Overview of Eurocodes

9 Scope of Eurocodes
9 Introduction to EN 1990

b i off design
basis
d i

limit state design

combination of actions
9 Introduction to EN 1991
9 Introduction to EN 1993

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Scope
p of Eurocodes
A total of 10 codes comprising 58 parts
The first 2 codes are material
material-independent:
independent:
EN 1990 - Basis of structural design
EN 1991 - Actions on structures

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Scope
p of Eurocodes
Remaining 8 codes are material-specific:

EN 1992 - Design of concrete structures

EN 1993 - Design of steel structures

EN 1994 - Design of composite structures

EN 1995 - Design of timber structures

EN 1996 - Design of masonry structures

EN 1997 - Geotechnical design

EN 1998 - Design of structures for earthquakes

EN 1999 - Design of aluminium structures

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EN 1990 Basis of Design

EN1990 states
t t
th t a structure
that
t
t
shall
h ll be
b
designed adequately and you are required to
demonstrate adequacy in:

Structural
St
t
l resistance
i t
Serviceability
Durability
Fire resistance
Robustness

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Eurocode Subscripts
Extensive use of sub-scripts
sub scripts generally helpful:
Subscript

Definition

Example

Ed

Design value of an effect

MEd Design bending moment

Rd

Design resistance

MRd Design resistance for bending

El

property
p y
Elastic p

Wel Elastic section modulus

Pl

Plastic property

Wpl Plastic section modulus

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Actions, Effects and Resistances

Actions (F):

direct actions - applied loads

indirect actions - temperature changes, vibrations
both essentially
yp
produce same effect

Effects of action(E):

on structural members and whole structure

for example bending moments, shear
deflections

forces,

Resistance (R):

capacity of a structural element to resist bending

moment, axial force, shear, etc.

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Types of Actions (EN 1991)

Permanent actions (G): are those that essentially
do not vary with time such as self-weight of
structure,, fixed equipment
q p
Variable actions (Q)
(Q): leading
g and non-leading
g
actions, and those that can vary with time such
as imposed loads, wind loads and snow loads
Accidental actions (A): are usually of short
duration, but high magnitude such as
explosions, impacts

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Eurocode Design Approach

Outlined in EN 1990 Basis of structural Design
Based on limit state design
Principal limit states

Ultimate limit state,, concerned with collapse

p

yielding; buckling; overturning

Serviceability limit state, concerned with function

Deflection; vibration

Other limit states

Fire resistance
Durability
y
robustness

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Limit State Design

Limit states:
states
t t
b
beyond
d which
hi h the
th structure
t
t
can no
longer meets its original design intention
Ultimate limit states:
states associate with collapse
collapse or other
similar forms of structural failure, for e.g.
strength fatigue
strength,
Serviceability limit states:
states correspond to function, beyond which
specified service requirements cannot be met,
for e.g. deflection, vibration
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Limit State Design Principles

Define relevant limit states
Determine appropriate combined actions {F}, e.g.
applied loads
temperature changes
Determine
D t
i design
d i
effects
ff t {E}
bending moments
deflections
g resistance {{R}}
Determine design
Ensure no limit state is exceeded {R > E}

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Characteristic and Design Values

Characteristic values of actions
Representative value of action above which not more than a
small percentage of the action may exceed during the design
working
ki
lif
life
Design values
Design
D i
values
l
used
d tto check
h k limit
li it state
t t condition
diti

Design value of actions

The characteristic value of action multiplied by the
relevant partial factor for action

Design value of strength

The characteristic value of strength divided by the
relevant partial factor for material

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Partial Factors
Partial safety factors are applied to characteristic
values for both actions material to account for
y
variability
The value of depends on:
Th
The li
limit
it state
t t under
d consideration
id
ti
The variable to which it is applied
The context e.g. is an action beneficial in relation
to the considered effect
F for actions (loading)
M for resistance (material and modeling uncertainties)

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Partial Factors
Action
Ultimate limit Permanent Action (G)
state
Unfavourable conditions
Favourable conditions

G = 1.35
G = 1.00
1 00

Variable Action (Q)

Unfavourable conditions
Favourable conditions

Q = 1.50
Q = 0.0

Serviceability Permanent Action (G)

limit state
Variable
i bl Action
A i (Q)

Partial factor

G = 0.0
Q = 1.00
1 00

EC 3 value (SG NA value)

application

M0

1.00 (1.00)

Cross-sections

M1

1 00 (1
1.00
(1.00)
00)

Member buckling

M2

1.25 (1.10)

fracture

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Load Combinations
Fundamental combinations of actions may be determined
from EN 1990 using Equation 6.10:
1.5 combination factor
other variable actions

j >=
> 1

G, j

G k , j + Q ,1Qk,1 + Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i
i >1

(6.10)

11.5
5 leading
combination factor
variable actions
Load factors 1.35 and 1.5 are applied
pp
when actions are
unfavorable

1 35 permanentt actions
1.35
ti

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Load Combinations
Identify
y leading
g variable action Qk,1
k1
The leading variable action is the one that leads to the
most unfavourable effect (i.e. the critical combination)
To generate the various load combinations, each
variable action should be considered in turn as the
leading one.
one
Other variable actions reduced by a combination factor
Accounts for probability of simultaneous occurrence of
multiple variable loads
Imposed load = 0.7
Wind load = 0.6 (SS NA = 0.5)

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Load Combinations
the load combinations about EC 3
Gk = Dead load (permanent action);
Qk = imposed load;
Wk = wind load
Load combination

Design load

Dead load & imposed load

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

Dead load & wind load

1 35Gk + 1.5W
1.35G
1 5Wk

Dead load, imposed and

wind load

1.35Gk + 1.50Wk + 1.05Qk or

1.35G
. Gk + 1.50Q
. Qk + 0.75W
.7 Wk

Leading variable action

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*1.05 = 0.7 1.50

0.75 = 0.5 1.50

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Sub-Parts
Sub
Parts of EN 1991
1991-1
1
EN 1991-1 contains the following sub-parts:
EN 1991-1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed
loads
EN 1991-1-2: Fire
EN 1991-1-3:
1991 1 3 Snow
S
lloads
d
EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions
EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions
EN 1991-1-6:
1991 1 6 A
Actions
i
during
d i
execution
i
EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions ((Impact
p
and
explosions)
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Overview of EN 1993 ((Eurocode 3))

Eurocode 3 ((EC3)) contains 6 p
parts:
EN 1993
1993-1:
1: Buildings
EN 1993-2: Bridges
EN 1993-3: Towers, masts & chimneys
EN 1993
1993-4:
4: Silos,
Silos tanks & pipelines
EN 1993-5: Piling
EN 1993-6: Crane supporting structures

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Sub-Parts
Sub
Parts of EN 1993
1993-1
1
Eurocode 3 Part 1 has 12 sub-parts:
EN 1993-1-1: General rules
EN 1993-1-2:
1993 1 2 Fire
Fi
EN 1993-1-3: Cold-formed thin gauge
g g
EN 1993-1-4: Stainless steel
EN 1993-1-5:
1993 1 5 Plated
Pl d elements
l
EN 1993-1-6: Shells

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Sub-Parts
Sub
Parts of EN 1993
1993-1
1 (cont
(contd)
d)
EN 1993-1-7: Plates transversely loaded
EN 1993
1993-1-8:
1 8: Joints
EN 1993-1-9: Fatigue
EN 1993-1-10: Fracture toughness
EN 1993
1993-1-11:
1 11: Cables
EN 1993-1-12: High strength steels

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National Standard & Annex

Every Eurocode will contain a National Annex
The National Standard implementing Eurocode
(e.g. SS EN 1993-1-1: 2010) must comprise the
full, unaltered text of that Eurocode, including all
Annexes.
Th
The National
N ti
l Annex
A
may only
l include
i l d information
i f
ti
on those parameters within clauses that have
been left open for national choice (e
(e.g.
g NA to SS
EN 1993-1-1: 2010)

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Eurocode Conventions

Major axis
Minor axis
Longitudinal axis of element
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y y
y-y
z-z
x-x
22

Eurocode Conventions

Major axis
Minor axis
Longitudinal axis of element

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y-y
z-z
x-x

23

Material Properties
Nominal values of yield strength fy and ultimate tensile
strength fu for hot-rolled structural steel can be taken from
T bl 3
Table
3.1
1 off EC3
EC3-1-1
1 1
Table 3.1 of EC3-1-1 (part)
Standard
and steel
grade

Nominal thickness of the element (mm)

T40mm
T
40mm

40mmT80mm

fy (N/mm2)

fu (N/mm2)

fy (N/mm2)

fu (N/mm2)

S235

235

360

215

360

S275

275

430

255

410

S335

335

510

335

470

S450

440

550

410

550

EN 10025-2
10025 2

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Material Properties
The National Annex may give the choice for the value of
fy and fu which could be obtained from either the Product
Standards (EN 10025 for hot-rolled sections) or by using
Table 3.1.
The National Annex of Singapore (NA to SS EN 1993-1-1)
choose the earlier. The nominal values of the fy and fu for
structurall steell should
h ld b
be those
h
obtained
b i d from
f
the
h
product standards.
In
I Singapore,
Si
non-EN
EN materials
t i l are allowed
ll
d to
t be
b used.
d
Further information on the values of fy and fu for steel
grades manufactured to non-EN product standards is
given in BC1: 2012a.
a

BC1: 2012 Design Guide on Use of Alternative Structural Steel to BS5950 and
Eurocode 3, Building and Construction Authority, Singapore
(ISBN: 978-981-05-9754-2)

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Material Properties

Values of yield strength for the most common grades of

non alloy structural steel hot-rolled
non-alloy
hot rolled sections (S275 and
S335) form Table 3.1, the product standard EN 10025-2
and BS 5950 are given in the follow table for comparison.

Thickness EC 3
(mm)
fy(N/mm2)
S275

EN 10025
fy(N/mm2)

BS 5950
py(N/mm2)

EC 3
fy(N/mm2)

EN 10025
fy(N/mm2)

BS 5950
py(N/mm2)

S275

S275

S335

S335

S335

16

275

275

275

355

355

355

40

275

265

265

355

345

345

63

255
55

255
55

255
55

335

335

335

80

255

245

245

335

325

325

235

235

315

315

100

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Material Properties
D
Design
i
values
l
off material
t i l coefficients
ffi i t to
t be
b used
d in
i
EN 1993-1:
Modulus of elasticity
E = 210 000 N/mm2
Shear modulus:
G = E/2(1 + ) = 81 000 N/mm2
Poissons ratio:
= 0.3
Coefficient of thermal expansion:
a = 12 10-6/
(f temperatures below
(for
b l
100 )

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