Hayden

Millennium Development Goals
Niger and Nigeria

Hayden Nielsen and David Doty
Development Goal #1
Eliminate Hunger and Poverty
According to the UN, poverty is a condition characterized by severe
deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water,
sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends
not only on income but also on access to services." Poverty is an issue that
includes around 1 billion people on Earth. It was the first of the Millennium
Development Goals to be established, because of its very severe nature. The
goal in 2000, was to reduce the global poverty level by half in 15 years. This
was accomplished in 2010, but the fact remains that still 1.2 billion people
live in extreme poverty. Hunger is defined as a condition in which a person,
for a sustained period of time, is unable to eat sufficient food to meet basic
nutritional needs. As of 2010, 162 million children were still involved
undernourished. These issues are still very prevalent in our world, and must
be resolved.
Hunger and Poverty

Nigeria
A population of 177,155,754
The National Bureau of Statistics said 60.9% of Nigerians in 2010 were living in "absolute poverty" this figure had risen from 54.7% in 2004.
-Proportion of underweight children, from 35.7 per cent in 1990 to 27.4 per cent in 2012, trailing
behind the 2015 target of 17.85 per cent.
-Nigerian population suffering from hunger is 8.26 per cent in 2012 against 9.66 per cent of 2015
target (source, OSSAP-MDG).
Due to a recent economic growth in Nigeria there have been some good strides toward improving
their hunger and poverty problems. However this growth has not been able to create enough jobs to
have a major impact on the country in reaching the developmental goal that has been set. There is
no easy way to fix this issue, its something that will take time. I suggest that the country needs to
fair and wide ranging. With almost 61% in absolute poverty they will need aid as well in making new
jobs that will help contribute to the environment and help make living a better situation for the
people of Nigeria. At the rate Nigeria is at I do not think they will meet their developmental goal.
Hunger and Poverty

Niger
-Population in Multidimensional Poverty: 89.81%
-Population living under $1.25 per day: 43.62%
-Most of the population is still in poverty, and living under $1.25 per day. They are far from reaching
their goals to eliminate poverty and hunger.
-Niger tried to eliminate malnourished children under 5, and are very far from being successful,
with 38.5% of the children under 5 being underfed.
-Population in Severe Multidimensional poverty: 73.53%
I would venture to say that the poverty that is found in Niger is definitely the main problem. With
almost 90% of the population involved in multidimensional poverty, and almost 75% of the
population is involved in severe poverty, we know that it is a very large problem. Niger is very far
from reaching its goals for the terms established in this goal, and will still need a lot of time, and
resources to help their citizens become free from poverty.
Developmental Goal #1
Comparison of Niger and Nigeria
Both Niger and Nigeria have made some strides to overcome poverty and hunger. However both are
very short from meeting their Developmental goal. We see with Nigeria that it is getting worse and
in Niger it is a major problem. Both countries will not meet the goal in 2015. When we take a close
look at some of the numbers we see that Nigers population living under $1.25 per day is 43.62
percent, that's is awful. And we see that a similar problem is in Nigeria, in 2010 60.9 percent of
Nigerians were living in "absolute poverty". A problem that needs to be addressed and fixed.
Also Hunger is a problem with both countries. With Niger having 38.5% of the children under 5
being underfed. And Nigeria in 2012 the proportion of underweight children was 27.4 percent. Both
countries are not going to meet their goals for 2015.
Development Goal #2
Universal Primary Education
This goal was set to help all children receive a primary education. The most
important thing that the rising generation needs is education. Education and
learning are the building blocks of problems solving, education children,
gives the next generation tools to fight poverty and prevent diseases,
including Malaria and HIV/AIDS. Over the lifespan of the goal, the number of
out-of-school children was drastically reduced. However, over the last few
years that number has not continued to decrease in the same manner that it
was originally. With that being said, currently there are over 58 million
children around the world still out-of-school.

Nigeria
-Net enrolment ratio and net attendance ratio in primary education, up from 62.1 percent in 2008
to 70.1 percent in 2012.
-The literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds, male and female was 66 percent in 2012 with a gap of 34
percent yet to be achieved, before the end of 2015
-Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) 5.2 in 2013
-State primary completion rates range from 2 per cent to 99 per cent.Progress needs to be
accelerated in the northern part of the country if the target is to be met. Problem is a lack of
security in the northern part of the country.
-1.7 million students registered for Nigerias centralized tertiary admissions examinations, all
competing for the half million places available; potentially leaving over a million qualified collegeage Nigerians without a postsecondary place.
-Enrolment and attendance ratio has increased. However there is a lack of teachers and quality
teachers. This needs to be improved in order for the goal to be met.

Niger
-Mean years of schooling: 1.44 years
-Adult Literacy rate (15+): 28.7%
-In 2014, they had reached the level of 67% enrollment with a projected level at the end of 2015 of
82%.
-If they increased their efforts they would likely reach their desired objective of 100%.
-Completion rates rose from 15% to 51%, but is no where near reaching its goal of 100% completion.
-Population with at least some secondary education (% aged 25 and above): 5.1%
-Pupil-teacher ratio 39:1
The underlying problem with Niger is education. It is very hard for people who are illiterate and
uneducated to be able to get themselves out of poverty. The mean average for years of schooling is
1.44, which is not nearly enough to be able to create a foundation of young aspiring individuals to
lead the country to a better state. They are progressing in their educational goals, but are still far
from being close to reaching their goal by the end of 2015.
Both Niger and Nigeria have problems with education. Both countries have
made great progress in achieving their goals, however both countries will fall
short by 2015. However we cannot underestimate the progress that has been
made. Nigerias net enrolment ratio and net attendance ratio in primary
education was 70.1 percent in 2012. A huge increase from 2008 where it was
62.1 percent. Nigers completion rates rose from 15 percent to 51 percent.
Both are major achievements made in this area. In order for both countries to
get themselves out of poverty they need to increase their countries
education.
Development Goal #3
Gender Equality
Gender equality suggests that both men and women are treated equally and
in all senses are not discriminated because of their gender. This is a problem
worldwide, even in developed countries, but even more so in developing
countries. In these developing nations, women are undervalued and
underused. The number of women with seats in parliament has been an issue
in recent years, but over the years these development goals have been in
place 46 countries have over 30% of their seats filled by women. Many
developing countries are involved in harmful traditional practices, which lead
to the inequality of women in most cases. This development goal was put into
place to help women have an equal voice in many matters they would
otherwise not.
Gender Equality
Nigeria
The ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education (per 100 boys) has been
surpassed, growing from 76:100 in 2008 to 102:100 in 2012 (sources is from OSSAP-MDG). This shows
that elimination of gender disparity at all levels of education, the goal has been met.
-Few women currently hold political office, Nigerias 36 states there is no female governor. Nigeria
also does not appear ready to have a woman as president, although a woman is running for that
office this year.
-The problems hindering women from actively seeking elective offices range from the high costs of
contesting elections to cultural ideologies.
Progress is being made and gender equality had improved dramatically. Schools now have almost an
equal ratio of boys to girls in primary school. Now the next step to be made is for women to now
hold political offices. The National Gender Policy promised to support women to occupy 35% of
elective positions in Nigeria, which has not been met.
Gender Equality
Niger
-In primary education, the ratio of girls to boys is 82:100.
-The percent of girls to boys in higher education is approximately 43%, a drastic climb from 34% in
2004.
-The percent of women with seats in parliament, has increased from 1.2% to 13.27%.
-Labour force participation rate, female (% of ages 15 and older): 39.9%
-Gender Inequality Index: 0.709
Niger is a country where women are very undervalued, in the educational, and professional sense.
The role of a woman in Niger is to take care of the house and be responsible in the daily tasks
around the house. However, equality has improved but not enough. Niger would still be considered
very far away from reaching its goals of equality between men and women for the 2015 mark that
was set.
Developmental goal #3
Once again we see that both countries have made good strides in gender
equality. More and more schools are becoming close to an equal ratio of boys
and girls. More women are getting political offices,however this can improve.
Both countries undervalue their women and can have them do more to help
benefit their countries. Both countries are very close to meeting their goal.
Nigeria has eliminated gender disparity at all levels of education, which is
huge for their countries development.
Development Goal #4
Reduce Child Mortality
The major problem with child mortality is that, basically all of the deaths
that occur are due to preventable diseases. This is a problem, because if
something is preventable, it should be prevented. That is why this goal was
developed; to help stop these preventable diseases, that cause children
under 5 to pass away. In developing countries, many of these diseases can be
prevented simply by making behavioral changes such as handwashing. This
goal needed to be developed so that these types of things could be avoided,
and has seemed to improve the ratio over the years that is has been in
effect; reducing the child mortality rate almost universally.

Nigeria
-Total infant mortality rate is 74.09 deaths/1,000 live births this needs to be reduced by 50% in
order to meet target.
-The proportion of children immunized against measles by 12 months of age increased from 31.4 per
cent in 2003 to 55.5 per cent in 2012 (source is from OSSAP-MDG).
-The Nigerian government is also helping with many inactives including, integrated Maternal,
Newborn and Child Health Care Strategy using the Ward Minimum Health Package.
- Nigeria will not make their target goals even though steps are being made in the right direction.

Niger
-Child mortality has decreased from 318 of every 1000 children dying, to 114 out of every 1000
dying before the age of 5.
-Continues to be on target to meet 2015 goals.
-All children under one should be vaccinated for measles.
-Niger improved from 20.4% of children being vaccinated to 65.9% in 2009.
-Infants lacking immunization - % of one year olds: 20%
-Infants lacking immunization - % of one year olds, Measles: 27%
Niger is doing exceptionally better at helping reduce the rate of child mortality, through proper
vaccinations. They are on track to meet their goal for all children under the age 5 to be vaccinated
by 2015, which would help reduce the risk of measles, a big killer in young children in Niger. They
need to improve only slightly, and all children will be vaccinated.
Both countries are working on reducing child mortality rate. Its something
that can be prevented. Because these death occur from preventable
diseases. Both countries are making good strides and are trying to eliminate
these diseases and reduce child mortality. Both countries are trying to
immunize their children to prevent these death which is steps in the right
direction however both countries will fall short of their goals.
Development Goal #5
Maternal Health
Many mothers around the world is classified by the period of time during the
pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. The four essential steps to
avoid this problem are as follows: First, prenatal care. It is recommended
that expectant mothers receive at least four antenatal visits to check and
monitor the health of mother and foetus. Second, skilled birth attendance
with emergency backup such as doctors, nurses and midwives who have the
skills to manage normal deliveries and recognize the onset of complications.
Third, emergency obstetric care to address the major causes of maternal
death which are haemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertensive
disorders and obstructed labour. Lastly, postnatal care which is the six weeks
following delivery. The goal has reduced the number of fatalities, yet in
impoverished areas, the number of mothers who die is still a staggering 85%
in Southern Asia and Africa. This number must be reduced.
Maternal Health
Nigeria
-In 1990, it was estimated that 1,000 mothers died per 100,000 live births. Now there is estimated
350 deaths in 2012. Still 28.6% away from the 2015 target.
-In 2008, deliveries that had skilled birth attendance were 38.9% while it rose to 53.6% in 2012.
(Source is from OSSP-MDG).
-Programs like Safe Motherhood Programme,Midwives Service Scheme and the Community Health
Extension Workers' Programme have contributed to much of this success and it is expected to
continue.
-The ng.undp.org claims The formulation of the MDGs Acceleration Framework Action Plan for
Goal 5 has also been completed, with bottlenecks identified, solutions proffered, and a five year
plan costed
This is a big step in the right direction for Nigeria and they are continuing to make things better in
this area. However they will not meet the goal they have set.
Maternal Health
Niger
-Initially started with about 700 deaths per 100,000 live births.
-Faced a target of 150 deaths per 100,000 in 2015
-The ratio dropped down to 590 per 100,000 live births.
-HIV prevalence (% ages 15-24), female: 0.1%
More than half the births in Niger are not assisted by healthcare personnel, and are performed in
amateur settings, with amateur medical care. More than half of times a woman goes to give birth,
proper care is not taken and therefore, death among women during childbirth is more common than
it should be. The HIV prevalence is very low, and so the leading cause of Maternal Health issues is
this unskilled childbirth care. The goal for reducing Maternal Mortality is way out of reach for 2015.
Both countries will not meet their goal as way too many deaths are
happening. Also about half of all births are happening with proper care to
help them. The HIV prevalence is very low in both countries, so the leading
cause of maternal health issues is this unskilled childbirth care. Both
countries are trying to help fix this matter but both will fall short by the end
of 2015.
Development Goal #6
Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria
These diseases have killed many thousands of people all over the world, and
thus needed to be addressed as a development goal. Knowledge about
HIV/AIDS needs to be spread so that the rising generation does not contract
the disease. These diseases affect millions of people each year, and can also
be prevented with the correct education, and proper vaccinations. Almost
600 children died every day of AIDS-related causes in 2012. Antiretroviral
medicines were delivered to 9.5 million people in developing regions in 2012,
and have saved 6.6 million lives since 1995. Malaria interventions saved the
lives of three million young children between 2000 and 2012. Between 1995
and 2012, tuberculosis treatment saved 22 million lives. This goal is
progressing towards excellence, just needs to be continued.

Nigeria
-HIV prevalence figures fall from 5.8 to 4.1 in 2012. This trend meets the criteria for the attainment
of target 6.A.
-HIV prevalence among pregnant young women aged 15-24 has fallen in from 5.4 per cent in 2000 to
4.2 per cent in 2008 and to 4.1 per cent in 2012. Thus Nigeria has already achieved this target.
-Some states still have high prevalence rates that require urgent policy attention.
- The largest MDG increase in this section is the proportion of under-5 children sleeping under
Insecticide Treated Nets. In 2003, the figure was 2.2%, in 2008, it was 5.5% and in 2012, it is 34.6%.
(Source OSSAP-MDGs)
-With much progress made and goals met there is still much to be done in Nigeria for example,
increasing the people the knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS. To do this the government has the
new National HIV/AIDS Strategic Framework for Action 2010-2015 which has helped and will
continue to help the people of Nigeria.

Niger
-HIV prevalence (% ages 15-24), female: 0.1%
-HIV prevalence (% ages 15-24), male: 0.1%
-HIV prevalence (% ages 15-49), total: 0.5%
-Life expectancy at birth: 58.41 years.
They will reach their goal for 2015. Malaria has also decreased significantly, but significant efforts
are still needed to be able to reach their goal. Malaria causes a very high rate of mortality in the
people of Niger, For the past few years, children under five have received free health care, while
significant steps have been made in immunization coverage, recruitment of health staff, and in the
number of malaria cases treated. Niger will meet this development goal.
Both countries will reach their goals. Nigeria has already met their goal and
Niger is in the process and will likely reach their goal. This is great news for
both countries. Now the shift is to help educate the people about the
diseases and help prevent future ones from harming their developmental
growth.
Development Goal #7
Environmental Stability
A common issue on everyones mind seems to be the planets global warming. The
amount of CO2 emissions worldwide has increased by 50% since 1990, and continues to
be on the upward climb. Millions of acres of forest are lost each year, many species of
animals are close to becoming extinct, and renewable water sources are becoming
scarce for our growing population. This goal was developed to be able to combat these
factors in our society and our world. Unfortunately, this is a goal that seems to have
been kind of forgotten by the world, because the amount of emissions has increased
and people continue to harm the planet. Over 2.3 billion more people have gained
access to an improved source of drinking water since 1990, but 748 million people still
draw their water from an unimproved source. Between 1990 and 2012, almost 2 billion
people obtained access to improved sanitation. However, 1 billion people still resort to
open defecation. We have improved in some aspects, but some of the major players
still exist.
Nigeria
-This goal is a big problem for Nigeria, the progress on the proportion of the population accessing
safe water has not been stable. In 2008 the figure was 55.8 per cent, in 2011 the figure improved to
58.5 per cent, and in 2012, the figure declined to 57 per cent against 77 per cent target by 2015.
They will not meet this goal.
-Good news for Nigeria is the proportion of population that has access to improved sanitation grew
from 31.2 per cent in 2008 to 33.7 per cent in 2012 against 69.5 per cent target by 2015. (Sources,
OSSAP-MDGs)
-One of Nigeria's government main focus is getting portable water for all Nigerians.Programs such as
Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, the Conditional Grants Scheme to States, the QuickWins programme and the MDGs Special Projects programme have been created since 2006 to help
fix the problem.
-Natural resources are being seriously threatened.Between 2000 and 2010 the area of forest shrank
by a third, from 14.4 per cent to 9.9 per cent of the land area. The government created National
Environmental Action Plans that address climate change to help fix this problem.
- Steps are being made in the right direction but they will not meet their goals.
Niger
- The amount of Nigerians with a sustainable water sources has nearly doubled since 2010, when
only about 2 out of 5 people had access to sustainable water previously.
-The amount of people living in slums has decreased to about 58.5% by the end of 2008, and with
that current trend is not close to reaching the goal of 36% by the end of 2015.
-The people of Niger have problems with finding improved sanitation.
-The country went below 10% of the population having access to improved sanitation.
-Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (tons): 0.09
Niger has not progressed very much, if at all in most categories of this development goal, and are
still a long ways away from meeting their proposed goals for the end of 2015. At the current rate
they are going, they will not meet this development goal.
Niger has done very little to help meet this goal and is far from meeting it.
Nigeria is is the same place, there have made very little steps into
completing or meeting this goal. Both will not meet the developmental goals
and this is a big problem for both countries that needs to be overcome.
Development Goal #8
Global Partnership for Development
This goal was established to help the least developed, and small landlocked
countries in around the globe. With that being said, they also developed this
goal to combat the problems that these nations are facing, like the ones
addressed in the previous 7 development goals. Millions of dollars has been
given to aid these countries, and in 2013 a record $134.7 billion was given to
aid these countries. Millions have been helped through this aid, many have
become users of the internet, or phonelines became available to help
progress the economy, and nation. Many countries achieved all of the goals
that were set, while others, were far from being reached.

Nigeria
-Debt servicing fell from 15.2 per cent of exports in 2005 to 0.5 per cent in 2008 and to 0.1 per cent
in 2012. In order to build on this positive movements action needs to be taken in order to prevent a
relapse into unsustainable levels of debt that could prevent Nigeria from achieving Millennium
Developmental goals.
-The outlook for the broader partnership for development is not as bright. Trade agreements
continue to be inequitable and constrain exports and economic growth.
- Nigeria needs to improve the quality of human and capital resources available.Doing this will
attract the foreign direct investments that is needed to contribute to the development of Nigeria
- This goal will not be met by 2015

Niger
- The United States has partnered with Niger and has contributed millions of dollars each year to
the development of the nation.
-The country also has a connection with pharmaceutical companies, but the supply of these
medications to Niger is very limited. Especially to the remote areas of the country.
-Nigers biggest partners are France, the European Union and the World bank.
-Important donors also include: Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, and Saudi Arabia
-The United States has also contributed to the policy coordination of areas such as food security and
HIV/AIDS.
-While some of the goals are met, they must make better arrangements with these global partners
to achieve their goals.
Niger is doing much better than Nigeria in this developmental goal. Niger has
met some of their goals, they just need to make better arrangements with
their global partners to meet all of their goals. Nigeria on the other hand is
struggling to get any major global powerhouse to help aid them due to trade
agreements continuing to be inequitable. If both countries were able to make
better arrangements with global partners they would be better off and
develop faster.
Conclusion
The Millennium Development Goals were very helpful in the aid of millions of
people around the world, however the seemed to not be tracked as faithfully
in some nations as in others. The Least Developed Countries, remain
undeveloped, and the stronger nations got even stronger. The goals should
have focused more of their attention on helping the poorest and least
developed nations become stronger, than sureing up the stronger ones and
not making much progress in these other nations. The development goals, if
continued and more strictly observed, would make a huge impact on our
world and would continue to improve and save the lives of millions of people
around the globe.
Sources
Nigeria Poverty and Hunger:
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa17015873
http://www.ng.undp.org/content/nigeria/en
/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg1/
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/geos/ni.html
Education:
http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/mean-years-sch
ooling-adults-years
http://wenr.wes.org/2013/07/an-overview-of-ed
ucation-in-nigeria/
Niger Poverty and Hunger:

http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/NER
http://www.ne.undp.org/content/niger/fr/h
ome/mdgoverview/overview/mdg1/
Education:
Sources
Nigeria
Gender equality:
http://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-in
terviews/179136-analysis-2015-elections-holdno-promise-for-improved-women-representationin-nigerian-politics.html
Child:
Maternal health:
Niger
Gender Equality:
Child Mortality
Maternal Health
Sources
Nigeria
HIV/AIDS:
Enviroment:
Global:
Niger
HIV/AIDS
http://www.ne.undp.org/content/niger/fr/ho
me/mdgoverview/overview/mdg7/
Global Partnership
Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_hea
lth
http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/h
ome/mdgoverview/mdg_goals/mdg7/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_
Development_Goals

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Millennium Development Goals

Niger and Nigeria

Hunger and Poverty

Hunger and Poverty

Universal Primary Education

Universal Primary Education

Reduce Child Mortality

Reduce Child Mortality

Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria

Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria

Global Partnership for Development

Global Partnership for Development

Niger Poverty and Hunger:

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