Professional Documents
Culture Documents
33 - Making Clocks
33 - Making Clocks
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Stan Bray introducesthe fascinating world ofhorology to the complete bK inner.This bookexplainsth1&
ofthe clockmakerand provides generaldetails ofclock construction including layoutofwheels and esc
a numberofthe Iatterbeing described.
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C ontents
Introdtlt
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(.-haptc1'(-)ne
Fat-es-l-1al
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Introduction
thc work. A lthough a special
workshop is not rtlquiredl one thing
that Bri11 not do is to work in a
uxlrkshop that is fulI of svvarf and
ot11cl- rubbish. a
'Xtlcepting that '
we
cannot alsvays llaN'
e a clinically elcan
plaklc in Nvhich to operate,partictllarly
if it scrvkls st
psr
tlralpurposes,it is still
possible to lllake a clean area for
spccial tlsu- alld tl1is should be a
priority.A tlorneroftht
lNvorkshop can
bt
ltrlcalled ll1
ld Llny oil01
-grease lying
()11tht
? bench su abbcd off Keep this
area clean NvlliI(
) clock nlaking
operationsal
v in progrcss.ltis a good
idkla to 1'
11aktl a false top for the
svorkbench and coveritw ith baize ora
A lthough clocks come in a11sorts of sinaiIarnaaterialwhich issof'tand w i11
shapes and sizes the basic principle notcatlse dam age to polished l
mkltal.
behind a lllechanical clock las not
changed for aboutfivk
lhundred years. Aswi
th a1lneu'projects,do nottry
Ofcourse m odern m aterials and tools and run before yotl can walk. Don'
t
have superseded som e of the oldcr startby trying to btlild a col
mplicatcd
ones butthis apartthe horologistwill lmechanism such asa fulI'
W kstm inster
still tend to work in the traditional Chilne but rather nlake som cthing
fashion.C lock nlaking has long been silnplc, A m echanisll'
l with a single
part of the m odel engineering hobby hand isa good idea.sttch :
1piecc w'llen
ratherthan being entircly thc preserN'
c well polished tran look attractive as
0f the horologist and thc type of well as being fascinating to watch
workshop owned by thc avtlragc wht
,n it is working. Visit l
m tlsetmns
m odel engincer is quite suitablc for '
w lnere (2lock nRovcm ents can be
A.1Ivve art'
tIooking t'
(
.
'rNvhen ll'
lt
'
tk'il'
lg a
clock is a l
'
neans of nlakil1g a spindlk.
l
u/th a hand attaohed to itrotate at11
given specd.The spindle lltpeds to tne
driven by sonnt2 forl
'
n oF poNs'
er.
usuaIly a very pri1nitiN't'
: fo1
-1'
1. A
I'
neans to regulatc that poNs'
trr is :l1s()
required-i11 order tllat itvvil1rtll'
l;
.
tt :1
Inartickllctr speed.I1-ytltlllrt'
rI
lollillg t()
ti11ish your tirstefforts in 111s sitlk2t)1'
tle Ilobby- NN'
itl) t lllastel'pitttrt'
t tllttt
neitller Ioost?s ()1'gCtil1s l'
lltpl
'e tlltll :
.
1
secontl or tvvo :1 yu'i
.
t1
' tllell ),tltl Ctrk
.
l
prtlbtbly gklil)g to bt'
ttlisttloil'
lted. 1t
u'iI1 1
3k2 13(
.
)ssiblt
? to ac1
)itls'c tl
rcasollablkl dk
lgree t'
lt- aceLlracy al-l
d
l'
nork? iIllportal
ltIy t() tlisctlN'
tll
-Il()vs'to
.
do thkli1'1(3t
3pdrltlctIy,Tl
lk?factthat.
N.
't
z
c:
.
111)ot gtrt t1)is 1
)ig11 tlcg1
'tlk.
'
l ()f
ltctrtlracy does11t'
bt111tli.
t11t1'
1lt1otl1
*clock
yN.
'i11 bc otltlagk
lt
.'tlsI
y in:tctlrtte and
afttll
'al1 tt'
ll
-n)ally y'
klars it Ns'as qt.
lite
ctlstol
laary to sct:1(
.
21klck to t1)k?corretrt
tiI110 Ol1Ce t
2V0l-j''
WC0k ()1,SO.
cxllensivc cflstiI'
lgstt'bi
lbtltlgl
lt.solllc
bl
'tss slletlt,a l2u'bils 111'
1(1 1)1tlct'
ts of
s1I&'erslek'
.
tIand Nve are in bus1ness.
NVe aIItk.
lnd to t11i11k'of cIotrks bei1g
nladk
2 frol'
n brass and steel btlt other
nnaterials can be used.Tl'
lu
'
lld are a
nulnber of plans availab1e tbr the
constrtletion of wooden cIocks and
Nvhi1e this l'
nay not sound a suitablk
?
lnaterials it is surprisingly robtlst.thc
(.
'
Jtlrnlans have used it for ycars to
lllak'k
?clockscol
-nnlercial1y.N ou'
adays
pl:!h:tit
? can be :1uscfu1l'
natt
ll
-ial. It is
t
zasy to u'
klrk u ilh- itis hard u'earilg
and a clock I'
ntkltl of a trallsparent
plastic can be a fascillatil)g tI1ing t()
see.A Iso Clq'
fti1ltblc arcplallsfork2Iocks
l
'
nad: frtll
)) pllper and card. Thcy
appcarto u ork N'
cry svelland Iastfora
Iong ti11)e.
Tools
s'
l()sl o1-the toklls Iikely to btll'
lcetltltl
u'iIlbe lbtlnd i11the '
tvorkshop of tllc
average nlodelellgilldtlr.Ntlt
ldle f'
iIeshacksavv,Iathe,stllnc snlaIIdriIls and
taps are thc basic itellls that artl
wanted.In addition a slmalItiNze-sidttd
broaeh is possibly the only essential
.
u..z..
1jL...
Il.a..kkidk
'
'
'
itell'
ttlltll111igllll'
It'
k
t1'll
'elttly be IA;tI
'((41'
tl'
lkl $'
k)I
'k'sllop eqtliplllel'
lt. Tllel
'k
2
additit'llkllttlolsol'trtltlrsk.
-tltlttiltly ttl
'c
l
'
1()t absoltltely t
'
tsstplti11. W rl
aeel alltl
pil'
liol'
lctlttcrscotl1(
1be very'tlsel
tllbtlt
itis qtlilklpossiblc t()g()NN'
itlkluttltpll'
l.
Thert
l arkr nAany people llllk'iI
1g N'
ery
line clocks vllt? l
laN'
e llever btltlgllt
stl
clla ctlttcr i11tllei1-1ifd.A l
lellt1il
'
lg
tool (See (71
3:1pte1
- 6 for ftl1
-t1er
inforllatiol'
l)is usefulfor layillg tltlt
the Nvhklt?ls btlt oncc l
nore fal' 11
-(
.
)111
essel
ltia1. tlltzre are seq'
tlraI Nvays ()f
tloil'
lg tlc job Nsritllotlt stlcll :$11 itelll
al
ltl1ikt!ctltlel
's-Ctle eltsily il
'
t,47rf.
)N'
ised.
-A
'1(.
Jthe1
. tlst
2fu1 i'
tt'
ln4 is kllk
)Ns'n 81s ;
.
'
t
nc
@
he nthe
'
$N'1tcI
)lllttk'ers'ltltles :
.
11
-:-k'
)xl
'
)k?llsiN'e to
btly alld lre ot- Iitt1c tlsu- tklr (ntllt
lr
Ptlrposcs tllal'
1'
s&'altrll Illak'illg- i1
-1'
latrt
thcy arc o1-doubtftll N'
altlt
? Nvhkln it
conncs lo l
'
naking k.
rIockh;. (J
-cntrralIy
speaking tllt
.
rtypc oflalhc ft'tlllklil'
lthk
l
av'
klragt'
tll-l
odelkpngilleklr's yvorkshop is
quittrstlittlblkl.Thk
?1'
nostpoptlIar()'
f
-all
thesk.
p al't
'
t probabIy the N1yfo1(1 7
Scrik
ls.Nvhich havc a centre hcight of
3r.
'
? i1
-1s. T 1
)otlsands ot- gootl c1ot?ks.
l'
lavt
)bu-el'
lI'
nadc tlsing thcll'
tand other
ltt1
)ch
( of a si1
-1
1i1a1- size and
spk
lc1f-icatik'
l11. T1)k
.
l l)11!1iattlre typc
'
lkttllk
?s NN'ith ccntre h:igllts ()t
' about
11:
.
1lf tllat haN'
c thc atls'
antage k)t-being
chcap and asthey art
?snaall.()bN'iously
lcss spact'
l is reqtlired. 5,
1ost arc
;
.
1N'
aiIablt
'
r vN'ith :1
. boIt tln 1
'
1)il1drill
llttaurhnlk
ll'
lllhatl'
nakt?!
.
itht
lll'
l itltraI lk
n1cl
tting the teeth on l.
N'1eklls. lt is l'
lot
.
stltlllds frigl
ltellil
'
lg btltrealIy itlllakcs
t2(.
)1'
1p1k
zttl sel)se. .
A1thotlgl) tle
Illtlvtllnent or lllecllanislll is rotating
col
ltil'
lual1y.itisl'
lar(l1/.
'goil'
lg t()brcak'
a113,ss.
r
(
)l'ld spklttcll'k
lkrol
'klsi1 s()t1()illg.It
Ilas 10 rklalyN'
t3l'k'to do il1as l
ntltlllasit
is (
71
7Iy dris'
illg 1tstllf and s()thklsllltll
bcarillg stll-llct
:
tl'
lflstlt
.
ladN'tlltage tlat
it ctlts ti-ictltdl'
l (.
1tlu'
n to a l'
ni11iIlltlll'
l
and i
ts l l
'u-stllt reduccs the p(
7
.vN'
t
?l'
I'
lklt
ldtll.
itt'I
'tlll11)ilgs.
.
Term inology
This is alltltherthing Nvhich enginct
lrs
l
'
nay find a 1ittlk
l diffictllt lo
undkrrstand. A sl)11ft or spindlt
l is
'
klltnvn as an arbor alld the bearillg
surfacc attllk'
lt'
llld isnot21shaftt)l'ax1k
?
but a pivot.(iears bceolne svheels i11
spite of the s'
ery obvious tecth alI
round thelm tht)I
'
naking ofNvhich istlltl
l'
nain partofclot-k l'
naking.AIthotlgh
the tccth on thc Nvhklklls are calltrd
teeth,svhen they art
l ()1 a pinion they
ltrt
p frequently describt
ld as Itlavds.
Thesegears(u'
heels)artll
-nadeol-thin
section brass, Nvhich is ideal for tllc
I'
nckrhanisl
'
n that is bcing constrtlcted
in order to give :1 good tit on tllc
@
spindlcs (arbors) tley are '
litled on
bosses fron)now on known as colIets.
To an engineer,a e01Iet is som cthing
which opens and closes to hold tools
There are :
1 considerable num bcr ot'
plans available for l
naking clocks of
various types. Som e such as the
orm aterial.To a clocklnakertlle term designs of John W ilding are sold in
includes the length of brass tlsed to book form , com plete w ith full
support a wheel- and fillally there is instructions'
,they are to be very highly
the m echanism itselfwhich iscalled a recom m ended. Others silnilar books
m ovem ent.It is a1Ivery confusing at are available as basic plans and in
firstbutwe m ustrelnt
lm berthatevery som e cases com plete kits can btl
tradehasitownterminology.jtlstlook purchased. Thc photograph on the
for exam ple at that ttsed by tht
) frollt covt!r of this book is one of a
computerengineer.
moN'
emttntmadefrom justsuchakit,
+
.i
1.
C hapter 1 - H istory
Before starting on constructional heavens has becn observed for
detailsofclock m aking,awordortwo thousalldsofyears and this movem ent
onthehistoryofthesubjectmayassist has been applied to time-keeping
readers in an tlnderstanding of time- m tlthods. The new m oon appears
keeping in general.lt is not only the every thirty days and the seasons
hum an race that uses tim e-keeping repeatthem selvesevery twelfth tim c it
m ethods,anilnals know'when ittimkl appears w hicll fbrms the basis of the
to go to sleep or,ifnocturnal,when to ycar as w e now record it. The
start searching for their food. Som e cqtlinoxes w'
ere wr
ellknow n and tlsed
plants antl trees w i)l close tlown for religiotls ptlrposes and stars and
flow ers atnight and open them when sun were alm ost certainly used for
daylight appears.Of course this has carly navigation,whetheracrosssea or
nothing to do with clocks as we have land.
come to know'them ,they are reacting
to lightand dark and possibly also to Duringand priortotheStoneAge itis
changing seasons. No doubt the very doubtful if anything m ore
hum an ractl also started in this accurate than this would be required.
fashion,sleeping during darkness and Ifthe sun wasatitshighestpointthen
activeduring the daylight.The clocks it was half way through the day.
in use then wcre the sun and m oon. Hum ans are ncvcr satisfied with
not necessarily the m ost reliable basics and we can only speculate
sourcesas forvariousreasonsthcy are when itbecam e desirable to be able to
not always visible. Sueh prim itive split tim e into sm allcr parts and
m ethods-while notexactly telling the exactly how it w'as donc. It seem s
tim e of the day did give reasonably highly probably that a prim itive
accurate m easurem entOfthe scasonsp sundialwould be the flrstbasic form
of clock. Put a stick vertically in the
had theiruses.
ground and w hen thc shadow castby
ltuus not alIleft cntirely to chance. thatstick isatitsshortestitism idday.
Archaeology and ancientm anuscripts W ho knows-perhapsitwasa tree that
tell tIs that the m ovem ent of thtt flrst gave som eone the idea that the
Thesundialsubjeetisso vastthatit
could take a separate book to discuss
it.W hatwe do know is that sundials
were in use around 200 BC and :1
hundrcd years or so later a geared
m echanicaldevice wasproduced for
navigational purposcs at sca, whieh
m ay orm ay notlave been a prim itive
form of clock. ln 600 BC the Pope
decreed that all religiotls institutions
should have a sundialas a m eans of
regulating tlle times for prayer so the
hulnan race wasreally becom ing nlore
tim c consciotls.
Not alI tlle Nvorld'
s poptlIation w'
as
(-lristian and Nvt
.
t1
'
:11.
1st Iook at those
countrics that had not adopted the
religitln to set'
.
-. '
kvhcrtl possiblc, ht
nv
tlley sorted tllingsout.Itis knoNvn that
thtr (l
-hincst had the idea of tlsing
u.
'
illcr and although therc '
svas a
l1Ll1'
llbi
.
?l-ol-v'
al
-iatitlnson ll1etlltll
'
llt'
)-tle
basic princi(
3lt
.
)Nvls to tiI1a container
Nsrit1)svltter.A sllaalll'
lole in thebottol'
l)
yvotlld all()N.
N' it to rtll asvay and by
I'
lptlklsl
-lrilg tlltrttll'
ltltll'
ttllatI
lad gol'
!t'
lit
N5.
'
:ts possiblkl to sekl 11ov l
'
nuch tilzle
1:1(
.
1 passcd i
'
tll(1. if the containcr ysras
I
lnarked yNil1
) glatltllltiolls- tht? tiI'
l
'
)e
uklkllnst'
tl.
lcf
-htlltlbe sk
lel'
l1ttltglance.This
tylc k)'
#-clklck eN'
trnttlalIy becalue used
:1ll (
'
)N'
e1' tlc NN.
'
t)1-ld k)nd variotls
@
ns for
in)proven-1ents to bol1) cIocks Ct11(1 M any people buy nltlchanislthese quartz clocksand l'
nake cascsof
Nvatchescolltillued.
various types to housc thel
-n: it is a
In the twentieth century, clocks alltl hobby on its own in which large
watches have sklen advancem ents that numbersofpeoplearchappy to indulge.
would nothavebeeltthoughtpossiblc.
cven atthe startofthe century.A bout Betbre '
linishing Nvith the history of
sjxty years or so ago people hrst clocks it is interesting to think how
started to experim cnl with the ustlof tinle itself has changed. Until quite
electric clocks. t-'ertainly thcy u'
crut late in the ninetecnth century ey'
ery
vcry prim itive in comparison w ith town or district kttpt its own time.
whatwas to com e later,butthey had Com m unication between areas was
the advantagc that it was possiblc to very poor,w ith Iim ited transport and
synchronisc several clocks togcthcr itm attered notwllattim c it was in a
which was idealin a factory orsim ilar tow n forty or lify m iles aw ay.W ith
(
.
,slabIishm t
)nt wherc m any people the com ing of the raiIw ays al1 this
werc elnployed and a!I wouId be changed.A person travelIing frol
n say
starting and stoppillg work atthe sal
ukl London to B irm ingham and then
tim e.Priorto thata bcllorhooterw as wanting to get a connection to
used'
, a system that in may placcs
som cwhdre else netlded to know what
Iltstcd tlntiIquitc rccenttim es,
tim e that connection would leave in
In-lprovcl
m ents in thc Iuanufacturc of relation to the train on which he orshe
elttctric clocks were rapid unti1 Nve would arrive.The railways thcrefore
reach the stagc at u/hich svt? are at organised their ow n time, known as
today where it is possiblc to buy a Railway Tim e, which was consistent
clock w ith :1 digita
.I rcadotlt so that right throughout the country.
Ilobody trvtln needs to know how to Gradually thiswasadopted throughout
teI1 thkl tim e anym ore. The m odern thc country until evcryone used the
eleclronic m astcrpicccs can keep saluc.N ow tim e is relatcd directly to
perfbcttim : and are farm ore accurate thkl firccnw ich M eridian,and know n
than any except the m ost expensive as Grcenwich M ean Tim e. Othdr
m echanicalclock. Probably because countricsalso take theirtim e frol'
n the
ot
-thcirefficicncy they do nothavethe m eridian w ith allowances m ade for
faseination ofm echanicalones,which tim e zones.A sresultitis possiblc for
art
l stiII m ade today 170th anyone,anywhere to know whattim e
eom mercially and by alnateurs.
itis in any othcrpartofthe world.
*M
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C hapter 2 - T he F ram e
The fram e ofaclock willgenerally be
made of two flat plates. joined ()f the pillars which join the plates
together, at or near the corners with
pillars.Al1 parts are tlsually m ade of
brass except in exceptional cases
wherewe m ightguta steelfranle fitted
with bushes.The plates are sawn and
filed to sizeand afterensuringlhey are
flat and square they should bc hcld
firm ly togetller w ith clalups.
preferably thc toolm akers'type urlile
two or three sm al1 holes are driIled
through som dwhdre ltlar tlltlcorners.
These holtlsarutto actzdptpinsorrivets
that are tlsttd to cnsurd tlle plates tlt)
not separate during operatio1sm
' onct!
the pins and rivots are i11 plactr thkl
(
2lal
mps can be rel
moved.
''
. 1.1..i1;.
''
principleofjoiningthelzntogetherand
drilIing thtl piII:
11
' holt'
ts renlains
cxact1y t1k
l sa1'
ne. .
A.
s 1
3tli!ding
.
Progrklsscs011diffcrencesyviIIelutplgt'
!for k
lx:1lup1(
.
, thcre NviII 1'
1ot bkr a
pendtllul'
)
l alltl so they Nvill not be
fitted svith a back cock.
@
T he Pillars
GencralIy speaking the piIlars or
spacersas the laym an woultlcallthem
w illconsigtofbrassbarsand they m ay
or m ay not be shaped.Shaping is a
m atter ftl1-the individualbuilderand
in alim ited way istheopportunity for
him or her to express hiln/hcrself.
Fitting thc pillars to the fram c isdone
in severalways:son'
ld are hoIIow and
a stud ispushed rightthrough and the
parts held secure w ith a nute or
perhaps the cnds of the pillars
nlachined dou'n and threadcd to
akleept a nut. ln othe1-k'
laskls they are
drilled and tapped and screws passed
through the fram es.into them .A third
alternative,isto l
'
nachine a step in the
pi1Iar cnds and pass this tllrough tht
l
holes in the fralnes, vs'
hich arc thell
seeurcd '
w ith a taper pin, htted in 11
holedrilled acrossthe step.Onething
M arking O ut
. ..
IL
k..1..
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.
>.
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.,
..
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yz
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o.
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-..
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,
.
Depthing Tool
18
...
dkkki;kk
..
' '
.
Tl
'e tool is ntnv used to sct t11e
distance of the third whecl- w hich
tlannotbe sited 01'
1the line betrause it
would then be ilnpossible ttA nlesh al)
the whecls properly. There is no
specific angle atwhicl)to sctthe lhird
wheeland this,pltlsw hetheritshould
be setto the rightorIeftofthkl1ine,is
am atterofindi
vidtlaltaste.Gencrally
speaking an angle ofaboutforty-five
dcgrees is used'
. w hatever happens
istlsed.The l'
nark should be l
madeol)
the Iine used by tht? great wlleelalld
lminut: whce! and that is the clock
train lmarked out.Holcsforthc pivots
can be drilleda but don'tforget they
should be drilled tlndersize.svllellthe
platcs are separated they can be
opened outwith ataperreanlerso thtly
area nice running tituzitlatle pivtAts.
adjusteduntiltheyworkslnoothly in
the sam e way as before.
Flilll!r;
A
o0&.
v
,
- BackCoc'k
'screws
.'
W . tobackplate.Notelarge
*
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.
.
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F
rcntPlate
.
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..
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Back pjate
*
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20
.
1.
u.1.1 .1
@ SonAepeopleliketo fretoultl4ttplatu.s
to l'
nake an attractive pattcrn and tl)is
is a nzatter of individual taste. Thc
fretting wi11obviously need to bu-donc
Nvith the platesseeured together. One
way ofdoingthisistodraw asuitable
pattern on paper,taking care to avoid
allpi
vot holes,cut out the pattern,
stick iton the plates and cutround it.
Do nottry and chain drillbutdriIla
couple ofholcs in strattlgic places and
use a piercing saw or a poweroperated scrollsaw ifone isavailable,
tocomplet:thejob.Finally cleanthe
edges ofthe cutsusing sm allfsles.
C hapter 3 P roviding T he P ow er
M ost people when starting clock
m aking, begin with a weight as the
Power source and so we willIook at
how thisisdone lirstofall.A suitable
barrel is required roulld which a line
can be wound.This in turn istied to a
weight, but not directly because the
weightisconnectcdto:
1pulley andthe
drive line passes through the pulley
and is anchored on orncar the clock.
The usualplace is one ofthe pillars.
Any tubing wiII do for the barrel.
although it m ust be thick walled.
23
. ..,.....k
lz.
T he Barrel
@
and to m ake the ratchet sm oother in
use.The m ore normaltype ofratchet
will have about tllirty-six or so teeth
and cutting by lmachine is alm ost
essential.This is not to say that the
work cannot be done by handm buta
high degreeofskillisrequired to get
aIltheteeth tothesamcproGle,notto
m cntion thatthe task w ill take som e
considerable tim e.
T he R atchet
The ratchet can again be of steclor
brass although brass is generally
recomm ended and the teeth are cut in
the same way ason aI1the wheels.The
ntlmber of teeth varies considerablydepending on the design ofthe clock.
l11 som e instances designers havc
deliberately kept tbe number of teeth
on the ratchet to the m inilnum .This
allow sitto be filed to shape,avoiding
the necessity to m ake or btly a
specially-shaped ctltter. In these
instances the teeth are curved in a
gentle radius,both to facilitate filing
K.%.
spring
'.'
Greatw heel,runs
Concentric wi
th but
separate from drum
x.
- .- -
Yo
.
r
'D
11
'
'
:
- '-
Drive Chord
'.
.
-
Ratchet -connected
to drum
cjjord
AnchorPOint
pujjey
W ei
ght
V
Vz'
z'
25
@
The C lick
C lick Spring
k
I
GreatW heel
Aku
'
I 1 I
1
'
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/);'t/'
d'.
111.t: .jIt'
.py'j7?.j
?f?'k'
.: /
//?c't'/l'('l i.b.5('?'(,Jj'tJt//f)//1(>
Jr/'
tzttJ !11t,Q,I t?/?(l ?!;clI(,.5,
;t.j//?//y(Jl'
(lt('/)(,/$t./2(:(,J.
CIickW'heel
The Pulley
The weightthatwilldrive the cloek is
suspended from thedrum viaapulley,
which effcctively halves the weight
27
@
applied.There is not:1grcatdealcan
be saitlaboutpulley construction'wut
are aI1 fam iliar with thutshape ofthe
wheel w hich should generally be of
brass and run on a steel axle.The
fram eofthe pulley can bem ade from
a piece ofbrassplate and thatis:111
therereallyistoit.A ppearaneecan btl
im proved by drilling holes in the
pulley wheel.
T he
eight
Spring D rive
So farwt?have dcaltonly with clocks
that are weight driven,which m eans
they are either fittcd in a long case or
hang on a wall.W hat ifwe want our
clock to sit on a shelf? It is hardly
practicalto drilla hole in the shelfand
run a cord through that to a wcight.
The answeristo drive the clock w ith a
spring:som ething with which we are
al1 fam iliar and springs are freely
available. They arrive coiled and
sealed tightly with a fastening alm ost
ready for use and litinside the barrel
using two hooks, one of which
attaches to a point inside the barrel,
the otherto the arbor. Greatcare m ust
be taken when dealing w ith springsas
theycancausenasty injuriesanditis
advisable to wear heavy gardeningtype gloves and m ost definitely to
wear protection for the eyes.Special
devices are available for setting
Springs in barrels and. while it is
jobtobedoneinamatterofminutes.
considerabl
y from that described fbr
thc wcight-drivcn clock.Fora startit
becomesobviousthatoneend mustbe
removable in orderthatthe spring can
beinsertedbutothermajordifTerences
also occur.A lthough notunknown for
a clock to be driven directly by a
spring, particularly if one buys a
cheap one, it is m ost certainly not
good praetice.W hile the weightdrops
at a given speed throughoutits lcngth
the spring behaves vcry differently.
W hen tightly coiled it creates
considerably m orepowerthatwhen it
is only partly wound. W atch a
clockwork-driven toy and see how it
slows down w hen the spring starts to
run down and of course that is
som ething that is not wanted in a
clock.
The Fusee
To avoid this problcm it is usual to
connect the spring, via a device
known as a fusee,w hich is a tapered
and grooved Iength of brass on an
arbor,on which issetthe greatwheel.
M uch the sam e way as the situation
w ith the barrel on a weight-driven
clock.A cord is wrapped round the
grooves in the barreland runs to the
fusec.W hen the spring is fully wound
the chord passes round the sm allest
partofthe fusce,effectively acting as
a brake.A s the spring loses its power
so the chord winds to a larger
diametcr keeping the rotation of the
fusee at an even speed.The arbor on
which the fusee runsis sim ilar to that
29
@ ofmostpeople.Takealength ofbrass
putitinthethree-jaw chucksfacethe
@ setatitslowestpossiblespced forthe
W
31
run tllt-dovvutli:
ll(
)llg the groove ul
ltila
sluoolh finish is obtaincd.Finally part
tl'
le vvork 0ff t)r if it is thoughtto be
too large to be parted off,saw itoff.lf
saw n,lllotlntilon a l'
nandrclbdween
centres,tlsillg a half centr: attl3c end
thatissawnswhich can then be faced
to size.A suitable hand-ttlrning rest
for using a hand graver to get the
curvc and a self-releasing handlc to tit
the nnandrelare described in the book
KUseful '
W orkshop Tools' '
which is
nul
mber 3l in the '
W orkshop Practice
Series.
Untbrtunately lhklabovemethodsonly
apply'w'
hen a lathe has suitable screw cutting facilitiesand this is notalways
so.Generallyil'
wouldbeadvisablefor
those w ithotlt these facilitics to
purcllase a fusec ready m adc.Son'
l:
pcopltdonotlikctobuy suchiten'
lsas
they like the feeling of having nladd
every part for thenlselves. For thosd
people, lt is possible w ith a little
virtually eNr
ery cltnck,The greatw'heel
dfivcs a pinion,which in turn drivcs
the centrc wheel'
.tllc pinion connected
to thatgocs to tlltlthird wheeland the
Pinion for thatis in turn connected to
the escape wheel.
on tl'
le salllt
'
t:1rbol
-astllklcentrc svlleeI.
Thc centre wheelhas sixty-four teelh
and as ifcarrics11)e Ininute hand 11:1st
rotate once an hour. This in turn
connects'
with an eigbt-leafpinion on
third wheel arbor, w'llich has sixty
Basically therefore we have four teeth.Itconnects to anothereight-leaf
pinion on the cscape wheel. '
W hen
wheelsand three pinions,which is a
designing 1 train itisessentialthatthe
nice easy m anageable num ber,
Partictllarly for anyone versed in escape wheel shall m akc sixty
ons (seconds) for each one
engineering
m atters. Various revoluti
r
e
vt
a
l
ut
i
on of the centre wheel
colnbinations of wheels are tlsed but
(
mi
nut
es
). To check this multiply
there m ust be a logicalsequence.Let
t
oge
t
her
t
henum berofa11theteeth in
us start w ith a hypothetical clock,
t
he
dr
i
vi
ng
wheels and divide the
althougb the train used will be one
a
ns
we
r
by
t
he
num bersofleavesin the
thatis quite com lllon.
pinions,lmultiplied together.W ith the
The great wheel connected to the exam ple lhat bas becn used the
drum arbor has ninety-six teeth and tkm mula in tht! appentlix gives all the
w illconnectw ith an eight-leafpinion detailsrequiredto seehow itworksout.
32
.1I
'..kudkki
C hapter 4 - P endulum s
A pendulum is described as a heavy tim ed by using his pulse. The
particle,suspended from afixed point im portant thing about it was thatthe
by a fine inextensible m assless rigid oscillations were isochronous which
threa4 so thatitisfreeto oscillateon m eans sim ply that the tim e for one
a verticalplane.Galileo the fam ous complete oscillation was always the
astronom er is credited with sam e.His son iscredited with the frst
discoveringitand legend hasitthathe use ofthe pendulum and whateverthe
was watching the m ovem ent of a truth of the story it has stood
swinging lamp in church which he horologists in good stead ever since.
'
<....
.ng Suppor
Sprl
t '
:
'
'.
Block ------ /z
Rivetor
Screw
BackCcck
--..
-'
stlspensicn
- '--Spring
Back Plate
1'4
..a
Pendulum
Rod
::
2)..4.
::,':
:
;
.:
1:.:
.
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:.,:
:J
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.
,...
., ,.
1...
:
,:
.
..
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'
Make up t?
fpendulum
.
assembl
v, xyou,
'
l.
ng
N
.
uu
b
pensionspring and
methodofadjustment.
v
.
..
t
v NwRatjng Nu
x
Pendulum
Bob
-'
.-
-u ...
ulum Rod.
square whereIt
passesthrough
bok).
Ratl
.ng Screw
35
I.iIA
@
This m eans that the length of the Suspension
Pendulum is also in directrelation to
The suspension consistsofatlatspring
the clock train: a pendulum that
t
hat is strengthened at the ends with
vibrates every second will need
met
al blocks allowing one end to be
differenttrainto ahalf-second one.
supported by the back cock and the
otherto connectto the pendulum. The
spring must not be too long or too
strong and atthe sam e tim e itm ustnot
be too weak either.M ost designs will
give intbrmation on the correctsizc of
spring to be used:ifnotitw illhave to
be a m atter of trial and error.
Fortunately there is a rcasonable
am ount of latitude available in spring
selection btlt if in doubt it is worth
considering the purchase of a readym ade unit frol'
n a supplier, having in
m ind that unless the spring selection
and m ake-up isrightthe clock w illnot
ftlnction prtlperly.The back cock also
needs to bk
l m ade and assembled
'
carcfully as,ifitisoutofalignm ent,the
pendultlm cannot function properly.lt
mustalso bemadewith suflieientstrenjp
rth
to give good stlpportto the set-up.
The R od
(1O l
The t7r/.//c.
/7is theJplrf thatf.qtnoved /)j.'the
b'
v'
ing t?/'the./'
pt/?7pl
,k/zfzn. It./i'
lx on the ttwrt
?
Relatiollshi
p r?
/'
/pt,?;t/l//l/?A?toc.q'tqw/.?t.?nlovenjf?nt
36
.. ..L
i1
workwithandnotsubjecttochanges
oftem perature.
conccntrate on.
For small clocks and probably wallm ounted ones as well the standard
lens-shaped bob is usual and not
diflicultto m ake.Startby m achining a
hollow in a piece ofhard wood;m ake
sure the m achined surface is perfectly
thc 1,k)lI(
)wrs.ltis alItoo easy to have
the Nvork slide to one side during the
hoI1ou'
ing-otlt process and in '
which
case the bob .
viIIbe ofno use atall.
Periodically put the tu'
o ))ieces
together to check the '
ht- until the
k
ldges naeet alI thc u'ay rould. Each
'
piece ntlcds a snnall section '
I
iled out
fortherod und and atthisstage littlc
lmore than a 1ick yvi1l do. W 'lpk?n
satisfied w ith the ho11ou'illg-otlt
proccsss drill a holc about 5.
.1('
lins
dianzeter in the celltrtl of ontl of tlle
piecesand deburrthe ilolcs.
Clean the pieces tlp by soak'ing thel'
n
i1 a soluti()n of citric acid: two
tablespoons to a bucket of water is
39
I.1
.du.
@
aboutright.Tllt
?y need to stxlk in itfor
a couple ofhours orso to cnsure they
ark)clean entAugllto be silversoldered
together. M ake up a soltltion of flux
by m ixing il w ith m ethylated spirits
into a sm ooth paste and sprcad it
round the inside edges ofeach piece.
putthe two pieces together,with the
Piece w ith 11hole in iton top,making
sure the edgesm eetand thatnicksthat
have been filed otltare levelwitlleach
other.Lay the assem bly on a brick and
puta weighton top so the picces will
retain theirposition.W hellcompletely
satislied that thc parts art
l located
.. ..1
*
%...'k
'(.
R ound Bobs
Round bobsatfirstglance seem to be
far casier to m ake than the lens type
42
.. .
0
@
fon'
n or shape that the constructor
likessalthough it is as wt?llto ensure
45
bccnwrittenonthatsubjectalone.The
.. Fol
io with balance
-.' w eightsforadjustment
..
Crown Wheel
.
:
.
-.
. The
l
u
ovem
e
nt
o
f
t
h
t
t
s
c
ape
wht
l
k
lI is
The earlicst forlu of escapenlent
r
c
gul
a
t
c
d
by
t
he
p
al
I
c
t
s
, whi
cll alv
known to be in generaluse was the
pieccs of basically tlat nletal, shaped
verge and foliot.
to a knife edge,attacl
led to the verge
t
ha
t
r
uns
ve
r
t
i
ca
l
a
nd
is positioned so
Itisa very simple device to m ake btlt
t
hat
t
he
pal
l
et
s
ent
e
r
t
he teeth of the
unfortunately is not known for good
*
s
c
a
pe
whee
l
.
Tl
l
e
s
e
pal
lcts are set at
tim e-keeping. Even so it is an
interesting experimentto make one as anangl
eofjustovcrninetydegreesto
itgives som e idea of whatwe w illbe each other and as onc tooth of the
looking for when m aking a m ore tscape w heelpassesone oftht,pallets
advanced version.The*scapeisin the itis Iocked by thc one opposittl.The
tbrm ofa crown wheel.w ith the teeth shape ofthis causes thc lockcd pallet
at ninety dcgrces to the luovem ent. to be pushed outofthe vvay and causcs
There is a sligiltradius ol)each tooth the folio. vvhich is a cross bar, to
and the num ber of teeth w ilIdepend sw ing and in doing so it locks the
tootllon theoppositeside.In thisway
tht
l process is repeated continuall
y
w itl)the foliotmoving backwurds and
I
l
foru ards as illltzlltooth is lock'et1and
i
$
ul'
tlocIkkltt.
palle'
ts
Thkl spced at ur
hich thc mtlchanislm
opklratk!sist(.
ljtlstedbyur
oightsatcach
p.
)
f
/.
1
1
!
'
;
Xi13''f'
'
'
K. ;
w er supp
weightconnected to
drum with cord.
S,*:k k
.
>'
s<N.
.
>x.
. .,.
end ofthtlfolit'
l
t-i1 Ns'
llicll1'
t
.series of
groovcs ll1
-(
Jctltasa nlcans 0t-holding
tlle u'
cights in ptlsititln. (3f coursc thtt
foliotl'
nust be Nvel1 balanek
ld alld thc
grooves spaced evenly on klithklr sidtl
so that a good balance is l'
naintaincd.
It is a silnple idea alld as such servtld
clocknlakers weIlfornlany yearsuntil
m ore sophisticated ideas cam e along,
Tlle nearer the weights are to the
centrethefasterthel
'
novelnentwilIgo
and vicevcrsa.ifthe weightsarc taken
towardstlle end itwiIlslow down.
To nlaktl the escapelmcnt thkl whct)l
can be m adc on a flatplankland then
rollcd into klircularfornland the cnds
silver soldcred togdher then a cross
46
t...ukl
ztt48
@
Verge and Pendulum
RecoilEscapem ent
('
ienerally fulldetaiIs Nvi11be given on
any plans of how to lay out the
escapelnents which 1n:1st be planned
as a whold in orderto find the eorrect
proportions. The pallet eentrcs are
reconlnaended to be ata distance t)f
1.4 tinlcs thc wv
hcel radius frol
'
n its
cclltre and althotlgh therc arc
occasions vvhttn thisnlay vary w'
e u,i1l
tlsc itis ourtigure.A 11tllatis neetled
tl4t)l1is to dravv a centre line.Iuark the
position oftllc '
vvl
'
lcelccntre,l
measure
1.
4 tilues the raditls, l'laktr allother
l'
nark and wt
zhavethe correctposition.
Sonlctilnesthattigure of 1.4 can btlan
extrenlely aw'kward (Al)e to nleasure
/j
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54
55
w'
ith the pallets bal
lging up and dow n
on thcnl fortnvnty-four hours a day.
NVI
'
Iile thereforc itnlay be desirable to
tlst
l soluething a Iittle thinncr to save
weight.doing so cotlld defeatits ow n
purpose,as itis m ore likely to distort
during operations.
Som e readcrs m ay nothave sum cient
equipm entto m ake the above tools or
not feel entirely conhdent about so
doing.Itispossible to file the teeth by
hand aftervery carefulmarking out.It
got
)s w ithout saying that a grcat dcal
ofearc isnccded and in particularitis
cssentialthatthe straightsections art
l
really that and are not angled in any
way.If:
1sm alltem plate ism ade '
hrstit
can bc used to check thatthe radiusof
cach tooth is correct . it is alm ost
The j
-inal task to krolllplctk
? the
escapelncnt will be to trroh;s otlt the
u'hccl,'
svhen thatis colnplettxd. lllot,nt
itolla colletand sccure itto tllt
'
tpiq'
ot.
Itcan then be tdsted.tlsillg a depthing
tool,to check thatthe pallets w iI1do
@
com bination can be checked in this
way to ensure thatthe train isgoing to
b: right. In addition lo this it is
possible to work outthc size ofbarrel
and length ofdriving eord thatwillbe
required.
If a shorter pendulum is uscd it will
beatatlessthan a second and from the
table itispossible to work otltatwhat
speed a givc11 Itlngt1
) w'ilI bt
lat.
to thetables(st
)eAppendix pagc 122)
can enable usto tind outthe speed al
Nvhich a pendulum of a given lengtl)
w i11bcatand whatwheelcom bination
is needed to m ake the clock work
1
I
Pallets
E cape wheel -
3rd heel
I
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Cen re wheel
.
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N.
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x.-.
Great heel
.4
(,(.w,'''xJ.. .
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Brrel
otion
ork
becolut,s a c'
ase o1-connecting tht
lse
two to the pivotthat wilIoperate the
hourhand.The obviousallswerwoultl
sctll
'
n to bttto puta suitablc piniol
lon
the arbor of the l'
ninute w'heel.
connecting it w ith a wheel thal w i1I
give a twelve to one reductilln on
anotherarborimm ediatdly bclou'orat
the side and putthe hourhand on that.
There is only one snag,if we has'
ea
pinion or a w heel rotating i11a
clockw ise direction and conndet
another directly to that,thc addition
one w ill rotate in an anticlockw ise
direction,Nvhich is nota greatdeal()f
use Thereforc two additional arbors
w ith suitable wheels and pinions arc
ndcdedethe lirstto change rotation to
an antitrlockw ise direction and tht?
sctrond to trllangt
zitback again.111the
llntlitntillatl any llcccssary redtlction
ckt!
'
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1t-('
,1
.porf
1tt-(1.
Sonltlold clocks and no doubt solnkl
bdillg l'
na(.
lc atpresentasu'
ellIlaN'
e tllut
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ni1)uttr hal'
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d ilnluediately bkllou'tllt
p
hourontl.Thesc do nothave tht
lgoing
train arrallged i1'
1a straight Iint),as is
the l'
nore usual arrangclnent.
Atlditionalarbors witl
a pinions and a
reduction wheel are then set at an
angle to enable the hour arbor to be
placcd in the centre ofthe m oN'
em ent.
The fsnished rcstllt is quite attractivc
and worth considering.
63
@
Thisend ofminute
wheelcolletmade
Square to accept '
--'-..
minute hand.
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HourW hbel
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Hcurw heelCollet
Rotates on minute
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64
65
C hapter 7 - D ividing
Accurate dividing is a prim c
requirem entwllen cutting u'
heels and
there are a number of ways of tloing
this.Any reader who owns a dividing
head w illhavt?no necd of any adq'ice
onthesubjectandcanpttssontothe
section on cutting the teeth.
Experience show's tllat i1
2 genera1
dividing heads are not usually found
in the hom e workshop.they tend to be
one ofthe lastpieces ofeqtlipm entto
divisionsthatcan be oblained.Few,if
any lathes will have change wheels
w ith m ore than seventy teeth. which
m eans that seventy js the highest
nunber of divisions that can be
obtainetland the tlivisions obtainable
on the slnaller wheels are extrcm ely
linlited.In his book -Gears and Gear
Cuttingq, lvan Law describes an
excellentset-up f'
br com pounding tl'
)t
l
dividing gcars. thus giving a m uch
wider rallgc (.
Afdivisions.as welIas a
m ass of inform ation on gear-cutting
m ethods.
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kl1-clock'lllaking.Generally
dih.
zJil1g head but 11)is
necessarily so: tht
?y can be sccured
directly to the Iathe nlandrel in the
Sam e Nvay aSa gear.In 133a1y V'aySt1is
is bettcr than using a dividing head
where there is always the problem (af
backlash in the worm gear to worry
about. M ost divitling plates have a
range of divisions on each platc,
giving tlexibility as wellas accuracy.
They can be pttrchased from m odcl
cllgineering suppliers or suppliers of
,
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own division plates,providing care is
taken to cnsur: they are accurate.For
best results the plate m ust be of as
large a diam eter as possible and a
series of circular Iinkls should bt
l
scribed round itatk'nown distances.It
is ofthe utm ostilzzportance thatthese
circles are accurate, if not, the
divisionsthem selveswillnotbe right.
lt is possible to scribe the circles
accurately on the disk by using the
cross slide graduations, Use a sharp
pointed knife tool set al a suitable
r
Having seribed lllc circle it is
necessary to refer to 1
, chord chart.It
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to a m icrometer or vernier gauge. by tle tim e the 1:1st one is rcached a
M ake a 1ight centres punch mark wholem illilntltre hasbeengainedand
somewl
lere on tle scribcd ttircle and this is now here near accurate enough
m ark Off the divisions, starting and so some m eans of cllecking tllerefore
tinishing at the centre-punch mark, is required.Supposd we are to divide
Lightly centre punch each the plate into sixty divisions, Hav'ing
intersection.It is advisable to use a set the dividers as suggested with a
magnifying glass to setthe dividers m ierom eter or vernier gauge and
andto makethepunchmarks,inordcr madethehrstindcnton thcline,mark
off but don't spot thrt
ztl divisions.
to gettheaccuracythatisrequired.
Preferably using another pair of
NonmalImarking-outluethodson a tlat dividersso thatthe originalsetting can
plane dem and thata11l'
neasurem ents be m aintained, check the distance
are taken from a single datunn, across the three m arks.lt should bc
som ething that is not practical when cxactly the chord hgure for twenty
dividing u circle. Tllcrefore the divisiolls.N extm ark offanothcrlhree
possibilitikls of l'
nultiple errors arise. divisions and cheek again thd w'
holc
For exam ple if the tlividers are one distance- using the clnord figLll-tl for
hundredth ofa ntillil
-netre ovcrsi/tlalld tkln.Any error in the originaldix'ider
there are ahundred divisionsrequirdds sctting n'illntns show up and suitablc
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adjustnRentsnzadeifneed be.W'hen it plate shouI(1 be sprung loaded if
is rightand l1kltbeforesImakc the spot
lnarks w ith the punch.Rem elllberthe
larger the plate and circle tlsed the
greaterthe aceuracy w illalw aysbe.
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but slightly snlaller nut and w ith tht!
addition t
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Plate tight,ltisessentialthatthcre is
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Terminol
ogy forobtaining
measurements and module
numberofwheels
W heeland Pijlion Proportions
W heel
s
Modules = Pitch diameterin mm divided by the numberofteeth.
DiametralPitcb= numberofteeth in a wheelperinch ofdiameter
Addendum = distance from pcd to tip ofteeth (1.35 x'module)
Dedendum =distance from pcd to base ofteeth (= 1.57 x = module 0.45 and 1.1to 1.5
and 2 x modulefrom O.5 -1 J(Shortform = /.07 x module)
Pitch Circle Diameter = numberofteeth x m odule
Outside DiameterofBlank = Numberofteeth+ 2.76 x module
RootDiameter= Numberofteeth minus 3.14 x module formodules 0.45 and 1.1to 1ab
Num berofteeth m inus 4 x m odule form odulesO.5 lo 1y0
7-00th Thickness= 1.57 x module
Addendum Radius= 1.93 x moduleformodules 0.45 to 1.1lo 1.5
Includes N/Y Z'/'form
Full7-00th Depth = 2.95 x moduleformodules 0.45 and 1.1 to 1.5 -3.38 x module for
module 0.6 to 1.0
Pinions
Kppl-dl.
p.
n.
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m 6 = 2.5,7 = 3.38 = 4.2,10 =5.9,12 = 4.8
.
. .. bz
ailkzL
heels
l
netal expanded and held the urheel
firlmly in position. N tnvadays a far
better idca is to use a retai1
-ting
colmpotllldo
'not only docs this give a
secure bolld btltvith a smalIam ount
of heat the bond can be broken if
required. The sam e applies w hen
litting the collet to the arbor, rather
than use a force fst,a tiny drop of
com pound on a unit that is a good
'
'
slidinglitwilldothejobfarbctter.
The bcst brass to use is knosvn as
eolmpo ()r engravi11g brass and is
stocked by both clocklnakers'
suppliers and many modeI
cngineering stlppliers as w el1.
Suppliers of clocklmaking lmaterials
often willbe abld to supply itas round
blanks of the outside dialntlter
required.Failing thatwe art
'
tleftwith
two choices,
'itcan eithcrbe cutfrom
@
rotlnd bar. nnachined to size and contrentricily.It
u'
i11bcnecessary eitherto lnakk
ldisks
thatu'il1'
hton theoutside of-the blank
to hold il '
lirm ly in positionsbecause
the dialneter of the hole for the
l
'
nandrelwillbe sm allitisessentialto
avoid too m uch torque being applied
by the toolwhen trying to m achille the
blank and thcwashersw illcounteract
this.lfonly the m andrelin the smal1
hole is used there w ill be tw o
tlnwantcd effccts, the first and m ost
obvious isthatthe blank w illtend to
bend as pressure is applied. Thc
secolld less obviotls one is that no
m atter how carefblone is when doing
the m achining it w il1 be alm ost
ilupossible to stop the blank from
catching while thc lathe contillucs to
81
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dt
o
H om em ade C utters
ln chapter5detailsform akingcuttcrs
forescape wheelsweregiNtn;itisalso
quite possible to m ake ones ow n
euttersforwheels,using silversteelor
gauge plate, w hich w ill be quitc
suitable for making the num ber of
Wheels required for a norm al clock.
W hen m aking cutters rcmemberthat
We are notgoing to m ake a t00th but
@
;ize forNvilit1)
of fon'
n tool in order to obtain thc notNvork outto an cxacth
.
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W hether or not to l'
nake single o1
'
nlulti-point cuttcrs is a nlattt)r t)1'
individual choicc' m any people alv
qtlite successful w ith '
lly cutters antl
s
et
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no
nee
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the bothcr ot'
inorddrtotaketheprojectfurther.
1naki11g nnuIti poi1
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W ith kl
The gap between tlc teeth ofa wheel single-point cutter cutting the blallk
isthe sal
me astht)thickness ofa tooth mustbe done l
m ucllmore slowly tlall
and is one ofthe hgures reqtlired;the w ith a l'
nuIti-point one aIthougl)
second is the overalldepth and thirdly rotational speeds can be as hig1,
1 t)I'
thc a11-im portant radius. Tw o eNzen higher.Thereartlntllnerotlsidtttls
expressions crop tlp hcre. addendul
'
n on Ilow to cutthe blankss
'generalIy il
and dcdcnduln. They acttlally speak willbe a lnatter ofwhatcquipm entih
;
fortllcl
mselves'
,addendum is 81figurc availablc to the individual.The blal
lk
added to thc point of the pitch tran be held in a sel-up on the verticaI
dianneter and dcdendum is figure of slide of tht
'
l lathe. with the cuttcr
the distance below it.The radius on a rotating in the chuck.orthc blank cal
)
wlleel is the shape of the addcndulm behdldandindexed i11theIathechtlck
and is the only dif-hcult part we arc oracollctand thtlcutterrotated on tht?
likel
y to come aeross w'
hen nlaking a Ialhe saddle.To tlo 1lisa device hast()
cutter. thtl other ligtlres bcing qtlite be l
made in w hich to rotate tht?cutter.
straighttbrward.It is not going to be Yearsago nnodelengineers uscd to usc
easy to getthis raditls with a file and a drivc frol'
n an overhead beIt.
'
absolutely il
mpossiblc w itl)a grinding nowudays w ith the ready availability
whektl unless one can be purchasetl of cheap small elcctric nAotors it is
that has been specially shaped.The l'
nuch easier to l'
nakc thc arrangem ent
bestway ofgetting itacetlrate w i11be sclfpowered.An easy way isto l'naktr
to drill a suitablc sized hole and use a bracket for a small nlodel l'naker-s
that.Theradiiasshown il1thechartdo drilland to l'
nountthaton the vertical
85
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a
t
v
h
e
a
s
t
Pl
@nl
@ons
alternativesajob thatwasoncequitc
difticulthasnow becom em uch easier.
It is essential that the cutter is set at
the exact centre height of the blank.
Norm al methods of obtaining centr:
height are generally not accuratc
enough and itis bestto use a scribcr
mounted in the chuck or colld of the
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anyq
way the end rcstlltdoesnotlook as
gtltlJ as using the nlachine cut
vcrsions 1:ow evcr It 1acks IittIt
7 if
anything in c'
tliciency and so can be
recolnl
mended forthebeginnerorfor
anyone who fdels they do notyethave
tlle ability to cuta norm alpinion.
W hile I
MOM people are quitc capablc
0f Carrying out thkt work required to
m zke a Pinion- thore artl som e who
m ay feelthe task solllew hatdaunting.
thetubeisdesignedto fit013thearbor
of the w heel w ith which it
associated, and instead of teeth a
series of rods connect thd disks to
lnthatcaseitisworthuq
hiletryingtt) cach other, the drawing and
m ake a lantcrn pinlon-which as the
name suggests- looks like a lantern
when f
'
inished.'
Exccpt on replicas of
Old clocks,where thc originalswould
qtlite possibl
y havc llad such a pinion
oO o
D
oO
Lantern Pinion
'
TypicalEight LeefPinion
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root di
instance is4.2m n'
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ofconvenience if
sm a
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Beca
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of the Iength of
onC W
the
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C hapter 9 - F inishing
A wcll-tinished clock m ovement is
solnething that can be admired over
and over again. Although in gent
lral
wetend to think'ofpolished brasswork
there is :
1grcattlealm()rc to '
linisllillg
than thatalond.N o m atterhow nicely
polished the wheels and plates m ay
be,thtleffectcan be completely ruined
by untidy work dlscwherc. A Il
polishing work should be carried out
with 1 series of progrcssively iner
polishing meditlms,the typc ofwhicll
willdepend on the originalsurface of
the m aterial being workcd on. If thc
original surface is badl
y pitted thell
work willhave to startwith various
grades of abrasive papers or cloths'
,
theiruse should be keptto an absolute
m inim um as they can creat: m ore
problem sthan they solve.N evcruse a
piece of abrasive m aterial that has
previously been tlsed on steel) on
brass, minute particles of steel can
becom e em bcdded and cause
scratching ofthe surface.
conjunctionwithapolishingl'
neditlnR,
taking careto keep thewoodatnindty
degrees to the sides of the wheclse
escapem ent wheels in partictllarnced
attention and it m ay again be
nceessary to make a suitably shaped
piece ofwood to getthc bestrcsults.
93
@
holes reall
y should have been dealt el-nery cloth or paper to give it :1
w ith when they were madc,to ensure
thcre was a good running fit witllthe
pivot. Special finishing broaches are
available for the purpose but anyone
not w anting to invest in these can
easily m ake a suitabletoolfrom siIver
steel. M achine a short length to thc
same taperasthebroach thatwasused
to m ake the hole and file the taper to
halfthediam eterinthesam eway that
one m akes a d-bit.Rem ove any burrs
from the edges,harden and tem perto
?<
07
C rossing O ut
This is the horologist's term for
reducing thd weight of w'
heels by
removing areas frolu the centrelcaving a spoked effccts which can
also Iook attractive.Tht?shapd oftlle
spokcs is a m atter of pergonalchoicc
butthey should becrossedoutinstlch
11Nvay thatnice square edges are lt
lh
and when polislzing is carried out
those edges are m aintained. M ost 01the work can be done q'ith good
quality ncedlc files,stressing the need
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Pallets
Obviotlsly it ig nict
? to polish tlle
visible surfaee of the pallets to l
'
nake
thel
m lookgoottbutl'
nostilmportantof
a11isthc necdto im partagood finish
to the working stlrfaces so they w ill
l
m ate snlootllly w ith the teeth of the
tscape whkltll. lt is gcner
tIly
recolnlnended thatthisbedonewitha
whcelrotating in the Iathe, w'lile thc
palIets are stlpported on a hand tool
rest.The polishing wheel is lmadc of
wood and by supporting thc palIet011
the rest the working stlrfaces capl be
contoured w'
hile rem aining square to
thcsides.
Lay tl'
lc plates on a llat stlrface t'
ol'
polishing the sidt
ls antl tlse 11 blotzk'
with 1$ Iarge surface area to do the
work. Det'p m arks can btt rennoved
w ith an abrasivc paper, Thc type
known as wet-and-dry is very good.
Use the fillest grade and B'
dt it
thoroughly washing the residue off
underarunlping tap. On finescratches,
usc a pit
lee of card stuck to thtl
polishing btock and soaked in 81
polishing m ediunlsuch as Brasso ora
silmilar col
nlnercial product. Ensure
when the plate is turned overthatthe
supporting surface is thorotlghiy cical)
and degreased before starting on thd
second side. It is very easy, when
polishing thc flatstlrfacesofthe platcs
to allow thtlabrasiN'
cl
'
naterialto tr
ktustp
a rotlnding off of thc edgds. Tllis
should be asr
oidcd ata11costs'
,ifspacc
Perl
m its use a large piece of trard
soaked in the polishing m tdiunn and
lajd on a llat surface and work the
plateon that,ratlerthan theotherukty
round. U se a figtlre-of-k?jght
m oveluent'
-1he '
finishcd restlltshould
1:
-
104
they t'
y:llldo tlsthpup1
-k
7job.pklrtit-t!larly
asin luostcasesthe lastthing thatNvill
be w anted '
w illbe sharp edges.
rbors
Plates
Firstthoughtsarethathnishillg plates
is col
uparativel
y sinlple task hut
therearecertainthingsthat'
w'
cnecdto
look outfor.Al1too often a clock is
spoilt by filklm arks along the plate
edg.esandcareshouldbetaken tllatalI
these are rtlllloved by draw filillg,
while atthd sallle tinae ensuring thktt
the tldgt
?sare atninety degrcesand are
keptsquartl,Clam p theplatesbetween
lcngthsofangle to work on the edges,
keeping theangleascloseto theplate
edgesaspossible,protcctingthe sides
ofthe platesby ptttting paperbetw'
dell
them and thc angle beforc tighlcning
tlp. Finish lhut edges with a very Gnu'
abrasivc c10th wrapped tightly rotlnd a
filesfollowtd by a rub w ith apittceof
sqtlare-cdged hardwood with a Iiberal
am otlntofablusspoIishersprcad on it.
polishi1'
1g 11'
tf
.
)p k)1,
1flatareasisl'
lk'ttk)be
l'
econAl'
nclltltltli11ti'
le case ()ftl
'
le $'
1iIlal'
s
Pillars
PiIlal-sandl'
hesclevs-ifany.llnathol(1
theln necd partieular attention.lf the
pillars ar: plain tlere u'ikl be no
probldm as they can be initially
polished while rotating in the Iathe.
Finighing work shouldalwaysbeklolle
along thcir Iength; no matter how
carefully lhe work is done. wilness
m arks invariably w i1lrem ain on work
done in the lathe.Ifthe pillars have
been shaped we are faced w ith
different problcm s as m achining
m arksareinevitableandthcsemustbe
rem oved. Frequently tiny chatter
m arks are Iikely to be lcfl in any
recesses thal have been made and
initially thesew illhaveto beremoved
with an abrasive paper while thcy are
in the Iathe.A lthough the tlsu of a
frol
'
u cl1(lt-k jaw'
s are a k-oI2)Int'n
problelm and are oten eatlsetlby thkl
w ork catching and rel'
naining
stationary Brhilc the lathklcontintlesto
rcvolve.restllting in eithcrscorillg or
distloltltlratl
'ollofthc l'
netal.11iseasy
to say.''Nlak'e stlreitdoesnotcatch in
that fashiol7'-butitis l
-nuch harcler tk)
acttlally preventitfrom so doing.lfit
docshappcn the l'
narkswillhavc to be
erased by polishing and therd are
severalschoolsofthoughton htlh'this
should be done. Thc most poptllal'
m ethod is to use em ory cloth or 2,
sil
-niIar abrasive while the work is
revolvillg'
.asw ith the pillars itisvcry
hard to disguise the polishing
operation donein thisway and a '
finc
finish can be obtaincd by working
lengthways. O ncc m ores a range of
polislling m aterial should bc tltttt
becom ing progressively tiner as he
classjob.Tllestepthatismachilledto
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alongthelcngth.
d
aylight,whichisfarsuperiortoany
artificiallightthatisavailable.
s'Iaterials
Itcannotbe stressed too much that
coarseabrasivec10th orpapershould
never be used and we should think
only in tel
-ms of l
ine and extra sne
m aterials.W here there are deep m arks
it is better to rem ove them with a
a
Sw iss precision tiIe'
, these are
.
available in a num ber ot grades and
generally speaking Grade () will be
cause nlore PrOblems than they Nvi1l ratherthan aquickfix to savea 1otof
rem ove. ln the long run it w ill be polishing work.
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ability to kt
lep tim e and its overall
appearance,that latter only achievcd
byhardworkanddedicationbutinthe
long run is wellworthwhile.
G
rade4asthemarksredtlceindepth. blemishesandmustberegardedasa
Never use cheap files as they w ill m eans of enhancing appearances
ones.
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and apart om using special blue
pivotsteel, there are other ways to
achievethis.Mostmodclengineering
suppliers. all gunsmiths and somc
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cndsothatemerypaper.etcwillnot o
nceseemedtobeperfectcanlook
badly scored
tendtotipovertheedgcasitismoved
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and looks attractive as there is 110
wooden beading to obscure the vic'
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of the clock.The base on which the
case stands should be of hardwood
and havtt a groove cut in it for the
glasscase to slip into.
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consists of thin wooden beading with
the glass Iet into it. Again hardwood
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Goil1g Trai11fornlula for trhtrcking correct'
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N ().oftccth in centrk
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lelx N o.t3ftoeth i113rd U llt
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64 x 6()
oj= ($()
N o. 0ftceth in 3rd pinion x No.ofteeth il'
lestlaptlNvhkltllpinion
8x 8
A Sthe celltle 411001pinion has eighttkltlth and the groat&N'
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l001ninoty-six,the
NN'I'CCIrotates: 96
8 = 12 hours
JXl'
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in tNs,e!N,
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wo inchdsineightdays'
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u'hich is abotltt'
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maxinaunathatnlostpeople are likcly t()w'antitto un'
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scvunteen coiIson the drtllm.
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121
C hord Tables
To dikide a cirt
zlt
linto even sections.tlse thctable below.The figurcsgiqren are
fora dialmeterofone.To fintlrequilvd figtlre-l
uultiply Iength 01-k2Ilord forthe
numberofspaceswanted by diam etcrofcircleto bedivided.
Num ber
ofSpaces
Length
ofChord
Num ber
ofSpaces
Length
ofC hord
3
4
0.8860
0.7071
36
37
0.0872
0.0848
69
70
0.0455
0.0449
Pendulum s
0.5878
38
0.
0826
71
0.0442
The mathem aticalcalculation fortim ing a com plete oscillation ofa sim ple
pendulum is:
6
y
8
0.5000
(
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0.3827
39
4:
4l
0.0805
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yj
yj
0.0765
72
yj
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0.
0436
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0
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42
0.0747
75
().0419
:.
1
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length
Tim e - 7: gr
avity in feet
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Pinionsare1
70th8 leaf.
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0.2588
45
0.()698
78
0.0403
l3
l4
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16
17
18
19
0.2393
0.2225
()a()y(
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.
0.1838
0.1736
0.l646
46
47
4:
49
50
51
52
0.0682
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4.)
aj
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t)61(
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79
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85
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122
43
44
:.073()
0.0713
76
77
0.04I.
7
0.0408
53
0.0592
86
0.0365
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1590
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0.036l
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357
().()?j?
24
0.l305
57
0.055l
90
0.0349
25
26
27
28
29
30
3I
32
33
0.l253
0.l205
0.116l
0.l120
().l081
0.1081
0.l012
0.0980
0.0951
58
59
60
6I
62
62
64
65
66
0.0541
().()532
().0523
0.05 15
0.0507
0.()507
().0491
0.0483
0.0476
91
C)2
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
0.0345
0.034 I
0.0338
0.0334
0.0331
0.033l
0.0324
0.0321
0.0317
34
5
0
.
0
923
0.
0896
6
7
68
0
.
0
469 100 0.
0314
0.
0462
64 x 60 x 3()x 2
8x 8
N um ber
Length
ofSpaces ofC hord
123
k.
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j$
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C om m on C lock Trains
1:
C-entrc
31-(
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q/heel Pinioll
3rd
Nvheel
Scapt
y tscape Vibralions
Pinion N'
Vhtrtll pt
lr nlintlte
Length of
Pendulul
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n
l12
t
?6
14
12
1()5
9()
14
I2
60
3()
6()
6()
39.l4''
3t?.I4''
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80
64
75
l0
8
h4
75
6()
6()
10
8
8
30
3t)
32
60
6(
)
75
39.14''
39 14''
25.53''
''
80
1()8
8
12
72
1()()
8
1()
3()
32
t
?()
96
17.39
!5.28
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