165
CV(t50)
(m.2/year)
0.824
0.752
0.698
0.560
0.520
0.449
0.393
0.376
0.348
mp
(t/m.2)
OCR
Stiff Clay Sample

3.70 1.14
4.60 1.02
5.50 1.02
6.30 0.95
7.20 0.90
8.00 0.87
8.80 0.83
9.70 0.90
10.56 0.94
Stiff Clay Sample
C
(t/m.2)
2.10
2.20
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.90
3.20
3.30
3.50
C
(t/m.2)
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.20
4.80
5.00
5.20
6.00
6.60
(degree) (degree)
15.64
15.64
17.74
17.74
19.79
19.79
19.75
19.75
19.79
25.64
25.64
25.64
25.64
24.70
24.70
31.38
31.38
31.38
a
(t/m.2)
0.31
0.37
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.52
SPT
21.80
21.80
24.22
24.22
24.22
24.22
26.56
26.56
26.56
7
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
4
4
14
4.13 BH 3
Depth
(m.)
SU (FV-Test)
(t/m.2)
SU (USC)
(t/m.2)
CC
Cr
CV(t50)
(m.2/year)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
4.23
3.86
3.62
3.51
3.53
4.23
4.46
4.74
5.07
1.24
1.33
1.31
1.35
1.44
1.43
1.57
2.17
2.22
0.974
0.930
0.862
0.795
0.739
0.681
0.639
0.596
0.527
0.099
0.105
0.112
0.120
0.130
0.136
0.145
0.155
0.165
2.573
2.412
1.719
1.234
1.182
1.012
0.906
0.843
0.696
mp
(t/m.2)
OCR
3.26 1.47
3.80 1.11
4.68 1.04
5.50 1.02
6.24 0.91
7.10 0.89
7.52 0.85
8.00 0.83
8.94 0.79
Stiff Clay Sample
C
(t/m.2)
C
(t/m.2)
(degree) (degree)
a
(t/m.2)
SPT
1.50
1.70
1.80
2.00
2.30
2.40
2.80
3.30
3.50
2.70
2.80
3.30
4.00
4.10
4.50
4.90
5.20
6.00
15.64
15.64
15.64
17.74
17.74
18.26
18.26
16.70
16.70
0.19
0.28
0.34
0.38
0.41
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.48
21.80
21.80
22.40
23.02
23.02
21.80
21.80
24.22
24.22
21.80
21.80
23.40
23.74
23.70
25.64
25.64
29.24
29.24
4
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
14
4.14 BH 4
Depth
(m.)
SU (FV-Test)
(t/m.2)
SU (USC)
(t/m.2)
CC
Cr
CV(t50)
(m.2/year)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
3.05
3.28
3.51
3.75
3.85
4.23
4.35
4.46
5.05
1.42
1.40
1.31
1.28
1.34
1.47
1.53
2.06
2.12
0.907
0.864
0.824
0.795
0.741
0.681
0.658
0.625
0.575
0.078
0.092
0.099
0.107
0.126
0.137
0.161
0.190
0.205
2.134
1.692
1.498
1.421
1.114
0.913
0.863
0.781
0.690
mp
(t/m.2)
OCR
3.62 1.70
4.20 1.23
4.96 1.16
5.70 1.00
6.30 0.97
7.10 0.91
7.64 0.84
8.20 0.83
8.98 0.78
Stiff Clay Sample
C
(t/m.2)
C
(t/m.2)
(degree) (degree)
a
(t/m.2)
SPT
1.90
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.50
2.70
3.00
3.20
3.40
2.80
3.10
3.40
3.70
4.20
4.80
5.10
5.50
6.20
16.69
16.69
17.74
17.74
17.74
17.74
17.74
17.22
17.22
0.28
0.32
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.44
0.47
0.51
0.56
21.80
21.80
21.80
24.23
24.23
24.23
24.23
24.23
24.23
22.78
22.78
22.78
25.64
25.64
26.10
26.10
27.92
27.92
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
3
4
11
4.15 BH 5
Depth
(m.)
SU (FV-Test)
(t/m.2)
SU (USC)
(t/m.2)
CC
Cr
CV(t50)
(m.2/year)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
3.86
3.98
4.26
4.45
4.48
4.58
4.59
4.71
4.69
1.38
1.36
1.20
1.24
1.77
1.92
2.32
2.00
2.19
0.891
0.864
0.812
0.759
0.732
0.681
0.653
0.625
0.573
0.086
0.095
0.104
0.114
0.126
0.138
0.152
0.168
0.184
12.676
7.098
4.616
2.620
2.077
1.793
1.073
0.690
0.611
mp
(t/m.2)
OCR
2.37 1.09
3.40 1.04
4.20 0.92
4.60 0.83
6.03 0.87
7.60 1.01
7.86 0.90
8.50 0.85
9.69 0.90
Stiff Clay Sample
Stiff Clay Sample
C
(t/m.2)
C
(t/m.2)
(degree) (degree)
a
(t/m.2)
SPT
1.70
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.80
2.90
3.10
3.50
2.80
3.00
3.40
3.80
4.10
4.80
5.00
5.30
6.10
16.69
16.69
16.73
16.73
16.73
17.75
17.75
17.22
17.22
0.28
0.30
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.44
0.47
0.49
0.56
21.80
21.80
21.80
21.80
21.80
24.22
24.22
25.56
25.56
22..78
24.70
24.70
24.70
25.64
25.64
25.64
28.36
28.36
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
32
30
4.16 BH 6
Depth
(m.)
SU (FV-Test)
(t/m.2)
SU (USC)
(t/m.2)
CC
Cr
CV(t50)
(m.2/year)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
18.00 - 18.45
19.50 - 19.95
21.00 - 21.45
4.14
3.51
3.67
3.65
4.21
4.62
4.73
4.63
4.97
4.70
5.42
4.75
1.31
1.33
1.19
1.13
1.45
1.88
1.76
2.88
2.56
2.74
2.33
2.11
0.964
0.930
0.861
0.795
0.758
0.681
0.655
0.625
0.552
0.501
0.449
0.398
0.102
0.106
0.116
0.129
0.131
0.138
0.148
0.156
0.167
0.178
0.189
0.201
3.942
2.772
2.359
2.038
1.518
1.317
1.032
0.822
0.732
0.625
0.538
0.466
mp
(t/m.2)
OCR
2.22 1.00
3.10 0.91
3.97 0.89
4.85 0.89
5.72 0.87
6.60 0.91
7.47 0.86
8.35 0.82
9.22 0.80
10.10 0.82
10.97 0.77
11.84 0.77
Stiff Clay Sample
Stiff Clay Sample
C
(t/m.2)
C
(t/m.2)
(degree)
(degree)
a
(t/m.2)
SPT
1.90
2.10
2.10
2.40
2.40
2.50
3.00
3.60
4.10
4.80
5.50
6.40
2.90
3.10
3.60
4.20
4.40
4.80
5.40
5.90
6.60
7.30
8.10
9.00
17.74
18.26
18.26
17.74
17.74
17.22
17.22
17.74
17.74
17.22
17.74
17.74
25.17
25.17
24.22
24.22
24.22
25.64
25.64
27.02
27.02
27.02
27.02
27.02
0.28
0.30
0.34
0.39
0.41
0.46
0.51
0.55
0.62
0.68
0.75
0.83
21.80
24.22
24.22
21.80
21.80
25.64
25.64
27.02
27.02
27.14
27.14
27.14
4
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
31
35
4.17 BH 7
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
SU (FV-Test)
(t/m.2)
3.63
3.39
3.50
4.00
4.25
4.70
4.59
4.83
SU (USC)
(t/m.2)
1.27
1.22
1.32
1.38
1.75
1.86
2.09
2.11
CC
0.963
0.836
0.738
0.714
0.681
0.644
0.625
0.596
Cr
0.108
0.117
0.131
0.138
0.140
0.164
0.185
0.194
CV(t50)
(m.2/year)
1.902
1.341
0.915
0.574
0.477
0.272
0.171
0.140
mp
(t/m.2)
OCR
Stiff Clay Sample

3.33 0.94
4.12 0.93
4.91 0.90
5.70 0.86
6.49 0.81
7.28 0.81
8.07 0.82
8.86 0.79
Stiff Clay Sample
Stiff Clay Sample
C
(t/m.2)
1.90
2.10
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.20
3.60
3.90
C
(t/m.2)
3.20
3.70
4.40
4.50
4.80
5.40
5.90
6.60
(degree) (degree)
17.74
17.74
19.79
19.79
17.74
17.74
16.69
16.69
25.64
25.64
27.02
27.02
26.56
26.56
27.92
27.29
a
(t/m.2)
0.31
0.38
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.52
0.55
0.56
SPT
24.22
24.22
21.82
21.82
24.22
24.22
25.41
25.41
8
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
31
20
4.18 BH 8
Depth
(m.)
SU (FV-Test)
(t/m.2)
SU (USC)
(t/m.2)
CC
Cr
CV(t50)
(m.2/year)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
18.00 - 18.45
3.90
3.29
3.42
3.63
3.41
4.73
4.63
5.06
5.16
5.35
1.88
1.25
1.11
1.05
1.08
1.31
1.46
1.82
2.03
2.76
0.927
0.864
0.827
0.795
0.727
0.681
0.627
0.568
0.526
0.476
0.097
0.102
0.112
0.123
0.130
0.146
0.151
0.158
0.176
0.189
2.521
1.698
1.404
1.183
0.874
0.747
0.586
0.468
0.415
0.355
mp
(t/m.2)
OCR
3.07 1.40
3.84 1.14
4.61 1.07
5.38 0.97
6.15 0.91
6.92 0.90
7.69 0.82
8.46 0.87
9.23 0.82
10.00 0.82
Stiff Clay Sample
Stiff Clay Sample
C
(t/m.2)
C
(t/m.2)
(degree) (degree)
a
(t/m.2)
SPT
1.70
1.80
2.10
2.40
2.50
2.70
3.00
3.20
3.60
3.90
2.70
3.00
3.40
3.80
4.30
5.00
5.40
6.00
6.90
7.70
17.74
17.74
16.70
16.70
16.70
17.74
17.74
17.74
17.74
17.74
0.14
0.28
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.48
0.51
0.56
0.56
0.58
21.80
21.80
21.80
21.80
21.80
22.74
22.74
24.22
24.22
24.22
21.80
21.80
22.78
22.78
22.78
27.47
27.47
24.22
24.22
24.22
4
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
5
21
25
4.19 BH 9
Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
18.00 - 18.45
SU (FV-Test)
(t/m.2)
3.90
3.90
3.98
4.35
4.61
4.83
4.95
5.07
5.19
SU (USC)
(t/m.2)
1.23
1.28
1.37
1.33
1.41
1.37
2.16
2.34
2.55
CC
0.830
0.755
0.681
0.648
0.568
0.541
0.511
0.434
0.380
Cr
0.092
0.101
0.111
0.119
0.127
0.140
0.153
0.166
0.180
CV(t50)
(m.2/year)
2.363
1.763
1.351
1.138
0.883
0.772
0.671
0.544
0.462
mp
(t/m.2)
OCR
Stiff Clay Sample

3.79 1.12
4.51 1.03
5.23 0.94
5.95 0.87
6.67 0.89
7.39 0.82
8.11 0.81
8.83 0.77
9.55 0.80
Stiff Clay Sample
Stiff Clay Sample
C
(t/m.2)
2.00
2.30
2.60
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.20
3.50
3.80
C
(t/m.2)
3.20
3.60
4.00
4.50
5.50
5.70
6.00
7.00
7.90
(degree) (degree)
18.77
18.77
18.77
18.74
17.74
17.74
16.69
16.69
18.74
23.75
23.75
23.75
23.75
21.31
21.31
22.29
22.29
23.75
a
(t/m.2)
0.35
0.39
0.42
0.46
0.52
0.55
0.58
0.65
0.71
SPT
24.22
24.22
24.22
24.22
24.22
24.22
26.56
26.56
26.56
8
4
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
40
32
4.3.1 (Shear Strength Parameter)

a.) ( 4.11 4.19)
Field vane shear test (FV-Test) 2.77 5.42
4.12
UC Test 1.05 2.88 1.67
(Cohesion) CU triaxial test
1.50 6.40 2.80
2.70 9.00 4.70
2.4

b.) (Internal friction angle)

15.64 19.79
17.61 21.31 31.38
25.47
1 1 Mohr circle
( 4.3)

c.) Undrained modulus of elasticity (EU)
(Stress) (Strain)
Unconfined compression test
4.20
4.20 Undrained modulus of elasticity

Depth
(m.)
1.50
3.00
4.50
6.00
7.50
9.00
10.50
12.00
13.50
15.00
16.50
18.00
BH - 1
60.24
84.74
119.21
167.69
235.90
331.84
366.80
328.30
461.80
492.40
-
BH - 2
66.96
85.27
108.60
138.30
176.13
224.31
285.67
363.81
463.32
-
Undrained modulus of elasticity (t/m.2)

BH - 3 BH - 4 BH - 5 BH - 6 BH - 7
63.36
48.16 41.41
79.08 42.78 66.67 58.39 54.86
98.69 57.70 92.29 82.33 72.05
123.17 77.82 127.76 116.10 94.62
153.71 104.95 176.85 163.71 124.27
191.84 141.54 244.82 230.84 163.20
239.41 190.89 338.91 325.51 214.33
298.79 257.44 369.20 359.00 281.49
372.89 347.19 379.50 368.40 369.68
311.80
386.90
394.60
-
BH - 8
39.88
56.82
80.95
115.34
164.33
234.13
333.58
475.26
-
BH - 9
53.92
65.10
78.61
94.93
114.62
138.41
167.13
201.80
243.68
-
: (-)
39.88 492.40 t/m.2 196.57 t/m.2
Undrained shear strength EU
10 240 SU 2.5
Modulus of elasticity

1.80
C = 2.00 t/m.2
C = 2.80 t/m.2
14
1.60
Total Stress
Effective Stress
1.40
Shear Stress (t/m.2)
10
= 24.70
1.20
= 15.64
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.0
0.5
10
1.0
1.5
Stress (t/m. )
20
2.0
2.5
30
3.0
3.5
4.3 CU triaxial test BH 1 3.00

d.) a p q diagram a
C
p q diagram 1.40 8.30 4.42
a a
a
Cohesion 2.4
e.) p q diagram
modified failure envelop X

p q diagram 21.80 28.81 24.15

2.4
4.3.2
.
a.) (Coefficient of consolidation, CV)

0.098 2.772 m.2/year 1.034 m.2/year (
4 m.2/year )

4.4
(Root time) BH 1 CV
4.213 m.2/year 2.479 m.2/year 3.00 12.00

2.5

b.) (Preconsolidation pressure or Maximum past
pressure) 3.2 8.9
5.5

Deformation, mm.
0.0
CV = 0.204 m.2/year
CV = 0.409 m.2/year
0.2
CV = 0.962 m.2/year
0.4
CV = 1.181 m.2/year
0.6
10
20
30
40
Root of Time, min0.50

4.4 CV BH 1
c.) Overconsolidation ratio (OCR)
1.50 4.00 OCR
1.70 1.04
(Lightly over consolidation clay) 4.50
OCR 1.040 0.768
(NC Clay OCR 1.0
VO ) OCR
OCR 0.932
Overconsolidation ratio
4.50 Overconsolidation ratio
d.) (Compression index)
0.311 0.947 0.668

CC 4.5
BH 1 CC 0.864 0.465 3.00
12.00
1.90
1.9
Depth 3.00 m. Cc = 0.864

1.70
1.7
Depth 6.00 m. Cc = 0.738

Depth 9.00 m. Cc = 0.681
Void Ratio
1.5
1.50
Depth 12.00 m. Cc = 0.465
1.30
1.3
1.10
1,1
0.9
0.90
0.70
0.7
0.1
10
1.0
Pressure , t/m.
4.5
BH 1
100
10.0
e.) (Recompression index)

0.078 0.205 0.140
Compression index Recompression index Recompression index
Compression index 5 Recompression index
Compression index 8
Cr / CC 0.216 0.251

(Boring log) 4.6 4.14
4.21
Undrained shear strength,

FV Test, SU(FV) , t/m2
UC, SU(Uc), t/m2
Compression index, CC
Recompression index, Cr
Coefficient of consolidation, CV , m.2/year
Maximum past pressure, mp, t/m2
OCR
Total cohesion,
CU Triaxial Test, C, t/m2
Effective cohesion,
Internal friction angle, , Degree
Effective internal friction angle, ,Degree
a, t/m2
, Degree
Undrained modulus of elasticity, EU , t/m2
85
SD
2.64 5.11
3.81
0.573
1.05 2.88
1.67
0.468
0.311 0.974
0.205 0.078
0.098 2.772
3.2 8.9
1.699 0.768
0.668
0.140
1.034
5.5
0.932
0.162
0.031
0.678
2.269
0.148
1.50 6.40
2.80
0.871
2.70 9.00
4.70
1.442
15.64 19.79
21.31 31.38
1.40 8.30
21.80 28.81
19.65 492.40
17.61
25.47
4.42
24.15
190.57
1.019
2.415
0.119
1.830
1.645
4.3.3 Critical State Parameters

(Triaxial test)
(Void Ratio) p q
Critical state
Specific volume (), Slope of critical state line project to p:q plane (M), Slope of critical
state line (), Specific volume of soil on critical state line at p = 1.0 kPa ()
4.22 4.30 p q e ln p diagram

Depth
(m.)
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.52
0.55
0.58
0.61
0.65
0.68
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.75
2.71
2.71
2.70
2.70
2.68
2.65
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
3.17
3.19
3.21
3.14
3.00
3.00
3.01
3.01
3.05
3.01

Depth
(m.)
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
0.40
0.40
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.55
0.55
2.71
2.72
2.71
2.72
2.74
2.74
2.75
2.73
2.75
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
2.97
2.95
2.84
2.87
3.09
3.11
3.28
3.28
3.28

Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
0.35
0.35
0.40
0.42
0.42
0.45
0.45
0.50
0.55
2.65
2.68
2.70
2.76
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.16
0.16
2.80
2.85
3.00
3.05
3.15
3.15
3.20
3.41
3.40

Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
0.30
0.35
0.35
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.55
2.70
2.74
2.72
2.71
2.71
2.67
2.68
2.68
2.68
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.14
0.15
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.05
3.05
3.01
3.10
3.26
3.20

Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
0.35
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.50
0.55
2.65
2.68
2.70
2.72
2.72
1.67
2.70
2.70
2.72
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.90
2.90

Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
16.50 - 16.95
18.00 - 18.45
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.45
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.60
0.62
2.70
2.73
2.72
2.68
2.68
2.65
2.68
2.68
2.70
2.72
2.72
2.70
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
2.90
2.90
2.88
2.85
2.85
2.86
2.88
2.88
2.91
2.95
3.00
3.02

Depth
(m.)
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
0.40
0.40
0.43
0.45
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.55
2.66
2.68
2.70
2.70
2.68
2.68
2.65
2.65
0.08
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.09
0.09
3.01
2.98
2.92
2.95
2.84
2.90
3.03
3.01

Depth
(m.)
1.50 - 1.95
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
0.35
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.50
0.52
0.55
0.55
2.62
2.65
2.65
2.67
2.70
2.73
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.75
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.12
2.75
2.78
2.85
2.93
2.85
2.89
2.94
3.16
3.14
3.15

Depth
(m.)
3.00 - 3.45
4.50 - 4.95
6.00 - 6.45
7.50 - 7.95
9.00 - 9.45
10.50 - 10.95
12.00 - 12.45
13.50 - 13.95
15.00 - 15.45
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.55
0.55
0.55
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.70
2.68
2.69
2.72
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.09
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.06
2.94
2.98
3.09
3.10
2.87
2.85
2.85
2.89
2.92

Critical State Parameter 4.31 Critical State
Parameter 2.3
4.31 Specific volume ()
1.67 2.77 2.691 , Slope of critical state line project to p:q plane (M)
0.30 0.68 0.469 , Slope of critical state line ()
0.03 0.16 0.065 , Specific volume of soil on critical state line at p = 1.0
kPa () 2.75 3.14 2.992

Critical State
Parameter
M
SD
0.30 0.68
1.67 2.77
0.03 0.16
2.75 3.41
0.469
2.691
0.065
2.992
0.077
0.116
0.064
0.144
Critical state parameters

2.3 Critical State
Parameter (Weald Clay)
Critical State
Parameter
4.4
(Multiple Variable Regression)

(Coefficient of
determination, R2) 2
1)
2)

(Trial and error)

Draper and Smith (1966)
R2
R2
R2
R2
<
=
=
>
0.25
0.25 0.50
0.50 0.80
0.80
4.4.1
4.32
4.32
(t/m.2)
(t/m.2)
R2
0.302
0.214
0.651
0.208
0.243
0.298
0.295
0.364
0.330
0.273
0.203
0.291
0.334
0.214
-2.719 + 0.068(PL) + 2.586(GS) 0.03(W)

-1.450 + 0.024(W) + 0.769()
7.955 0.178(LL) + 7.303() - 3.042(GS)
-0.094 + 0.170() 0.002(PI)
0.146 + 0.025(PI))
-0.672 + 0.068(PI)
-8.222 0.128(PI) + 11.088()
3.913 + 0.012(PI) 1.954()
-8.223 0.079(PI) + 7.904()
-4.719 0.126(PI) + 7.971()
-5.869 0.025(PI) + 8.99(GS)
24.239 8.675(GS) + 0.333(W)
SU(FV)
SU(Uc)
CC
Cr
CV(t50) (m.2/year)
CV(t90) (m.2/year)
mp (t/m.2)
OCR
C (t/m.2)
C (t/m.2)
(degree)
(degree)
a (t/m.2)
-15.547 + 0.128(PL) + 9.258()

15.478 0.112(PI) + 0.17(W)
(degree)
: 85
PL
PI
W
GS
=
=
=
=
=
Plastic limit
Plasticity index
Natural water content
Specific gravity
Natural unit weight
t/m.3
4.21 R2
0.2 0.4 Draper and Smith (1966)
(Homogeneous soil)
4.4.2

4.33
4.33
(t/m.2)
(t/m.2)
SU(FV)
SU(Uc)
CC
Cr
CV(t50) (m.2/year)
CV(t90) (m.2/year)
mp (t/m.2)
OCR
C (t/m.2)
C (t/m.2)
(degree)
(degree)
a (t/m.2)
0.305 0.017(PI) 0.053(W) + 2.276(GS) + 0.098(Z)

-2.580 + 0.003(PI) + 0.01(W) + 0.984(GS) + 0.088(Z)
0.852 + 0.002(LL) - 0.034(Z)
0.044 + 0.022() + 0.007(Z)
2.434 0.007(PI) - 0.129(Z)
1.038 + 0.050(PI) 0.121(Z)
2.127 + 0.015(PI) 0.33() + 0.529(Z)
3.415 + 0.005(PI) 1.404() 0.025(Z)
-4.680 - 0.030(PI) + 3.995() + 0.181(Z)
3.388 0.040(PI) + 0.323(Z)
-6.452 0.005(PI) + 8.723(GS) + 0.067(Z)
1.747 + 0.282(W) + 0.324(Z)
-6.217 + 0.077(PL) + 3.575() + 0.245(Z)

13.431 0.005(PI) +0.109(W) + 0.331(Z)
(degree)
: 85
R2
0.728
0.657
0.814
0.891
0.615
0.659
0.981
0.771
0.858
0.943
0.646
0.636
0.861
0.730
PL
PI
W
GS
=
=
=
=
=
=
Plastic limit
Plasticity index
Natural water content
Specific gravity
Natural unit weight
Depth
t/m.3
m.
4.21
R2
0.60 0.98 Draper and Smith (1966)

4.4.3 Undrained modulus of elasticity Undrained shear

strength
EU SU
4.34 4.15
4.34 Undrained modulus of elasticity Undrained shear
strength
EU(t/m.2)
EU(t/m.2)
EU(t/m.2)
EU(t/m.2)
229.31(SU) 192.81
411.02 ln(SU) 192.98
49.39 (SU) 2.277
17.963 e(1.256 (SU))
Liner
Logarithmic
Power
Exponential
R2
0.704
0.721
0.608
0.580
4.34 Modulus of
elasticity (EU) (Immediate settlement)
Undrained shear strength Unconfined compression test
EU = 229.31 (SU) 192.81

= Undrained modulus of elasticity t/m.2
= Undrained shear strength t/m2.
Undrained Modulus of Elasticity (t/m.2)
EU
SU
Observed
Liner
EU = 229.31 (SU) 192.81
R2 = 0.704
Undrained Shear Strength (T/m.2)

4.15 Undrained Modulus of elasticity Undrained shear
strength
4.4.4 Maximum past pressure Undrained shear strength

Maximum past pressure Undrianed Shear
Strength From Unconfined compression test 85
4.35
4.16
4.35 Maximum past pressure Undrained shear strength
mp (t/m.2)
mp (t/m.2)
mp (t/m.2)
mp (t/m.2)
3.8891(SU) + 0.0881
6.9827 ln(SU) + 3.2514
3.6942 (SU) 1.073
2.2821 e 0.595(SU)
Liner
Logarithmic
Power
Exponential
R2
0.644
0.662
0.561
0.541
4.35 Logarithmic
(R2) 0.662
Linear Linear
R2 Draper and Smith (1966) R2
0.644
mp (t/m.2) = 3.8891(SU) + 0.0881
mp = Maximum past pressure t/m.2
= Undrained shear strength t/m.2
SU
Maximum past pressure (t/m.2)
12
10
Observed
Liner
mp = 3.8891(SU) + 0.0881
R2 = 0.644
2
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Undrained sher strength (t/m. )
4.16 Maximum past pressure Undrained shear strength

4.4.5 Overconsolidation ratio Normalized undrained
shear strength
Overconsolidation Ratio Normalized Undrained
Shear Strength Field vane shear Unconfield compression test 85
4.36 4.37
4.36 Overconsolidation ratio Normalized undrained

shear strength from field vane shear test
OCR
OCR
OCR
OCR
0.3392(SU / vo) + 0.7047

0.2762 ln(SU / vo) + 1.0695
1.0542 (SU / vo) 0.2685
0.7424 e0.3238 (SU / vo)
Liner
Logarithmic
Power
Exponential
R2
0.621
0.612
0.651
0.637
4.37 Overconsolidation ratio Normalized undrained

shear strength from unconfined compression test
OCR
OCR
OCR
OCR
0.9952(SU / vo) + 0.6745

0.3392 ln(SU / vo) + 1.4147
1.4565(SU / vo) 0.321
0.7257 e 0.9267(SU / vo)
Liner
Logarithmic
Power
Exponential
R2
0.651
0.641
0.646
0.636
4.36 4.37 (R2)

Overconsolidation ratio Normalized undrained shear
strength Linear field vane shear test unconfined
compression test Draper and Smith
(1966) 4.17
OCR = 0.9952(SU / vo) + 0.6745

OCR
= Overconsolidation ratio
(SU / vo) = Normalized undrained shear strength
Undrained Shear strength

Unconfined compression test
Overconsolidation Ratio
1.75
1.50
1.25
Observed
Liner
1.00
OCR = 0.9952(SU / vo) + 0.6745

R2 = 0.651
0.75
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Normalized undrained shear strength (SU / vo)
4.17 Overconsolidation ratio Normalized undrained shear

strength
4.5 Pore Pressure Parameter A at Failure
Triaxial test Parameter A
Parameter A Parameter A
at failure (Af) Af 4.38 4.40
4.38 Parameter A at failure for confining pressure of 5 t/m.2

Depth
(m.)
1.50
3.00
4.50
6.00
7.50
9.00
10.50
12.00
13.50
15.00
16.50
18.00
BH - 1
0.51
0.55
0.61
0.60
0.69
0.54
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.50
-
BH - 2
0.64
0.60
0.62
0.59
0.64
0.55
0.51
0.54
0.52
-
Parameter A at Failure (Af) (Confining Pressure of 5 t/m.2.)

BH - 3
BH - 4
BH - 5
BH - 6
BH - 7
0.62
0.55
0.60
0.56
0.67
0.58
0.63
0.58
0.60
0.65
0.54
0.64
0.55
0.57
0.70
0.59
0.68
0.64
0.58
0.64
0.60
0.65
0.62
0.53
0.59
0.64
0.61
0.65
0.58
0.58
0.65
0.63
0.61
0.54
0.55
0.69
0.67
0.62
0.57
0.59
0.62
0.61
0.68
0.59
0.64
0.69
0.62
-
BH - 8
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.62
0.69
0.64
0.66
0.67
0.65
-
BH - 9
0.55
0.54
0.56
0.59
0.70
0.68
0.75
0.70
0.69
-
BH - 8
0.58
0.51
0.57
0.57
0.55
0.59
0.53
0.64
0.59
0.60
-
BH - 9
0.46
0.52
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.54
0.57
0.62
0.61
-
: (-)
Depth
(m.)
1.50
3.00
4.50
6.00
7.50
9.00
10.50
12.00
13.50
15.00
16.50
18.00
BH - 1
0.60
0.58
0.54
0.57
0.58
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.60
-
BH - 2
0.51
0.58
0.52
0.53
0.57
0.54
0.56
0.57
0.57
-
Parameter A at Failure (Af) (Confining Pressure of 10 t/m.2)

BH - 3
BH - 4
BH - 5
BH - 6
BH - 7
0.54
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.51
0.50
0.54
0.53
0.47
0.52
0.58
0.57
0.54
0.49
0.59
0.54
0.63
0.53
0.56
0.54
0.57
0.59
0.58
0.50
0.60
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.60
0.55
0.62
0.60
0.57
0.51
0.58
0.66
0.69
0.64
0.61
0.54
0.61
0.60
0.60
0.57
0.62
0.64
0.59
-
: (-)

Depth
(m.)
1.50
3.00
4.50
6.00
7.50
9.00
10.50
12.00
13.50
15.00
16.50
18.00
BH - 1
0.53
0.51
0.52
0.55
0.52
0.56
0.57
0.53
0.54
0.55
-
BH - 2
0.47
0.45
0.44
0.48
0.49
0.54
0.51
0.52
0.50
-
Parameter A at Failure (Af) (Confining Pressure of 15 t/m.2)

BH - 3
BH - 4
BH - 5
BH - 6
BH - 7
0.45
0.41
0.45
0.43
0.42
0.43
0.48
0.45
0.44
0.47
0.48
0.42
0.48
0.42
0.51
0.49
0.48
0.49
0.47
0.49
0.54
0.51
0.51
0.45
0.55
0.55
0.52
0.56
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.52
0.50
0.57
0.63
0.64
0.60
0.57
0.54
0.61
0.58
0.58
0.55
0.55
0.59
0.51
-
BH - 8
0.49
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.51
0.58
0.52
0.59
0.54
0.53
-
BH - 9
0.40
0.42
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.49
0.56
0.58
0.54
-
: (-)
Parameter A at failure ( 4.38 4.40) Af
Confining pressure Af
Confining pressure Af
6 ( 4.18)
4.41 Parameter A at failure Confining pressure
Parameter A at Failure
Confining Pressure (t/m.2)

0.50 0.75
5
0.46 0.69
10
0.40 0.64
15
85 1
SD
0.608
0.567
0.511
0.055
0.043
0.053
0.80
Parameter A at Failure
0.70
0.60
0.50
Confining pressure 5 t/sq.m.
0.40

0.30
0
10
15
20
Depth (m.)
4.18 Parameter A at Failure BH 6

4.38 4.40 Af
4.41 Af
Confining pressure 5 t/m.2 0.50 0.75
0.608 , Confining pressure 10 t/m.2 0.46 0.69
0.567 Confining pressure 15 t/m.2 0.40 0.64
0.511 Af
Confining pressure Confining pressure
Af Af
2.7 Af Normally consolidated clay
( 5.1)
5.1
5.1.1

15 18
N value

Unified soil classification system High plasticity clay (CH)
5.1.2 Natural water content,
Specific gravity, Unit weight, Liquid limit, Plastic limit Plasticity index 9

5.1.3 Undrained shear

strength , Coefficient of consolidation, Compression index, Recompression index, OCR, Modulus
of elasticity Internal friction angle ( 5.1)
( 2.4)

124
125
5.1

FV Test, SU(FV) , t/m2
UC, SU(Uc), t/m2
Compression index, CC
Recompression index, Cr
Coefficient of consolidation, CV , m.2/year
Maximum past pressure, pm, t/m2
OCR
Total cohesion,
Effective cohesion,
Internal friction angle, , Degree
Effective internal friction angle, ,Degree
a, t/m2
, Degree
Undrained modulus of elasticity, EU , t/m2
Critical state parameter M
Critical state parameter
SD
2.64 5.11
3.81
0.573
1.05 2.88
1.67
0.468
0.311 0.974
0.205 0.078
0.098 2.772
3.2 8.9
1.699 0.768
0.668
0.140
1.034
5.5
0.932
0.162
0.031
0.678
2.269
0.148
1.50 6.40
2.80
0.871
2.70 9.00
4.70
1.442
15.64 19.79
21.31 31.38
1.40 8.30
21.80 28.81
19.65 492.40
0.30 0.68
1.67 2.77
0.03 0.16
2.75 3.41
17.61
25.47
4.42
24.15
190.57
0.469
2.691
0.065
2.992
1.019
2.415
0.119
1.830
1.645
0.077
0.116
0.064
0.144
126
5.1.4
(Normally consolidation clay) OCR 0.932 (
5.1)
5.1.5 Parameter A at failure
OCR
Parameter A at failure +0.50 +1.00
2.6
5.1.6 Critical state parameter (
5.1) ( 2.3)

(Weald Clay)
5.1.7

R2 0.2 0.4 R2
0.6 0.9
5.1.8 (Plasticity index, PI)

127
5.1.9

SU(FV) = 2.276(GS) 0.017(PI) 0.053(W) + 0.098(Z) + 0.305 R2 = 0.728
SU(Uc) = 0.984(GS) + 0.003(PI) + 0.01(W) + 0.088(Z) -2.580 R2 = 0.657
CC
= 0.002(LL) - 0.034(Z) + 0.852 R2 = 0.814
= 0.022() + 0.007(Z) + 0.044 R2 = 0.891
Cr
= 0.007(PI) - 0.129(Z) + 2.434 R2 = 0.615
CV
mp = 0.015(PI) 0.33() + 0.529(Z) + 2.127 R2 = 0.981
OCR = 0.005(PI) 1.404() 0.025(Z) + 3.415 R2 = 0.771
C
= 3.995() - 0.030(PI) + 0.181(Z) - 4.680 R2 = 0.858
C
= 0.040(PI) + 0.323(Z) + 3.388 R2 = 0.943
= 8.723(GS) 0.005(PI) + 0.067(Z) - 6.452 R2 = 0.646
= 0.282(W) + 0.324(Z) + 1.747 R2 = 0.636

a
= 0.077(PL) + 3.575() + 0.245(Z) - 6.217 R2 = 0.861
= 0.109(W) 0.005(PI) + 0.331(Z) + 13.431 R2 = 0.730
= 229.31 (SU) 192.81 R2 = 0.636
EU
5.2
5.2.1
9

5.2.2

128
5.2.3

5.2.4
5.2.5

129
(2544). .
.
(2530). .
, .
(2520). .
, .
(2546). .
.
(2542). . . .
(2550). . - .
.
(2530).
. , .
(2546). .
.
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Designation D-1586 : Standard Method for Penetration Test and Split Barrel
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Designation D-1587 : Standard Practice for Thin Walled Tube Sampling of
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Designation D-2166 : Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive
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Designation D-2216 : Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of
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130
Designation D-2435 : Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional

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Designation D-2487 : Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for
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Designation D-2573 : Standard Method for Filed Vane Shear Test in Cohesive
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Designation D-3282 : Standard Practice for Classification Of Soils and Soil
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Designation D-4318 : Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit,
and Plasticity Index of Soils.
Designation D-4767 : Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained
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134
.
Unconfine compression test, Consolidation test
Triaxial test
135
1. Consolidation Test
(Consolidation test)
Log
t50 , t90 , ,
0.95
Deformation , mm
1.05
1.15
1.25
1.35
1.45
1.55
1.65
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
Log of Time. min
I
.1 Log of time & deformation graph
- 1 BH 2
7.50 t50
(Coefficient of consolidation, CV) Casagrande
Log scale
CV(t50) t50 = 5.10 min
136
0.94
Deformation , mm
1.04
1.14
1.24
1.34
1.44
1.54
1.64
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Root of Time. min0.50
I -2 Root of time & deformation graph

-2 BH 2
7.50 t90 (Coefficient
of consolidation) Taylor
Root of time Root
CV(t90)
t90 (0.5) = 4.40 min t90 =
19.36 min

-3
137
1.80
= mp
1.60
Void Ratio
1.40
Slope = CC
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
Slope = Cr
0.40
0.20
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
Pressure
I -3 Compressibility graph
-3

Slope Slope

2. Unconfined Compression Test

(Unconfined compressive strength)
(Undrained shear strength) -4
138
3.00
qu = 2.32 t/m.2
2.50
Stress , t.m.2
2.00
1.50
1.00
Slope = EU
0.50
0.00
I
-4 Unconfined compression test graph
10
12
14
16
18
Strain, %
-4 Unconfined compression test graph

Undrained modulus of elasticity
Stress Strain Strain

Undrained modulus of elasticity Slope Stress Strain
3 (Consolidated
Undrained Triaxial Test ; CU Test)

139
(Stress path)

-5 -6
-5 Axial strain Deviator stress 1

3.00
-5 Deviator stress Confining pressure
1.5 ksc.
Deviator stress
140
-6 Axial strain Excess pore pressure 1

3.00
-6 Confining pressure 1.5 ksc.
-5 -6 Deviator stress
Excess pore pressure

141
-7 Log of time & deformation graph 1 3.00
-8 Root of time & deformation graph 1 3.00
142
-7 -8 Consolidation
Consolidated
pressure Consolidated
Failure envelope
Total Stress
Effective Stress
-9 Mohrs circle 1 3.00

-9

3
Failure envelope Failure envelope
() Failure envelope Y
()
143
Modified Failure envelope
-10 p q Diagram and stress path 1 3.00

-10

Modified Failure envelope Modified failure envelope
Modified failure envelope Y
a
-1
Depth
Depth
LL
PL
PI
Water
Content
Unit Weight
G.S.
Su (FV-Test)
Su (UC)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
LL
1
-.084
.447
.139
.205
-.183
.094
.064
.560
.139
.204
.030
.785
.662(**)
.000
.808(**)
.000
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
-.084
.447
1
.235(*)
.030
.420(**)
.000
-.031
.776
-.015
.889
.047
.670
.013
.908
.007
.950
PL
.139
.205
.235(*)
.030
1
-.783(**)
.000
-.162
.139
.180
.099
.087
.429
.364(**)
.001
.142
.194
PI
-.183
.094
.420(**)
.000
-.783(**)
.000
1
.131
.231
-.178
.103
-.051
.641
-.332(**)
.002
-.128
.241
Water
Content
.064
.560
-.031
.776
-.162
.139
.131
.231
1
-.144
.188
.093
.396
-.138
.209
.101
.355
Unit
Weight
.139
.204
-.015
.889
.180
.099
-.178
.103
-.144
.188
1
.120
.274
.163
.135
.020
.853
G.S.
.030
.785
.047
.670
.087
.429
-.051
.641
.093
.396
.120
.274
1
.103
.350
.074
.500
Su (FV-Test)
.662(**)
.000
.013
.908
.364(**)
.001
-.332(**)
.002
-.138
.209
.163
.135
.103
.350
1
.643(**)
.000
Su (UC)
.808(**)
.000
.007
.950
.142
.194
-.128
.241
.101
.355
.020
.853
.074
.500
.643(**)
.000
1
-2
Depth
LL
PL
PI
Water Content
Unit Weight
G.S.
CC
mp
Cr
Depth
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.084
.447
.139
.205
-.183
.094
.064
.560
.139
.204
.030
.785
-.904(**)
.000
.944(**)
.000
.990(**)
.000
LL
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.084
.447
.235(*)
.030
.420(**)
.000
-.031
.776
-.015
.889
.047
.670
.092
.401
-.041
.713
-.103
.349
PL
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.139
.205
.235(*)
.030
-.783(**)
.000
-.162
.139
.180
.099
.087
.429
.015
.893
.156
.154
.106
.335
PI
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.183
.094
.420(**)
.000
-.783(**)
.000
.131
.231
-.178
.103
-.051
.641
.045
.681
-.171
.117
-.165
.132
Water Content
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.064
.560
-.031
.776
-.162
.139
.131
.231
-.144
.188
.093
.396
-.166
.128
.082
.454
.060
.588
Unit Weight
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.139
.204
-.015
.889
.180
.099
-.178
.103
-.144
.188
.120
.274
-.066
.551
.146
.182
.132
.228
G.S.
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.030
.785
.047
.670
.087
.429
-.051
.641
.093
.396
.120
.274
.017
.880
.036
.742
.012
.911
CC
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.904(**)
.000
.092
.401
.015
.893
.045
.681
-.166
.128
-.066
.551
.017
.880
-.832(**)
.000
-.905(**)
.000
Cr
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.944(**)
.000
-.041
.713
.156
.154
-.171
.117
.082
.454
.146
.182
.036
.742
-.832(**)
.000
.922(**)
.000
mp
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.990(**)
.000
-.103
.349
.106
.335
-.165
.132
.060
.588
.132
.228
.012
.911
-.905(**)
.000
.922(**)
.000

-3
Depth
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.084
.447
.139
.205
-.183
.094
Water
Content
.064
.560
LL
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.084
.447
.235(*)
.030
.420(**)
.000
PL
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.139
.205
.235(*)
.030
PI
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.183
.094
.420(**)
.000
Water
Content
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.064
.560
Unit Weight
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
G.S.
Depth
LL
PL
PI
Unit Weight
G.S.
CV (t50)
CV (t90)
OCR
.139
.204
.030
.785
-.560(**)
.000
-.633(**)
.000
-.750(**)
.000
-.031
.776
-.015
.889
.047
.670
.243(*)
.025
.156
.153
.033
.766
-.783(**)
.000
-.162
.139
.180
.099
.087
.429
-.122
.265
-.254(*)
.019
-.220(*)
.043
-.783(**)
.000
.131
.231
-.178
.103
-.051
.641
.269(*)
.013
.338(**)
.002
.226(*)
.037
-.031
.776
-.162
.139
.131
.231
-.144
.188
.093
.396
-.013
.907
.049
.656
-.066
.548
.139
.204
-.015
.889
.180
.099
-.178
.103
-.144
.188
.120
.274
-.098
.371
-.139
.203
-.142
.196
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.030
.785
.047
.670
.087
.429
-.051
.641
.093
.396
.120
.274
.074
.504
-.040
.717
-.059
.592
CV (t50)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.560(**)
.000
.243(*)
.025
-.122
.265
.269(*)
.013
-.013
.907
-.098
.371
.074
.504
.801(**)
.000
.373(**)
.000
CV (t90)
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.633(**)
.000
.156
.153
-.254(*)
.019
.338(**)
.002
.049
.656
-.139
.203
-.040
.717
.801(**)
.000
.513(**)
.000
OCR
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.750(**)
.000
.033
.766
-.220(*)
.043
.226(*)
.037
-.066
.548
-.142
.196
-.059
.592
.373(**)
.000
.513(**)
.000

-4
Depth
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.084
.447
.139
.205
-.183
.094
Water
Content
.064
.560
LL
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.084
.447
.235(*)
.030
.420(**)
.000
-.031
.776
-.015
.889
.047
.670
-.099
.365
-.055
.620
-.059
.589
-.074
.500
PL
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.139
.205
.235(*)
.030
-.783(**)
.000
-.162
.139
.180
.099
.087
.429
.218(*)
.045
.226(*)
.038
.037
.736
-.042
.702
PI
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.183
.094
.420(**)
.000
-.783(**)
.000
.131
.231
-.178
.103
-.051
.641
-.267(*)
.013
-.246(*)
.023
-.073
.509
-.008
.941
Water
Content
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.064
.560
-.031
.776
-.162
.139
.131
.231
-.144
.188
.093
.396
-.001
.990
-.016
.885
.059
.592
.279(**)
.010
Unit Weight
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.139
.204
-.015
.889
.180
.099
-.178
.103
-.144
.188
.120
.274
.239(*)
.028
.160
.143
.062
.576
.040
.718
G.S.
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.030
.785
.047
.670
.087
.429
-.051
.641
.093
.396
.120
.274
-.010
.928
.054
.621
.199
.068
-.053
.630
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.915(**)
.000
-.099
.365
.218(*)
.045
-.267(*)
.013
-.001
.990
.239(*)
.028
-.010
.928
.947(**)
.000
.212
.052
.530(**)
.000
c'
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.968(**)
.000
-.055
.620
.226(*)
.038
-.246(*)
.023
-.016
.885
.160
.143
.054
.621
.947(**)
.000
.273(*)
.012
.470(**)
.000
Phi
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.288(**)
.007
-.059
.589
.037
.736
-.073
.509
.059
.592
.062
.576
.199
.068
.212
.052
.273(*)
.012
.291(**)
.007
Phi'
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.588(**)
.000
-.074
.500
-.042
.702
-.008
.941
.279(**)
.010
.040
.718
-.053
.630
.530(**)
.000
.470(**)
.000
.291(**)
.007
Depth
LL

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)
PL
PI
Unit
Weight
.139
.204
G.S.
c'
Phi
Phi'
.030
.785
.915(**)
.000
.968(**)
.000
.288(**)
.007
.588(**)
.000
.
Unconfined Compression Test , Consolidation Test CU Triaxial Test
-1 Unconfined Compression Test BH 1 3.00
-7 Consolidation Test BH 1 3.00
-8 Consolidation Test BH 1 3.00
-9 CV BH 1 3.00
-10 CV BH 1 3.00
-11 CC BH 1 3.00
-12 Pressure BH 1 3.00
-16 Log of Time Pressure BH 1 3.00
-17 Root of Time Pressure BH 1 3.00
-26 CU Triaxial Test Confining Pressure = 0.5 ksc. BH 1

3.00

3.00

3.00
-29 Deviator Stress Excess Pore Pressure Axial

Strain BH 1 3.00
-30 Volume Change BH 1

3.00
-31 Mohr s Circle Stress Path BH 1 3.00
181
.
Critical State Parameter
182
1. Slope of Critical State Line project to p:q plane (M),

CU Triaxial Test p q Slope of
Critical State Line project to p:q plane (M) p q Failure
BH 1 3.00 -1
-1 p q Failure
Confining Pressure (ksc.)
p at Failure
0.5
0.49
1.0
0.88
1.5
1.45
q at Failure
0.46
0.64
0.86
-1 p q
Slope of Critical State Line project to p:q plane (M)
-1 M 0.40
Depth 3.00
1.00
0.80
M = 0.40
0.60
qf'
1
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
pf'(ksc.)
-1 Stress Path
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
183
2. Slope of Critical State Line ()

CU Triaxial Test
p Failure Slope of Critical State Line () Specific Volume at
Failure (f) ln p Failure
Specific Volume ln p BH 1 3.00 (
-2) pf ksc. kPa.
ln p Specific Volume
-2 Specific Volume ln pf
ln pf(kPa.)
Confining Pressure (ksc.)
pf(ksc.)
0.5
0.49
3.87
1.0
0.88
4.46
1.5
1.45
4.96
e
1.83
1.76
1.73
2.83
2.76
2.73
-2 Specific Volume
ln p Slope of Critical State Line ()
-2 0.09
3. Specific Volume of soil on critical state line at p = 1.0 kPa ()
Slope of Critical State Line project to p:q plane (M), Specific
Volume at Failure (f) , ln p Failure Slope of Critical State Line ()
Specific Volume of soil on critical state line at p = 1.0 kPa ()
= f + ln pf
184
=
f =
=
pf =
Specific Volume of soil on critical state line at p = 1.0 kPa

Specific Volume at Failure
Slope of Critical State Line
p at Failure
BH -1 3.00
= 2.83
f
= 0.09
ln pf = 3.87
Specific Volume of soil on critical state line at p = 1.0 kPa () = 3.17
2.84
Specific Volume
2.82
2.80
= 0.09
2.78
2.76
2.74
2.72
3.50
3.70
3.90
4.10
4.30
4.50
ln p'(kPa)
-2 Specific Volume ln p
4.70
4.90
5.10
185
186
1 BH 1 .6 4013
. . .
2 BH 2 .25 4094
. . .
187
3 BH 3 .1 .
. .
4 BH 3 .1 .
. .
188
5 BH 4 .1 .
. .
6 BH 4 .1 .
. .
189
7 BH 5 .
. .
8 BH 5 .
. .
190
9 BH 6
. . .
10 BH 6
. . .
191
11 BH 7 .18 4013
. . .
12 BH 8
. . .
192
13 BH 8
. . .
14 BH 9 . 25 4013
. . .
193
15 BH 5
16 BH 5
194
17 Standard Penetration Resistance Test
195
18 Standard Penetration Resistance Test
196
19
20
197
13
14 16 2551
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
4812087
()
2547

55 4 90110
0-74-429716-7 0-8946-42108 E-mail: akradet_psu@hotmail.com
, (2551).
. 13, 14 - 16
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Engineering Properties of Soft Pakphanang Clay

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Engineering Properties of Soft Pakphanang Clay

4.5 Pore Pressure Parameter A at Failure

2.1 (Specific Gravity)

2.8 Compression Index Recompression Index

4.34 Undranied modulus of elasticity Undrained shear strength

4.37 Overconsolidation ratio Normalized

2.24 Liquidity Index Maximum Past Pressure

4.7 Boring log of BH - 2

4.16 Maximum past pressure Undrained Shear

4.17 Overconsolidation ratio Normalized

4.18 Parameter A at Failure BH 6

2.1 (Cohesive Soil)

2.2 (Clay Mineral)

3) (Alluviam deposits: Qa)

(Liquid limit, LL)

(Total unit weight)

2.9 Unified soil classification system chart

(Undrained Shear Strength)

Field vane shear test

2.12 () Plasticity index

2) Shear strength parameter

2.13 Unconfined compression test

2.14 Triaxial Test

(Shear plane) (Mohr)

2.15 Mohrs circle Triaxial test

2.16 Mohrs circle Triaxial 3

2.17 Mohr circle Stress path

Void ratio Effective overburden pressure

2.19 Void ratio Effective overburden pressure Over

Boston Blue Clay

Compression ratio Compression index

2.20 (Maximum past pressure)

2.7.1 Critical State Concept

f = Shear stress at failure

e f = Voids ratio of soil on critical state line at normal stress at failure

2.21 Critical state of soil

(Direct shear test)

2.22 Critical state line for triaxial tests

= Parameter q of stress path at failure

c 2.22 (b) Critical state line Normal state line

Critical State Parameter

2.8 (Pore pressure Parameters)

2.23 Pore pressure in triaxial test

u = B[3 + A.(1 3)]

2.5 Undrained modulus of elasticity Undrained shear strength

2.6 Parameter A at failure

2.10.1 Plasticity Index Liquid Limit

2.7 Plasticity index Liquid limit

(Soft - Medium Clay)

(Soft - Medium Stiff

2.10.2 Liquidity Index Preconsolidation Pressure Sensitivity Index

2.24 Liquidity index Maximum past pressure Sensitivity

2.10.3 Compression Index Recompression Index

Azzouz and All (1976)

Muktabhant et al. (1977)

2.8 () Compression index Recompression index

Wroth and Wood (1978)