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Ferroresonance Occurrence In Power Transformer

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Ferroresonance Occurrence In Power Transformer (photo by SNC Manufacturing Co. Inc.)

Ferroresonance occurs when line capacitance resonates with the magnetizing reactance of a core while it goes
in and out of saturation.
Ferroresonance is usually associated with potential transformers, which are instrument transformers that are used
to develop voltages used by relays; however, it can also occur with power transformers under special circumstances.
Ferroresonance is another occurrence that can cause equipment damage; fortunately, it is preventable by simply
avoiding certain types of transformer connections with the types of circumstances that enable it to occur.
Because these connections are routinely avoided in practice, ferroresonance is not encountered very often and there
isnt much information about it in the literature.
Ferroresonance is worthy of mention, however, because it can utterly destroy a transformer .
The necessary conditions for ferroresonance are established in the system shown in Figure 1.

In the example shown in Figure 1, the -connected tertiary winding of a large three-winding substation transformer
Figure 1 - A situation where ferroresonance may occur. The cable capacitances form three
supplies a distribution type station-service
transformer with a Grd.-Y primary
winding. The supply lines to the stationservice transformers are through a set of
shielded cables. If the cable runs are fairly
long, a significant amount of phase-toground capacitance may exist.
When a transformer core operates near
saturation, the B-H curve is highly
nonlinear, and the effective permeability of
the core can take on a range of values
that vary with the changes in flux density.
Each of the inductances shown as L1, L2,
and L3, will have instantaneous
inductance values that are proportional
to the effective permeability of the core at
any given instant in time. These
inductances form parallel L-C circuits that
are in series with one another and in
series with the source voltage.
Since L1, L2, and L3 are constantly
parallel L-C elements that are in series with each other and the source voltages.
varying along with the effective
permeability of the core, it is almost
certain that a series resonant condition will exist at least part of the time during every cycle.
When a series resonance exists, even for a brief period, this causes very large voltages across the L-C elements.
These voltages are capable of destroying the transformer and any other equipment connected to it.
The nonlinear nature of this problem makes mathematical analysis virtually impossible, but the phenomenon has
been observed both in the field and experimentally, and the voltages have been measured and recorded.
In the example above, the conditions for ferroresonance can be disrupted by the simple expedient of -connected
secondary winding to the station service transformer.
The -connected winding assures that the vector sum of the voltages of all three phases add to zero, stabilizing the
neutral point of the Y-connected primary winding and preventing excessive voltage across the windings. The
presence of a -connected secondary winding will essentially snuff out ferroresonance in this circuit.

Ferroresonance (VIDEO)
Dennis Merchant on ferro-resonance in distribution transformers.
Cant see this video? Click here to watch it on Youtube.
*|YOUTUBE:[$vid=U7dNdQc1NL4]|*
Reference: Power Transformers Principles and Applications John J. Winders, Jr.

(Get it from Amazon )