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3.operacije Sa Racionalnim Algebarskim Izrazima
3.operacije Sa Racionalnim Algebarskim Izrazima
3.operacije Sa Racionalnim Algebarskim Izrazima
NZD polinoma P i Q je polinom D koji ima najvei stepen medju polinomima koji su
delioci i polinoma P i polinoma Q.
NZS polinoma P i Q je polinom S koji ima najmanji stepen medju polinomima koji su
deljivi i polinomom P i polinomom Q.
Primer 1: Nadji NZS i NZD za polinome:
P( x) = x 2 4
Q( x) = x 2 x 2
R( x) = x 2 3x + 2
Prvo moramo svaki od njih rastaviti na inioce (naravno , upotrebom postupka
navedenog u fajlu: Transformacije algebarskih izraza).
P ( x) = x 2 4 = x 2 2 2 = ( x 2)( x + 2)
Q( x) = x 2 x 2 = x 2 2 x + x 2 = x( x 2) + 1( x 2) = ( x 2)( x + 1)
R ( x) = x 2 3 x + 2 = x 2 x 2 x + 2 = x( x 1) 2( x 1) = ( x 1)( x 2)
NZD = x-2
NZS je unija. On mora biti deljiv sa sva tri polinoma. Dakle:
NZS = (x-2)(x+2)(x-1)(x+1)
Primer 2: Nadji NZS I NZD za polinome :
P = a 2 ab
Q = a 2 b2
R = a 2 2ab + b 2
Najpre vrimo rastavljanje na inioce:
P = a 2 ab = a (a b)
Q = a 2 b 2 = (a b)(a + b)
R = a 2 2ab + b 2 = (a b) 2
NZD = (a b) jer ga ima u sva tri
A = x 2 xy
B = xy + y 2
__________
Rastavljamo na inioce:
A = x( x y )
B = y( x + y)
NZS = xy ( x y )( x + y )
Reenje:
9a + 15 = 3(3a + 5)
36a 2 100 = 4(9a 2 25) = 4(3a 5)(3a + 5)
9a 2 + 30a 25 = (9a 2 30a + 25) = (3a 5) 2
____________________________________________________________________
3 x 3 12 x 2 + 12 x =
5 x 4 + 20 x 3 + 20 x 2 =
3nx 2 12n =
__________________________________
3 x 3 12 x 2 + 12 x = 3 x( x 2 4 x + 4) = 3 x( x 2) 2
5 x 4 + 20 x 3 + 20 x 2 = 5 x 2 ( x 2 + 4 x + 4) = 5 x 2 ( x + 2) 2
3nx 2 12n = 3n( x 2 4) = 3n( x 2)( x + 2)
__________________________________________________________
NZS = 15nx 2 ( x 2) 2 ( x + 2) 2
Primer 7:
1) Uprosti izraz:
a
b
a+b
+ 2
a a + b b (a + b)(a b)
=
ab(a b)
a 2 + b 2 (a 2 b 2 ) a 2 + b 2 a 2 + b 2
2b 2
2b 2
2b
=
=
=
=
ab(a b)
ab(a b)
ab(a b) a b (a b) a (a b)
Pre poetka (ili po zavretku) rada treba postaviti uslove zadataka. Poto deljenje nulom
nije dozvoljeno to nijedan u imeniocu ne sme biti nula, tj.
a 0; b 0; a b 0 a b
2) Uprosti izraz:
1
2
1
+
+ 2
2
x x 1 x
x +x
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
+
+ 2
=
+
+
= ta je problem?
2
x x 1 x
x + x x( x 1) (1 x)(1 + x) x( x + 1)
2
1
2
1
+
+
x( x 1) (1 x)(1 + x) x( x + 1)
1
2
1
=
+
=
x( x 1) ( x 1)(1 + x) x( x + 1)
1 ( x + 1) 2 x + 1( x 1)
=
x( x 1)( x + 1)
x + 1 2x + x 1
=
x( x 1)( x + 1)
0
=
=0
x( x 1)( x + 1)
Naravno, uslovi zadatka su:
=
x 0; x 1 0 x 1; x + 1 0 x 1
3) Uprosti izraz:
a +1
6a
2a 1
+ 2
a+2 a 4 a2
Reenje:
a +1
6a
2a 1
+ 2
=
a+2 a 4 a2
a +1
6a
2a 1
+
=
a + 2 (a 2)(a + 2) a 2
(a + 1)(a 2) + 6a (2a + 1)(a + 2)
= Pazi na znak ispred zagrade!
(a 2)(a + 2)
(a 2 2a + a 2) + 6a (2a 2 + 4a a 2)
=
(a 2)(a + 2)
a 2 2 a + a 2 + 6 a 2 a 2 4a + a + 2
= Uvek pokuaj da na kraju rastavi i
brojilac, jer moda ima neto da se
(a 2)(a + 2)
skrati!!! Kao sad (a-2)
a 2 + 2a
a(a 2)
=
=
(a 2)(a + 2) (a 2)(a + 2)
a
a+2
4)
x
3x 1
2x +1
+ 2
=?
x 1 x 2 x 3x + 2
Reenje:
x
3x 1
2x +1
+ 2
=
x 1 x 2 x 3x + 2
Vraamo se u zadatak:
x
3x 1
2x + 1
+
=
x 1 x 2 ( x 2)( x 1)
x( x 2) (3 x 1)( x 1) + 1(2 x + 1)
= Pazi na minus!!!
( x 1)( x 2)
x 2 2 x (3 x 2 3 x x + 1) + 2 x + 1
=
( x 1)( x 2)
x 2 2 x 3x 2 + 3x + x 1 + 2 x + 1
=
( x 1)( x 2)
2x2 + 4x
=
( x 1)( x 2)
2 x ( x 2)
2 x( x 2)
2 x
=
=
( x 1)( x 2) ( x 1) ( x 2) x 1
Uslovi zadatka:
x 1 0 x 1
x2 0 x 2
5)
1
1
2
+ 2
+ 2
=?
x + 10 x + 25 x 10 x + 25 x 25
2
Reenje:
1
1
2
+ 2
+ 2
=
x + 10 x + 25 x 10 x + 25 x 25
2
1
1
2
+
+
=
2
2
( x + 5) ( x 5) ( x 5)( x + 5)
1 ( x 5) 2 + 1 ( x + 5) 2 + 2 ( x 2 25)
=
( x + 5) 2 ( x 5) 2
x 2 10 x + 25 + x 2 + 10 x + 25 + 2( x 2 25)
=
( x + 5) 2 ( x 5) 2
2 x 2 + 50 2 x 2 50
=
( x + 5) 2 ( x 5) 2
=
4x2
4x2
=
( x + 5) 2 ( x 5) 2 ( x 2 25) 2
Uslovi zadatka:
x + 5 0 x 5
x5 0 x 5
Mnoenje i deljenje racionalnih algebarskih izraza se radi kao i kod obinih razlomaka, s
tim da prvo moramo svaki rastaviti na inioce. Dakle:
A C AC
A C A D
: =
=
i
B D BD
B D B C
a 2 a a 2 + 2a + 1
=?
prvo svaki rastavimo na inioce !!!
a2 1
a2 + a
a (a 1)
A C
(a + 1) 2
= Skratimo
B D
(a 1)(a + 1) a (a + 1)
1 1
= =1
1 1
Uslov zadatka:
a2 1 0 i a2 + a 0
a 1 , a 1 , a 0
1)
a 2 ab a 2b + ab 2
=
a 2 ab
ab
a (a b) ab(a + b) a b
=
= ab
a (a + b)
ab
1
Uslov zadatka:
a 0, b 0, a + b 0
2)
x 2 25 x 2 + 5 x
:
=?
x 2 3x x 2 9
( x 5)( x + 5)
x( x + 5)
:
=
x( x 3)
( x 3)( x + 3)
( x 5)( x + 5) ( x 3)( x + 3) ( x 5) ( x + 3)
=
x( x 3)
x( x + 5)
x2
3)
Uslovi:
x 0, x 3 0, x + 3 0
x 3, x 3
4)
a2 + b2
a 4 b4
=?
:
1 + 2m + m 2 1 2 m 2 + m 4
a2 + b2
a4 b4
:
=
1 + 2m + m 2 1 2m 2 + m 4
a 2 + b 2 (a 2 b 2 )(a 2 + b 2 )
:
=
(1 + m) 2
(1 m 2 ) 2
a2 + b2
(1 m) 2 (1 + m) 2
(1 m) 2
=
(1 + m) 2 (a b)(a + b)(a 2 + b 2 ) (a b)(a + b)
Uslov zadatka: m 1, m 1
5)
a 2 + b 2 c 2 + 2ab
=?
a 2 + c 2 b 2 + 2ac
a 2 + b 2 c 2 + 2ab
= pretumbajmo ih prvo
a 2 + c 2 b 2 + 2ac
a 2 + 2ab + b 2 c 2
= prva tri ine pun kvadrat
a 2 + 2ac + c 2 b 2
(a 2 + b 2 ) c 2
= upotrebimo sad razliku kvadrata
( a + c) 2 b 2
(a + b c)(a + b + c) (a + b c) (a + b + c) a + b c
=
=
(a + c b)(a + c + b) (a + c b) (a + c + b) a + c b
Uslov: a + c b 0 i a + c + b 0
6) Skrati razlomak:
x 2 5x + 6
x 2 3x + 2
x 2 5x + 6
x 2 3x 2 x + 6
=
=
x 2 3x + 2
x2 2x x + 2
=
x( x 3) 2( x 3) ( x 3)( x 2) ( x 3) ( x 2) x 3
=
=
=
x( x 2) 1( x 2) ( x 2)( x 1) ( x 2) ( x 1) x 1
Uslovi: x 2 0
x 1 0
x
2
y x
y
: 2 + = ?
7) 2
+ 2
x
y + xy x + y x + xy y
2
x 2 xy + y 2
x
2
y
=
+
xy
y ( y + x ) x + y x( x + y )
x 2 2 xy + y 2 x 2 2 xy + y 2
:
=
xy ( x + y )
xy
( x y) 2
xy
1
=
2
xy ( x + y ) ( x y )
x+ y
Uslovi: x 0, y 0, x + y 0, x y 0
a
4a a 4
a
8)
+
+ 2
=
:
6 3a a + 2 a 4 a 2
a
a4
a
4a
:
+
+
=
3(2 a ) a + 2 (a 2)(a + 2) a 2
PAZI: Moramo 2 a da okrenemo: 2 a = (a 2) , pa (-) izlazi ispred!!!
a
a2
a
4a
+
+
=
3(a 2) a + 2 (a 2)(a + 2) a 4
a (a + 2) + 3a (a 2) + 12a a 2
=
a4
3(a 2)(a + 2)
a 2 2a + 3a 2 6a + 12a
=
3(a + 2)(a 4)
2a 2 + 4a
2 a ( a + 2)
2a
=
=
3(a + 2)(a 4) 3(a + 2)(a 4) 3(a 4)
Uslovi: a 2, a 2, a 4
9) Uprosti izraz:
1
1
2
4
8
16
+
+
+
+
+
=
2
4
8
1 x 1 + x 1 + x 1 + x 1 + x 1 + x16
2
2
2(1 + x 2 ) + 2(1 x 2 ) 2 + 2 x 2 + 2 2 x 2
4
+
=
=
=
2
2
2
2
4
1 x 1+ x
(1 x )(1 + x )
1 x
1 x4
Ovo radi!!!
4
4
4 + 4x2 + 4 4x2
8
+
=
=
4
4
4
2
1 x 1+ x
(1 x )(1 + x )
1 x8
Idemo dalje:
8
8
8 + 8 x8 + 8 8 x8
16
+
=
=
8
8
8
8
1 x 1+ x
(1 x )(1 + x ) 1 x16
Konano:
16
16
16 + 16 x16 + 16 16 x16
32
+
=
=
16
16
16
16
1 x
1+ x
(1 x )(1 + x )
1 x 32
Uslovi: 1 x 0 i 1 + x 0
a+
1
b+
c
4
a+
b+
1
c
1
1
b
1
a+
1
b
4
b(abc + a + c)
4
=
b(abc + a + c)
1
4
:
=
1
ab + 1 b(abc + a + c)
a+
bc + 1
b
c
4
b
4
:
=
c
ab
+
1
b
(
abc
+
a
+
c
)
a+
bc + 1
A
AD
Pazi: B =
C BC
D
4
ab + 1
4
=
abc + a + c
b
b(abc + a + c)
bc + 1
4(bc + 1) ab + 1
4
=
abc + a + c
b
b(abc + a + c)
4(bc + 1)(ab + 1)
4
4[(bc + 1)(ab + 1) 1]
=
b(abc + a + c)
4 ab 2 c + bc + ab + 1 1 4b(abc + c + a )
=
= 4 je reenje!
b(abc + a + c)
b(abc + c + a )
11) Ako je a + b + c = 0 dokazati da je a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc
Podjimo od a + b + c = 0
a + b = c kubirajmo ovo
( a + b ) 3 = ( c ) 3
Dokaz:
a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3 = c 3
3
a 3 + b 3 3abc = c 3
a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc
12) Ako je
1 1 1
+ + = 0 Dokazati da je:
a b c
1 1 1
+ + =0
a b c
a+b
ab
= 2
c
c
Slino e biti:
b+c
bc
= 2
a
a
c+a
ca
= 2
b
b
11