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EMT Obj PDF
EMT Obj PDF
Two concentric spherical shells carry equal and opposite uniformly distributed charges over
their surfaces as shown in Fig.1.
Electric field on the surface of inner shell will be
(A) zero.
Q
(B)
.
4 0 R 2
Q
(C)
.
8 0 R 2
Q
(D)
.
16 0 R 2
Ans: A
Q.2
(B) 4.
(D) 2.
Ans: A
Q.3
(B) P = (r 1) E .
(A) P =r E .
(C) P = E 0 (r 1) .
(D) P = (r 1) 0 .
Ans: B
Q.4
Ans: C
1
AE14
Q.5
(A) the maximum radiation occurs perpendicular to the line of the array at = 90o .
(B) the progressive phase shift ( ) between elements is zero.
(C) width of principal lobe is less than that of an end fire array.
(D) the maximum radiation occurs along the line of array at = 0o .
Ans: D
Q.6
Two point charges Q1 and Q 2 are located at A and B on a straight line as shown in the
Fig.1. The electric field will be zero at a point
Ans: B
Q.7
j
(A)
(B)
j
(C)
(D)
j
j
Ans: A
Q.8
Ans: D
Q.9
Electric field of a travelling wave is given by 100 cos 109 t 4x . The velocity and the
wavelength are
(A) 3 108 m
and 4 m respectively.
sec
(B) 2.5 108 m
and m respectively.
sec
2
9m
(C) 4 10
and 8 m respectively.
sec
(D) 109 m
and 100 m respectively.
sec
4
AE14
Q.10
Ans: C
Q.11
t
r
r D
(B) Displacement current density J =
.
t
For a transmission line terminated in its characteristic impedance, which of the following
statement is incorrect:
(A) It is a smooth line.
(B) The energy distribution between magnetic and electric field is not equal.
(C) Standing wave does not exist.
(D) Efficiency of transmission of power is maximum.
Ans: B
Q.13
For a line of characteristic impedance, Z O terminated in a load, Z R such that Z R > Z O , the
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is given by
Z
.
(A) R
(B) Z O .
ZO
Z
(C) Z R .
(D) O
.
ZR
Ans: A
Q.14
The lower cut-off frequency of a rectangular wave guide with inside dimensions (3 4.5 cm)
operating at 10 GHz is
(A) 10 GHz.
(B) 9 GHz.
10
10
(C)
GHz.
(D)
GHz.
9
3
Ans: D
Q.15
AE14
Q.16
Ans: A
Q.17
Ans: C
Q.18
1
(A) W=
2
H2
(B) W =
.
2
H
.
4
H 2
(C) W=
.
2
(D) W =
H
.
2
Ans: C
Q.19
Ans: D
Q.20
Ans: A
Q.21
Ans: C
4
AE14
Q.22
Ans: B
Q.23
Ans: A
Q.24
(A) 2 V =
(B) 2 V = 4
o
(D) 2 V = 0
(C) 2 V = 4
Ans: C
Q.25
(A) r
(B) r 2
(C) r 3
(D) r 4
Ans: C
Q.26
In an electromagnetic wave, the phase difference between electric and magnetic field vectors
r
r
E and B is
(A) zero
(B) 2
(D) 4
(C)
Ans: A
Q.27
Q.28
Find the amplitude of the electric field in the parallel beam of light of intensity 2.0 W m 2 .
(A) 28.8 N c
(B) 15.6 N c
(C) 38.8 N c
(D) 26.6 N c
Ans: C
5
AE14
Q.29
= 10 6 mho / m, = o and
= 10 , the material at this frequency is considered to be
c
(A) a good conductor
(B) neither a good conductor nor a good dielectric
(C) a good dielectric
(D) a good magnetic material
Ans: A
Q.30
Consider a transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 ohms and the line is terminated at
one end by +j50 ohms, the VSWR produced in the transmission line will be
(A) +1
(B) zero
(C) infinity
(D) -1
Ans: C
Q.31
(A) 0
(C) 7.9
Ans: B
Q.32
Which one of the following conditions will not gurantee a distortionless transmission line
(A) R = 0 = G
(B) RC = LG
(C) very low frequency range (R>> L, G >> C)
(D) very high frequency range (R<< L, G << C)
Ans: C
Q.33
Ans: D
Q.34
Ans: C
Q.35
AE14
Q.36
Plane y=0 carries a uniform current of 30 a z mA/m. At (1, 10, 2), the magnetic field intensity
is
(A) 15 a x mA/m
(B) 15 a x mA/m
A loop is rotating about y-axis in a magnetic field B =B0 sin t a x Wb/m2. The voltage
induced in the loop is due to
(A) Motional emf
(B) Transformer emf
(C) A combination of motional & transformer emf
(D) None of the above
Ans: C
Q.38
A parallel plate capacitor consists of two metal plates of area A separated by a distance d and
has a capacitance C. If another metal plate of area A is held parallel to either plate of the
capacitor at distance d/2 from either plate, the new capacitance will be
(A) C/2
(B) C
(C) 2C
(D) 4C
Ans: A
Q.39
Ans: D
Q.40
Point charges 30 nC, 20 nC and 10 nC are located at (1, 0, 2), (0, 0,0) and (1, 5, 1)
respectively. The total flux leaving a cube of side 6m centered at the origin is
(A) 20 nC
(C) 20 nC
Ans: B
Q.41
(B) 10 nC
(D) 30 nC
r r r
(B) F = V * B
r
r r
(D) F = Q V * B
AE14
Q.42
r
r B
The equation E =
is the generalization of
t
(A) Amperes Law
(B) Faraday Law
(C) Gausss Law
(D) Biot-Saverts Law
Ans: B
Q.43
For a transmission line terminated by a load, the reflection co-efficient magnitude and the
voltage standing wave ration S are related as:
(A) S = 1 (1 + )
(B) S = 1 (1 )
(C) S = (1 ) (1 + )
(D) S = (1 + ) (1 )
Ans: D
Q.44
(B) Henry/meter
(D) It is dimensionless
Ans: D
Q.45
Reciprocal of reluctance is
(A) Henry/meter
(B) Henry
(D) Henry 1
(C) meter/Henry
Ans: B
Q.46
For a rectangular wave guide, 2.5cm x 1.2cm, dominant cut off wavelength is
(A) 5 cm
(B) 2.5 cm
(C) 2.4 cm
(D) 3.7 cm
Ans: A
Q.47
Z
For a line of characteristic impedance, Z0 terminated in a load ZR such that Z R = 0
reflection coefficient is
1
(A)
3
1
(C)
3
Ans: D
Q.48
(B)
2
3
(D)
1
2
Plane z=10m carries charge 20nC/m2. The electric field intensity at the origin is
(A) 10i z v / m
(B) 18i z v / m
8
, the
AE14
(D) 360i z v / m
Ans: D
Q.49
A positive charged pendulum is oscillating in a uniform electric field (Fig. 1). Its time period
as compared to that when it was unchanged
Field due to infinitely long line charge along z-axis varies with
(A)
(B) z
(C)
(D) both and z
Ans: C
Q.51
(C) E = v
(D) E =o v
Ans: B
Q.52
When a magnetic flux cuts across 200 turns at the rate of 2 Wb s , the induced voltage is
(A) 400 V
(B) 100 V
(C) 600 V
(D) 0 V
Ans: A
Q.53
Ans: C
Q.54
(A) 0
(C)
(B) 1
(D) 1
Ans: C
9
AE14
Q.55
Ans: A
Q.56
Ans: A
Q.57
Ans: D
Q.58
Ans: C
Q.59
(A)
(C) 0
(B) 1
(D)
Ans: B
Q.60
When the separation between two charges increases, the electric potential energy of charges
(A) increases.
(B) decreases.
(C) remains the same.
(D) may increase or decreases.
Ans: B
Q.61
Which one of the following conditions will not guarantee a distortionless Transmission
Line?
(A) R=0, G=0
(B) LG=RC
(C) R >> L, G >> C
(D) R << L, G << C
Ans: C
Q.62
A uniform plane wave in air is incident normally on an infinitely thick slab. If the refractive
index of the glass slab is 1.5, then the percentage of the incident power that is reflected from
the air-glass interface is
10
AE14
(B) 4%
(D) 10%
Ans: B
Q.63
Ans: A
Q.64
Ans: D
Q.65
Poissons equation is
(A) 2 V =
(B) 2 V = 4
(D) 2 V = 0
(C) 2 V = 4
Ans: A
Q.66
The radio wave is incident on layer of ionosphere at an angle of 30o with the vertical. If the
critical frequency is 1.2 MHz, the maximum usable frequency (MUF) is
(A) 1.2 MHz
(B) 2.4 MHz
(C) 0.6 MHz
(D) 1.386 MHz
Ans: D
Q.67
Q.68
A rectangular waveguide has dimension 1.0 cm 0.5 cm , its cutoff frequency for the dominant
mode is
11
AE14
(B) 10 GHz
(D) 20 GHz
Ans: C
Q.69
Ans:A
12
AE14
PART II
NUMERICALS
Q.1
Using Gausss theorem, show that a symmetrical spherical charge distribution is equivalent
to a concentrated point charge at the centre of the sphere as far as external fields are
concerned.
(6)
Ans:Refer section 2.21 & 2.22 Pg No 109 of Electromagnetic Field and Waves by K D
Prasad.
Q.2
A spherical volume of radius R has a volume charge density given by = Kr , where r is the
radial distance and K is a constant. Develop expressions for E and V and sketch their
variation with respect to r (0 r ) .
(8)
kr 2
i r for r < R
4 o
At r = R, E R =
kR 2
i r max value at r = R
4 o
R
For r R ; 0 E r 4r 2 = dv
0
R
= 4k r 3dr = KR 4
0
4
Or E r =
Q.3
KR
ir
4 0 r 2
for r R .
Give an example in which the current in a wire enclosed by a closed path is not a uniquely
defined. Is it correct to apply Amperes circuital law for the static case in such a situation?
Explain.
(6)
Ans:Refer section 4.2, Page No 306 of Electromagnetic Field and Waves by K D Prasad.
Q.4
13
AE14
(8)
Ans: D =0 E =0 E m cos(t z )i x
ix
iy
iz
E =
=
t
x
y z
0
Em cos(t z ) 0
B
Or
= [Em cos(t z )]i y
t z
= + Em sin (t z )i y
Integrating, in view of its being a static field, the constant of integration is treated as zero.
E m
B=
cos(t z )i y
Em
cos(t z )i y
Or B =
B Em
H=
=
cos(t z )i y .
0 0
Q.5
What is the physical interpretation of Gausss law for the magnetic field? How gauss law
for the magnetic field in differential form can be derived from it integral form?
(3 + 5)
d 2V
d 2V
= 0 (Laplaces eqn)
dx 2
dv
=a
dx
V = ax + b
------------------ (A)
(where a & b are content of integration and are to be determined by boundary conditions)
At x = x1 , V1 = ax1 + b
And At x = x2 , V2 = ax2 + b
------------------ (i)
a( x1 x2 ) = V1 V2
V V2
a= 1
------------------ (ii)
x1 x 2
Ans:
14
AE14
V2 x1 V1 x 2
x1 x 2
Substituting values a & b in eqn (A)
b = V1 ax1 =
V=
Q.7
------------------ (iii)
V1 ( x x 2 ) V2 ( x x1 )
.
x1 x 2
State and explain Biot-Savarts Law relating the magnetic field produced at a point due to
current in a small elemental wire.
(6)
What is a uniform plane wave? Why is the study of uniform plane waves important?
Discuss the parameters , and v p associated with sinusoidally time-varying uniform plane
(2 + 2 +4)
waves.
15
AE14
= E0 Re[e j (t + ) ]
= E0 Re[e jt + j ) ]
Then,
E xx = E0 e j
Where Re means the real part of the following quantity is to be taken. Further it can be
dE x
proved that the phasor of
is given by multiplying the phasor of E x by j , i.e. phasor
dt
dE
of x = jE xx .
dt
Transformation of phasor into a time varying quantity.
To transfer a phasor into a time varying quantity, multiply that phasor by e jt and then
consider the real part (Re) of that product. If E xx = Eo e j , then
E x = Re E xx e jt = Re Eo e jt e j = Re Eo e j (t + )
= Eo cos(t + )
Maxwells equations in phasor form.
The four Maxwells equations in point form or differential form are
B
H
E =
= .
t
t
D
E
H = J +
= E +
t
t
.D = v
.B = 0
These equations in phasor form may be written as
E s = j .H s
--------------- (10.1 a)
H s = ( + j ) Es
--------------- (10.1 b)
.Ds = v
--------------- (10.1 c)
.Bs = 0
--------------- (10.1 d)
Wave equation for electric field intensity.
Using the vector identity
E s = ( .E s ) 2 E s
16
AE14
[Q Using Eq 10.1a]
= j H s
= j ( + j )Es
D
RHS = (.E s ) 2 E s = . s
1
= ( v ) 2 E s
2 E s
2 E s = j ( + j )E s ,
or
2 E s = j ( + j )E s
The quantity j ( + j ) is denoted by 2 . Hence
2 E s = 2 E s
-------------------- (10.2a)
This is the wave equation for electric field intensity. Similarly it can be proved that, the
wave equation for magnetic field intensity is
2 H s = 2 H s
-------------------- (10.2b)
Propagation constant, Attenuation constant and Phase constant
In the wave equation
2 E s = 2 E s
The quantity is known as propagation constant and is defined by the equation
2 = j ( + j )
Or = j ( + j )
The units of propagation constant is per m. It is a complex number. The real part is denoted
by and is known as attenuation constant. The unit is N p / m where N p stands for neper.
The imaginary part is denoted by
Q.9 .
Distinguish between internal inductance and external inductance. Discuss the concept of
flux linkage pertinent to the determination of the internal inductance.
(3 + 3)
(8)
Ans:Refer section 8.13, 8.14, 8.27.1, 8.28 Page No 646 of Electromagnetic Field and
Waves by K D Prasad.
Q.11
(7)
AE14
Q.12
Calculate the characteristic impedance Z 0 , propagation constant and the line constants of
an open wire loss less line of 50 Km long operating at
f = 700 Hz if
(7)
ZSC = 152016
Ans: Z o = Z oc Z c = 286 40 152016
= 659.3 12 0
659.3
Y=
.
700
Q.13.
What is dominant mode? Which one of the rectangular waveguide modes is the dominant
mode? How do the dimensions of a rectangular cavity resonator determine the frequencies
(4+6)
of oscillation of the resonator?
Ans:Refer section 9.14 and 9.7 of Electromagnetic Field and Waves by K D Prasad.
Q.14
( )
(4)
Ans: c =
m n
+
a b
TE10 mode m = 1, n = 0
2a
c =
= 2 0.045 = 0.090m
m
g =
1
c
g = 0.0318m .
Q.15
where =
3 10 8
= 0.03m
10 10 9
What is a Hertzian dipole? Discuss the time variations of the current and charges associated
with the Hertzian dipole. Also discuss the characteristics of the electromagnetic field due to
the Hertzian dipole.
(2 + 3 + 3)
Deduce the radiation resistance and the directivity for a half wave dipole?
(6)
AE14
Q.17
Ans:Refer section 10.3, Page No 781 of Electromagnetic Field and Waves by K D Prasad.
Q.18
Estimate the maximum usable frequency (MUF) for a critical frequency of 10 MHz and an
angle of incidence of 45o .
(6)
Q.19
What are the boundary conditions for static electric fields in the general form at the
interface between two different dielectric media? Explain.
(8)
Ans:At the boundary between two dielectric media, the tangential and the normal
component electric displacement have to be analysed.
(i)
Tangential component:
Let E1 & E2 are the permittivities for two dielectric media.
Et1 & Et2 are the tangential components in media I & media II.
A rectangular closed path abcd has been considered.
For the closed path
(ii)
Or
bottom
sides
19
(enclosed)
AE14
Q Q = s s
Or Dn1 Dn2 = s
For free surface charge density, s = 0
Dn1 = Dn2 , for s = 0 .
Q.20
Using Gausss law in integral form, obtain the electric field due to following charge
distribution in spherical coordinates:
K
(r, , ) = r 2 for 0 < r < R
Charge density,
AE14
E.ds = dv
0
R
4r 2 dv
Or, 0 E 4/r 2 = 4/ KR
K
E=
i r , for r = R
0 R
For r > R
r
R
R
K
0 Eds = dv = 2 4r 2 dr
0
0
0 r
Or, 0 E 4/r 2 = 4/ KR
K R
E=
ir for r > R.
0 r 2
Q.21
State Poissons equation. How is it derived? Using Laplaces equation, for a parallel plate
capacitor with the plate surfaces normal to X-axis, find the potential at any point between
(2+4+4)
the plates. Given, V = V1 at x = x1 and V = V2 at x = x 2 .
Ans:From Maxwells first equation i.e. Gausss Law in differential form, we have
r r
r
r
.D =
D = E
r
r
Using E = V
Where is the permittivity of the medium.
We obtain
. V =
Using vector identity
.A = . A + A.
We get
r r
r r
.V + .V =
Or 2V + .V =
Or 2V =
as = 0 for uniform .
This is Poissons equation which governs the relationship between the volume charge
density in a region of uniform permittivity to the electric scalar potential V in that
region.
In carlesian coordinate. Poissons equation becomes
21
AE14
2V 2V 2V
+ 2 + 2 =
2
x
y
z
=
2
x
V2 = ax2 + b
V1 V2
V x V x
and b = 2 1 1 2
x1 x2
x1 x2
Putting the value of a and b in equation (1), we obtain
V ( x x2 ) V2 ( x x1 )
V= 1
x1 x2
Which gives potential at any point x between the plates i.e. x1 < x < x2 .
Equation (2) a =
Q.22
(2+4)
Ans:The Biot-Savart Law states that the magnetic flux density due to a current element
Idl(current I passing from an infinite-simal small length of conductor, dl) in free space is
given by
22
AE14
r I dl i R
dB = 0
4 R 2
For = 0, i.e. along a line in alignment with the element, no field ( dB = 0 ) is produced and
for = 90 0 i.e. along a line perpendicular to the element. Also the field is inversely
proportional to R 2 .
Q.23
What is Poynting vector? How is the Poynting theorem derived from Maxwells curl
equations? Explain Poynting theorem.
(2+8)
r r
Ans:
The quantity E H as the power flow density
vector associated with the electromagnetic field. It is known as the poynting vector after
r
the name of J. H. Poynting and is denoted by the symbol P . Thus,
r r r
P = EH
r
r
It is instantaneous poynting vector, since E and H are instantaneous field vectors.
Poynting theorem:
From vector identity
r r r
r r r rr r
. E H = H . E E. H
------------------------ (1)
And Maxwells curl equations,
r
r
r r
B
H
E =
=
t
t
------------------------ (2)
r
r
r r r D
r
E
H = Jc +
= E +
t
t
Using Maxwells curl equations (2) in equation (1), we have
23
AE14
r
r
r r r
r
H r r
E
E. E +
. E H = H .
r
r
r H
r r
r E
= H .
E.E E.
t
t
r
r
r
r
1
1 r r
= H .H E.E E.E
t 2
t 2
1
1
= E 2 E 2 H 2 ----------------------- (3)
t 2
t 2
r
r r
Substituting P for E H and taking the volume integral of both sides of equation (3) over
the volume V, we obtain
1
1
2
2
2
v (.P )dv = v E dv v t 2 E dv v t 2 H dv
Using divergence theorem on left hand side we have
r r
1
1
2
2
2
P
-------------------- (4)
s .ds = v E dv t v 2 E dv t v 2 H dv
Where s is the surface bounding the volume v. The equation (4) is called the pointing
theorem in which
The power dissipation density, Pd = E 2
1
The electric stored energy density, we = E 2
2
1
The magnetic stored energy density, wm = H 2
2
And, the power flowing out of the closed surface s i.e. LHS of eqn (4) = P.ds .
Q.24
The conduction current density in a lossy dielectric is given as J C = 0.02 Sin 109 t A m 2 ,
3
find the displacement current density if = 10 mho
Ans:
J c = E = 0.02 sin 10 9 t
(6)
= 103 E
So, E = 2 10 5 sin 109 t
The displacement current density is given by
D
Jd =
= 0r 2 10 5 sin 109 t
t t
= 8.854 10 12 6.5 2 10 5 109 cos 109 t
Thus, J d = 1.15 10 6 cos 109 t A/m.
Q.25
Derive general expressions for reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient for E and
24
AE14
1
1
2
The relationships for electric and magnetic fields are
Ei = 1 H i
------------------ (1)
Er = 1 H r
------------------ (2)
(energy direction changed, so ve sign)
And Et = 2 H t
------------------ (3)
The continuity of components of E & H require that
Ei + Er = Et
------------------ (4)
Hi + H r = Ht
(1) & (2) H i + H r =
( Ei E r ) = H t =
(Ei + Er )
Or 2 (Ei Er ) = 1 (Ei + Er )
------------------ (5)
E
Using eqn (4) & (5), the reflection coefficient, R = r = 2 1
Ei 2 + 1
E
E + Er
And transmission coefficient, T = t = i
Ei
Ei
E
2 2
= 1+ r =
Ei 1 + 2
2 2
Or T =
1 + 2
Similarly, we can get reflection and transmission coefficients for H as
H
R= r = 1 2
H i 1 + 2
21
H E
And T = t = 1 t =
H i 2 Ei 1 + 2
Q.26
AE14
Or H.2r = 0
Or H = 0 for region I (0 < r < a)
r
Region II, a < r < b, J = J 0 iz
a
J r3
r
H .dl = J 0 rdrd = 0
a
a
3
=0 r = a
a
Or, H .2r =
2
J 0 r 3 a3
3a
2
0
J0 3
r a 3 i
3ar
J
At r = b, H = 0 b 3 a 3 i
3ab
Region III, b < r < , J = 0
2 r = b
J r
We have, H .dl = 0 rdrd
=0 r = a a
Or, H =
Or, H =
Q.27
J0 3
b a 3 i .
3ar
Calculate the electric field due to a line charge considering it a special Gaussian surface.
(5)
Ans:Assuming line charge along z-axis Electric field E or flux density D can only have an r
component can only depend on r.
A closed right circular cylinder or radius r, whose axis is z-axis, has been assumed for the
purpose of Gussian surface.
From Gausss Law,
26
AE14
s=2
s =3
= 0 + 0 + E.ds
s =3
= E 2rL
If is the charge per unit length and the length of Gaussian Cylindrical surface is, L,
Q
=
L
(1) L = E 2rL E =
Q.28
ir
2r
Find out the magnetic field intensity at any point due to a current carrying conductor of
finite length using the Biot-Savart law.
(5)
Ans:dH =
Idl i R
4R
Idl sin(90 + )
i
4R 2
27
AE14
Now Rd = dl cos
Rd
dl =
cos
d
IR
. cos
cos
So dH =
.i
4R 2
Id
Id
=
.i
=
4R
r
4
cos
1 2
Or, H =
cos d .i
4R 1
Or, H =
Q.29
1
(sin 2 sin 1 ).i .
4R
Find the characteristic impedance, propagation constant and velocity of propagation for a
transmission line having the following parameters:
R = 84 ohm/Km, G = 10 6 mho/Km, L=0.01 Henry / Km,
C=0.061 F /Km and frequency = 1000 Hz.
Ans:Characteristic impedance,
Z
R + j L
Z0 =
=
Y
G + jC
Where Z = R + jL = 84 + j 2 1000 0.01
= 84 + j 62.83 = 104.936.80 ohm/km
28
(6)
AE14
Q.30
How does dissipation-less transmission lines act as tuned circuit elements? Explain.
(9)
Ans:At high frequencies (300 MHz to 3 GHz ), a transmission line can be used as circuit
element (like a capacitor or an inductor). At these frequencies the physical length of the
line is convenient to use.
For lossless line,
= j and Z 0 = R0
And tan hl = j tan l .
The input impedance of the line Z in with load Z L becomes
Z + JR0 tan l
Z in = R0 L
---------------------- (1)
R0 + jZ L tan l
(i)
Open circuited line (Z L )
R0
Equation (1) Z in = j
= jR0 cot l ---------------- (2)
tan l
= jX 0 (purely reactive)
So, the input impedance of an open circuited lossless line is purely reactive, i.e. the
line can be either capacitive or indirective depending on the value of l .
Now ( X 0 = R0 cot l ) vs l is plotted as given below:
X 0 can vary from to + .
For a very short length of the line l << 1
i.e. tan l = l .
LC
R0
1
=j
=j
l
Cl
LC l
Which is capacitive reactance.
Z in = jX 0 = j
29
AE14
L
LC l = jLl
C
Which is inductive reactance.
For first quarter wave length, a short-circuited line acts as an inductance, where as
an open-circuited line appears as a capacitance. These reactances reverse each
quarter wave length.
The similarity of performance of open or short-circuited lines to that of seriesresonant or anti resonant circuits may be noted by comparing the above curves (for
open & short circuited lines) with the curves of resonant circuits which suggest the
use of lines as reactive circuit elements or as tuned circuits. For example, the input
of short circuited line appears similar to that of a parallel resonant circuit &
4
4
open circuited as series resonant circuit.
Z in = jX s = jR0 l = j
Q.31
What do you mean by matched transmission line? What are the advantages of impedance
matching on high frequency lines?
(7)
Ans:A transmission line is matched when the load impedance is equal to the characteristic
impedance of the line and no reflection of waves takes place.
When a finite transmission is terminated with its own characteristic impedance, the voltage
and current distributions on the line are exactly the same as through the line has been
extended to infinity, i.e. a line of finite length, terminated in a load equivalent to its
characteristic impedance, appears to the sending-end generator as an infinite line, i.e. a
finite line terminated in Z 0 and an infinite line are indistinguishable by measurements at the
source.
For such lines, Z in = Z 0
And reflection coefficient, k = 0
V S W R = 1.
There is no reflected wave, the incident power is fully absorbed by the load. The maximum
power transfer with minimum loss is possible when a transmission line is matched to the
load. Also efficiency of transmission is greater when there is no reflected wave.
Q.32
What is a linear array? Define a uniform array? Show that the width of the principal lobe of
a uniform end fire array is greater than that for a uniform broad side array of the same
length.
(2+3+5)
30
AE14
= E0 e j ( n 1) , where,
= d cos +
n =1
1 e jn
sin (n 2 )
= E0
ET = E 0
(n 1) / 2
j
sin ( 2)
1 e
Keeping the centre of the array as reference for phase,( i.e. (n 1) / 2 , phase angle = 0) &
for isotropic sources, as the principal maximum occurs at = 0.
sin (n 2 )
ET = E0
------------------- (3)
sin ( 2 )
For principal Maximum, = 0 cos =
.
d
31
AE14
n
= m
2
m = 1, 2, 3, ...............
an angle + where
2
cos + =
=
=
= sin
2
d n 2 d nd
For small , =
nd
( )2
,
2
nd
cos 1
1
= (1 sin 2 ) 2 1
32 = ( )
2
AE14
2
nd
Thus, the width of principal lobe,
2
2 = 2
--------------------- (7)
nd
Equation (6) & (7) inculcates that the width of principal lobe of a uniform end fire array is
greater than that for a uniform broad side array of same length.
=
Or,
Q.33
10
long.
(6)
1
= 80 = 7.9 , since l =
10
10
If there is any heat loss in the antenna due to finite conductivity of the dipole or to losses in
the associated dielectric structure. So the terminal resistance,
R = Rloss + Rrad
where Rloss loss resistance,
2
In this case of
dipole, Rloss = 1
10
Then the terminal resistance, R = 1.0 + 7.9 = 8.9
The antenna effieciency,
Power radiated
Rrad
=
=
Power input
Rrad + Rloss
7 .9
= 89%
=
8 .9
i.e. A longer dipole with larger radiation resistance would be more efficient provided Rloss
remains small.
Q.34
State and explain the different types of propagations possible between a transmitter and
receiver. Name the various layers of ionosphere and indicate their approximate height.
Which ionospheric layers disappear at night?
(9)
Ans:The energy radiated from a transmitting antenna may reach the receiving antenna over
any of many possible paths as given below
Waves that arrive at receiving antenna after reflection or scattering in ionosphere are known
as sky waves which are ionospherically reflected/scattered in the troposphere (upto 10 km)
are termed as tropospheric waves. Waves propagated near the earths surface are called
ground waves. Ground waves can be divided into space wave and surface wave. The space
wave is made up of the direct waves from transmitted to receiver where as the ground
waves are the reflection waves from the earths surface & then reach to the receiver.
Ground or surface wave propagation :
33
AE14
Q.35
(7)
8
c
3 10
=
metre
f 3000 10 6
= 10 cm
Also, we know that the cut off wave length
2
c =
2
2
m n
+
a b
Possible modes:
(i)
For TE00 mode i.e. m = 0, n = 0, c = , (i.e. c > 0 ) and hence there will be no
propagation.
Ans:Free space wave length, 0 =
34
AE14
For TE10 mode i.e. m = 1, n = 0 and c = 2a = 2 7.22 = 14.44 cms. Hence this
mode will propagate because c > 0 .
(iii)
For TE01 mode i.e. m =0, n = 1, and c = 2b = 2 3.44 = 6.88 cm. Hence this mode
will not propagate because c < 0 .
Obviously the higher TE mode will not propagate for c < 0 for other values of m & n.
Also for TM mn mode the lowest value of m & n is unity hence no TM mode is possible at
the frequency.
0
0 .1
Since the guide wave length g =
=
= 0.141 metres.
2
2
0
.
1
1 c
0.144
0
g
0.141
We get phase velocity v p = c =
3 108 = 4.23 108 m/sec.
0.100
0
0.100
And group velocity, vg = 0 c =
3 108 = 2.28 108 m/sec.
0
.
141
g
2 2 3.14
The phase constant, =
=
= 44.7 .
g
0.141
Q.36
Using Gauss theorem, derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to a line
charge of infinite length at distance R.
(8)
Ans:
Figure
d
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
D. ds
^
=
=
D ds r .n
D ds
AE14
where r is unit vector in the direction of flux density D and n in the direction of normal
drawn to the surface.
Total flux from lateral surface.
L = d L
s
^ ^
Dds
cos
0
r & n are parallel
s
= D ds
s
= D (2 Rl)
Total flux from Top surface
T = dT
s
^
^
s
T = 0
Total flux from bottom surface
B = d B
s
^
^
0
Dds
cos
=
90
,
because
r
&
n
are er to each other
B = O
Therefore total flux coming one of the cylinder is given by.
= L + T + B
= D 2 Rl
By Gauss law = Q, total charge enclosed
Q = D 2 Rl
Q
L l = D 2 Rl
=
l
L l = 2 R l D = E
E=
L ^
r
2R
^
Q.37
A positive charge density of Qv C/m3 occupies a solid sphere. At a point in the interior at a
distance r from the center a small probe charge of +q is inserted. What is the force acting
on the probe charge?
(8)
Ans: Q 1 = Q X 4 r 3
3
Total flux over the surface = charge enclosed.
1
D . ds = Q
s
36
AE14
0
=
Dds
cos
0
,
because
r
&
n
are parallel
Dds cos 0 = Q
D 4 r2 = Q1
D 4 r 2 = Q X 4 r 3
3
2
4 r = Q X 4 3 r 3
Q r
= V
3
Since E =
F
q
Q r
Force on the probe charge = q V newton
3
Q.38
Prove Amperes circuital law for time varying field condition in differential form.
(7)
Ans: . D =
D = V
t
t
( )
V
=
.
t t
. J = V {equation of continuity}
t
D
. J = .
t
D
. J +
= 0
D
For time varying case J = 0, is changed to . J +
= 0. So
D
.
t
Ampere' s circuital law in po int form becomes
J+
X H
Q.39
J+
D
t
37
J must be replaced by
AE14
1 1
r
2 sin ar cos ar i
r a
a
where a = / 2 ro and ro is the radius of the conductor. Calculate the total current in the
conductor ( i is unit vector).
(9)
H=
dl
ro
H . dl = I
Ans:
r = ro
dl = ro d
H =
1 1
ro a 2
H.
dl = H ro d = I
sin ar0
r
cos aro
a
1 1
ro
sin aro cos aro
o a2
a
a =
2 ro
1
4ro
4ro2
4 ro 2
2
I =
r =
} ro d = I
by data
ro
sin
ro
cos
ro d = I
2 ro
2ro a
( 2)= 0
d = I because
d = I
(2 ) = I
8ro2
10 2 m
38
AE14
Q.40
Prove the electric field normal components are discontinuous across the boundary of
separation between two dielectrics.
(6)
D1 . ds
.ds
ds
. ds
r
Net flux = D1 s D2 s
Q
From gauss law net flux = total charge which is equal to s s because s =
s s = ( D .n1 D2 .n 2 )s
s s = (Dn1 Dn 2 )s
Dn1 Dn 2 = s
1En1 2 En 2 = s
)
n
D1
1
2
D2
)
n2
1 n1 2 n 2 = 0
Since E n1 E 2
Q.41
Measurement made in the atmosphere show that there is an electric field which varies
widely from time to time particularly during thunderstorms. Its average values on the
surface of the earth and at a height of 1500m are found to be 100 V
and 25 V
m
m
39
AE14
Ans: 2 V =
V=
0 xdx + Adx
x2
0 2 + Ax + B
Using V = 0 at X = 0
V =
We get constant B = 0
Ex = p
o x + 100
At x = 1500m, E = 25 v
25 =
o x 1500 + 100
25 100
x(8.854 x10 12 )
1500
= 4.427 x 10 13 c 3
m
To find surface charge density on cases
s
2 o
Q.42
Derive
an
significance.
m2
expression
for
equation
Ans:
ds
40
of
continuity
and
explain
its
(6)
AE14
r r
J . ds =
v dv
t v
r
r r
.Jdv = sJ .ds
v dv
t
v
v
r
v
..J =
t
r
Significance : Divergence of current density J represents the net charges which flows out of
the enclosed surface and it will be equal to reduction of charge within the surface with respect
to time.
V .J dv =
Q.43
Do the fields
equation?
Ans: x E =
x
Em
cos x cos t a z , satisfy Maxwells
m
(10)
B
H
= 0
t
t
y z
= - o
H x x + H y y + H z z
x y oz
t
Ex Ey Ez
y +
z
x
t
x
t
Equating the components along z-direction
Ey
Hz
= o
(1)
x
t
r
Since Ey= E = Em sin x sin t ay ( from data )
Ey
= Em cos x sin t ( A)
x
r Em
Hy = H =
Cosx cos t az ( from data )
41
and
y
AE14
and
produces null
y
y
result, hence
Hz
Hy
Ey
Ez
-
y +
z =
y +
z
x
x
t
t
Equating components along y- direction
Hz
Ey
=
( 4)
x
t
Similarly for z-direction
Hy
Ez
=
x
t
Solution for the wave equation for a travelling in x-direction is given by
Ey= f(x-vt)
1
V=
Let u = (x-vt)
Ey=f1()
Hz E m
=
cos x sin t
o
t
Hz
= Em cos x sin t ( B )
t
Q.44
r
x y y = ( E X x + EY y + E Z z )
t
H X HY H Z
42
(4)
AE14
1
f1 x
f 11 x + C
Hz =
Ey+C
or
Ey = Hz ( B )
Similarly we can prove
H (C )
Y
EZ = -
2
2
(H Y + H Z )
r
because E = Ey 2 + Ez 2
r
& H = Hy 2 + Hz 2
Q.45
E
=
E and H , respectively.
43
(12)
AE14
Q.46
(8)
Ans:Wave length : It is defined as the distance in which the phase change of 2 radians is
effected by a wave travelling along the line.
2
=
Phase velocity : It is defined as the velocity with which a signal of single frequency
propagates along the line at a particularly frequency f.
Vp= km
sec
Group velocity : If the transmission medium is such that different frequencies travel with
different velocities, then the line or the medium is said to be dispersive. In that cases, signals
are propagated with a velocity known as group velocity , Vg
1
Vg = 2
2 1
Propagation constant : It reveals the nature in which the waves are propagated along the line
that is the manners in which the voltage v and current I vary with distance x.
I
P = log e s
IR
OR
44
AE14
P = log e
Q.47
Vs
VR
A high frequency transmission line consists of a pair of open wires having a distributed
capacitance of 0.01 F per Km and a distributed inductance of 3mH per Km. What is the
characteristic impedance and propagation constant at f=10MHz?
(4)
L
=
C
IPI = LC
Ans:Zo =
3 X 10 3
= 547.7 ohms
0.01X 1 0 6
= 2X 10 X 10 6 (0.01) X (1 0 6 ) X (3) X (1 0 3 )
= 344.156 rad
km
Q.48
(4)
Derive the condition for a distortionless line and comment on the result.
(8)
Ans:
)}
1
RG 2 LC + RC 2 LC ) 2 + 2 ( RC + LG ) 2
2
In order to eliminate frequency distortion the attenuation constant must be made independent
of frequency.
RG
AE14
[(
1
2 LC RG + RG 2 LC ) 2 + 2 ( RC + LG ) 2
2
If phase Vp to be independent of frequency must become function of frequency
2 (2 K 2 LC ) + RG =
(RG
LC
+ 2 ( RC + LG )
An antenna array presents an impedance of 300 ohms to the transmission line feeding it.
The transmission line consists of two open wire lines whose spacing is 9 apart and the
diameter of the wire is 0.1, calculate the dimension of a quarter wave line required for
(8)
matching.
Q.51
Derive the wave equation for a TE wave and obtain all the field components in a
rectangular wave guide.
(11)
46
AE14
47
AE14
m
n jt r z
Hz = C" cos
X cos
y e
a
b
Ex =
Hx
m
m
n jwt rz
C"
sin
X cos
ye
h
b
a
b
And
Hy =
Q.52
m
m
n
jwt rz
C"
sin
X Sin
ye
h
b
a
b
Find the cut-off wavelength in a standard rectangular wave guide for the TE11mode.
(5)
Ans:
b= a
c =
2
m
+ nb
a
2a
( )
n
m
+ a
a
2
m 2 + 4n 2
For TE11 mode m = 1, n = 1
c = 0.8944 a meters
Q.53
r
A long cylinder carries a charge of density = kr , find E inside the cylinder.
48
(6)
AE14
2 kl 3
r
3 0
r
1
kr 2 r
Or E =
3 0
r
q in
E
.ds = 0
r
Q.54
2
klr 3
3
(9)
A closed current loop having two circular arcs (of radii a and b) and joined by two radial
lines as shown in Fig.1. Find the magnetic field B at the centre O.
(7)
Ans:The magnetic field at O due to inner arc AB is
r 0i
B1 =
(upward)
2 2a
And the magnetic field at O due to circular arc DC is
r 0i
B2 =
(inward)
2 2b
Thus the resultant magnetic field at O is
i (b a )
B = B1 B2 = 0
4ab
Q.56
What are the speed, direction of propagation and polarisation of an electro-magnetic wave
whose electric field components are given as
E x = 4E o cos(3x + 4 y 500 t )
E y = 3E o cos(3x + 4 y 500t + )
Ez = 0
(6+2+4)
49
AE14
1 2 Ex
=0
2
2
vx t
------------------------ (1)
2
1 Ey
And E y 2
=0
2
v y t
2
------------------------ (2)
So 2 E y = 48E y
And
2Ey
t
(2) v y =
= 3 (500) 2 E y
500
4
2
velocity, v = v x v y
= 2.08 10 2 m/s.
The divertion of propagation is perpendicular to z axis and in x y plane.
Ey
3
=
Polarization,
Ex
4
3
= tan 1
4
Q.57
A plane electromagnetic wave propagating in the x-direction has a wavelength of 5.0 mm.
The electric field is in the y-direction and its maximum magnitude is 30 V m . Write
suitable equations for the electric and magnetic fields as a function of x and t.
(4)
x
x
Ans: E = E0 sin w t ; B = B0 sin w t
c
c
2c
We have w = 2 =
5mm
E
30v / m
MaxB, B0 = 0 =
= 10 7 T
C 3 108 m / s
E = E0 sin
50
AE14
So B = B0 sin (ct x)
= 10 7 T sin
(ct x) .
5.0mm
Q.58
r
Derive a general expression for reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient for E and
r
H fields when an electromagnetic wave is incident parallel (oblique incidence) on the
boundary separating two different perfectly dielectric media and also find the expression for
normal incidence.
(8+4)
= H 02
Ans: H 01 + H 01
(E01 E01 ) cos i = E02 cos t
But H 01 =
E01 +
1
1
2
E01
=
E01 IIl
2
2
2
E02
=
E01 IIl
=
E01
cos i
cos i +
2
E02
1
1
1
cos t
cos t
cos i
1
cos t
1
For normal incidence i = t = 0
Er 2 1
Et
21
=
and
=
.
Ei 2 + 1
Ei 2 + 1
cos i +
51
AE14
Q.59
(4)
r=
1 2
r
r 2 r r
c
= 1 + c2
r
Ans:
=0
Given = 0 at r = c2 = 0 =
When = a at r = a, a =
c1
r
c1
a
And c1 = a a
a
= a.
r
Q.60
What length of transmission line should be used at 500 MHz and how should it be
terminated for use as a
parallel resonant circuit.
(i)
(ii)
series resonant circuit.
(6)
=
= 15cm
4 4
Then for short circuit line (odd multiple of )
short circuit
3
4
= 45cm
4
And for open circuited line the length is (even multiple of
2 2 60
=
= 30cm
4
4
open circuit
4
= 60cm
4
Q.61
Find
(i)
the mode of operation
(ii)
the cut off frequency
(iii) phase constant
52
AE14
Ans:
(i)
TM 13
(ii)
f cmn =
or
TE13
m2
2
n2
,
b2
f
= W 1 c
f
f =
100
= 50GH Z
2
= j = j1718.81 / m
2
Q.62
c
2
Where W = 2f = 1011 or
(v)
f
W r
=
1 c
C
f
= 1718.81 rad/m
(iv)
(8)
f c13 = 28.57GH Z
Or
(iii)
TM
13
f
377
28.57
= 1 1 c =
1
= 154.7
r
50
f
What is a linear antenna? Find out the expression for effective length of linear antenna
when
the current is distributed along its length and
(i)
(ii)
there is sinusoidal distribution of current.
Also find the total power radiated.
(8)
A small dipole antenna is carrying a uniform r.m.s current of 10 amperes. Its r.m.s. electric
field at a distance r metre in a direction making an angle with the conductor is given
by
200
E=
Sin V m
r
Find the total power radiated and radiation resistance.
(8)
Ans:Since E =
=
60lo dl sin
cos t r
c
r
200
sin
r
E2
1 200
Pav = EH =
=
sin
120 120 r
53
AE14
1000 2
sin
3r 2
1000 3
sin .2r 2 d
3r 2
= 888.8
Q.64
What is skip distance? Find the expression for skip distance and maximum usable
frequency considering flat surface and curved surface of earth.
(10)
f2
1
2
fc
D
2h
Curved Earth
tan i =
D = 2 R
BT
R sin
tan i =
=
AT h + R R cos
h
Since
<< 1, cos 1
R
R
2
h
cos =
& cos = 1
= 1
R+h
2
R
54
AE14
f max
D 2
2
2
D + 4 h +
8 R
= fc
2
D2
4 h +
8R
Q.65
Calculate the value of frequency at which an electro-magnetic wave must be propagated for
the D-region having an index of refraction of 0.5 (given N = 400 electrons/cc for D-region)
(6)
80.6 N
Ans: = 1
f2
For D-region, N = 400 electron/cc
80.6 400
Or 0.5 = 1
f2
Or f = 207.33 kc / s
Q.66
Obtain the expression of electric field of an infinite sheet of charge in xy plane with charge
density s.
(8)
Ans: dE =
s ds
4 R12
R12
R12
ds = dd az
ds = dd
R12 = r2 r1
= a + a z
55
AE14
R12 a + a z
=
R12
2 + z2
s d d a + a z
4 2 + z 2
0
2
E = dE =
0 0
s ddz a z
4
+ z2
2 0
s z
1
az
2
2 12
( + z ) 0
az
z 0
In general
s r
E=
aN
z 0
r
Where a N = unit normal vector.
Q.67
A line of length l carries charge L C/m. Show that the potential in the median plane can be
written as
L
1 + sin
l
V=
ln
P
r
4 0 1 sin
(8)
Refer to the Figure.
Ans: dE =
L dz
4A l 2
ar
l2 = r2 + z2
dEr = dE cos
= dE.r / l
56
AE14
dEr =
dE.
/2
r
l
/2
L dz r L r / 2 dz
=
. =
2
l 4 / 2 l 3
/ 2 4 l
=
Er =
Lr /2
Lr /2
dz
dz
=
4 / 2 r 2 + z 2 4 / 2 (r 2 + z 2 )
L / 2
( )
ar
4 r r +
2
dr
L
V = E.dr =
4 r
r2 +
2
ar
( )
2 r r +
2
L
2
( 2)
Q.68
L
4
dr
( 2)
r r2 +
L
dt
dt
4 (t a ) (t + a )
where t 2 = r 2 + a 2
1 sin
L
ln
.
4 1 + sin
1
HN1
2
H 2 cos 2 =
1
H1 cos 1
2
---------------------- (1)
AE14
=
sin 2 cos 2 2
tan 1 1
=
tan 2 2
Q.69
2
P
(8)
za 2 ndz
2 a2 + z2
r
The contribution to H at P by element of solenoid of length d z .
a
Where d = ndz = N dz also tan =
( )
(
z2 + a2
dz = a cos ec d =
a2
Hence,
nI
dH 2 =
sin d
2
nI 2
H2 =
sin d
2 1
2
sin d
Thus
r nI
H = (cos 2 cos 1 )a z
2
Substituting n = N
58
AE14
If >> a or 2 = 00 1 = 180 0
r
NI
H = nI a z =
az
Q.70
Write down Maxwells equations in integral as well as differential forms for time-varying
fields.
(8)
E.da =
dV
I. .e =
0
0
II. .B = 0
III. E =
B
t
E
t
IV. B = 0 J + 0 0
Q.71
B.dA = 0
E.dl =
B.dl = 0 J + 0 0 .dA .
t
B
.dA
t
In a medium characterized by the parameters =0, 0 and 0 , and an electric field given
by
(as = 0 .Dv = 0 )
But
ax
ay
az
r d
E =
dx
0
d
dy
0
d
dz
Ez
dE z
d
ax
Ez a y
dy
dz
= 0 20 cos(108 t z )a y
59
(8)
AE14
20
sin(108 t z )a y
108
Also
r 1
r
E = ( H )dt
r
dH y
2 20
H =
ax =
cos(108 t z )a x
8
10
dz
2
r
20
E=
cos(108 t z )dt a x
8
10
=
2 20
sin(108 t z )a x
8
8
10 10
= 108
= 108 0 0
108
C
108
=
3 108
=1
3
r 1
20
z
sin 108 t a y
H=
7
8
3 4 10 10
3
1
z
=
sin 108 t a y .
6
3
Q.72
Obtain an expression for the propagation constant in good conductors. Explain skin effect.
(8)
Ans:Helmholtz equation
2 E y 2 E = 0
Let y = + j (propagation constant)
Since y 2 = j ( + j )
Where = attenuation constant
= phase shift constant.
Uniform wave travelling in x direction
2E
= y2E
2
x
60
AE14
=e
ax
Re{E0 e
Q + j =
j (t x )
j ( + j )
2 + 2 + j 2 = j ( + j )
= j j 1 +
j
= 2 1 +
j
1+
1
2
1+
=
+ 1
2
SKIN EFFECT:
Skin depth is defined as the distance it takes to reduce the amplitude to 1/e about 3.7%
2
1 1
= = ~
k
So, in good conductor, the depth of penetration decreases with frequency low. In term of
th
wave length =
i.e. about 1
2
of a wave length. So a wave gets attenuated even
before one cycle. This phenomena of conductor is known as skin effect. So what is a good
conductor at low or audio frequencies may become poor at high frequencies.
Q.73
H = 10e x cos t x a y A/m, Find E and . Determine the skin depth and wave
2
polarization.
(8)
r
Ans:Wave travels along a x so that K = a x ; H = a y
r
r
E = K H = ax a y = az
r
E = a z
61
AE14
Ho
= = 20030 = 200e j / 6
Eo = 2000 e j / 6
r
r
E = Re 2 103 e j / 6 .e yx .e jt .E
r
r
So except for amplitude and phase difference E and H have same form
r
x
E = 2 10 3 e ax cos t + a z
2 6
1 + 1
t
1 + + 1
Where
= tan 60 = 3
1
2 1
So =
=
2 + 1
3
1
2
1
=
=
Q.74
1
1
=
3 2 3
=2 3m.
What are standing waves? How do they arise? Discuss their characteristics.
(8)
3.
where n = 0, 1, 2 etc.
2
The distance between any two successive maxima or minima is
n n
x = n ; x =
=
2
62
AE14
Q.75
Ans:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Reflection coefficient
60 + j 40 50
=
60 + j 40 + 50
10 + j 40
=
110 + j 40
= 0.3523 560
1+
VSWR =
= 2.088
1
Z + jZ 0 tan( d )
Z in = Z 0 L
Z 0 + jZ L tan( d )
d =
l 2 (2 106 )(30)
=
= 120 0
8
0.6 (3 10 )
60 + j 40 + j 50 tan(120)
Z in = 50
Q.76
Ans:Cavity Resonator:A cavity resonator is a hollow inductor blocked at both ends and
along which are electromagnetic wave can be supported. It can be viewed as a wave guide
short circuited at both ends. The cavity has interior surfaces which reflects a wave of a
specific frequency. Where a wave that is resonant with the cavity enters, it bounces back
and forth within the cavity, with low loss. As more wave energy enters the cavity, it
combines with and reinforces the standing wave, increasing its intensity.
Q.77
x 3y
11
and = 40 , H x = 2 sin cos
sin x10 t z A/m
a b
Determine
(i)
The mode of operation
(ii)
The cutoff frequency
(iii) The phase constant
(iv)
The intrinsic wave impedance
63
(8)
AE14
(ii)
m2
a2
2
C
4
n2
b2
[1.5 10 ] [0.8 10 ]
2 2
2 2
= 28.57 GH z
(iii)
fc
= 1
f
fc
1
f
28.57
1
=
8
3 10
50
= 1718.81 rad/m
1011 (2)
(iv)
TM
13
fc
= 1
f
377
28.57
1
r
50
= 154.7 .
Q.78
Explain the principle of a phased array, and write a note on the log-periodic dipole array.
(8)
Ans:PHASED ARRAY:Phased Array is designed with more energy radiated in some
particular directions and less in other directions, i.e. the radiation pattern be concentrated
in the direction of interests.
A phased array is used to obtain greater directivity that cab be obtained with a single
antenna element.
A phased array is a group of radiating elements arranged so as to produce some particular
radiation characteristics. It is practical and convenient that the array consists of identical
elements, but this is not fundamentally required.
LOG PERIODIC DIPOLE ARRAY:
The log periodic dipole array (LPDA) is one antenna that almost everyone over 40 years old
has seen. They were used for years as TV antennas. The chief advantage of an LPDA is that
it is frequency-independent. Its input impedance and gain remain more or less constant over
its operating bandwidth, which can be very large. Practical designs can have a bandwidth of
an octave or more.
Although an LPDA contains a large number of dipole elements, only 2 or 3 are active at any
given frequency in the operating range. The electromagnetic fields produced by these active
elements end of the array. The radiation in the opposite direction is typically 15 20 dB
64
AE14
Q.79
Unlike many antenna arrays, the design equations for the LPDA are relatively simple to
work with.
65
AE14
25
(i)
A Hertizian dipole of
(ii)
(iii)
A half-wave dipole
A quarter-wave monopole.
Ans:
(i)
(8)
------------------ (1)
2
2
dl 2 40 (0.5)
Prad = 40 I 0 =
(25) 2
= 158 m
2
(ii)
For a
dipole
I 0 cos . cos
2
H s =
2r sin
I 0 = 20 mA
1 2
1 (20 ) 2
I 0 Rrad =
.10 6
2
2
= 144 m .
Pav =
(iii)
Q.80
For a
monopole
4
I 0 = 20 mA
As in part (b)
1 2
1
Prad = I 0 Rrad = (20 ) 2 10 6 36.56
2
2
= 72 m
66
(8)
AE14
For a homogenous region in which is a constant. The last equation is known as poissons
equation. In cartessan co-ordinate system
A A A
. A = x + y + z
x
y
z
v
v
v
.V = a x + a y + a z
x
y
z
And therefore
2v 2 v 2v
. V = 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
Usually the operation . is 2V , hence
2 v 2v 2v
2V = 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
v
2V =
If v = 0
2V = 0
Which is the Laplaces equation.
The 2V is called the laplacian of V.
Q.81
E1
air
d
a
light
+++++
photo
conductor
E2
+++++
recombination
Ans:Since v = 0 in this case, we apply Laplaces equation. Also the potential depends
only on x. Thus
2V
2
V = 2 =0
x
Integrating twice gives
V = Ax + B
Let the potential above and below be V1 and V2 , respectively.
V1 = A1 x + B1 , x > a
67
AE14
V2 = A2 x + B2 , x < a
.1
The boundary condition at the grounded electrodes are
V1 ( x = d ) = 0
V2 ( x = 0) = 0
.2
At the surface of the photoconductor,
V1 ( x = a) = V2 ( x = a )
D1n D2 n = s x = a
.3
We use the four conditions in eqs. (2) and (3) to determine the four unknown constants
A1 , A2 , B1 and B2 . From eqs. (1) and (2),
0 = A1d + B1 B1 = A1d
0 = 0 + B2 B2 = 0
From eqs. (1) and (2),
A1a + B1 = A2 a
To apply eq. (2), recall that D = E = V so that
dV
dV
s = D1n D2 n = 1 E1n 2 E2 n = 1 1 + 2 2
dx
dx
Or
s = 1 A1 + 2 A2
Solving for A1 and A2 in eqs. (6.2.4) to (6.2.6), we obtain
s ax
E1 = A1a x =
d
1 1 + 2 2
1 a 1
d
s 1 a x
a
E2 = A2 a x =
d
1 1 + 2 2
1 a 1
Q.82
What is Gauss law? How gauss law is applicable to point charge and infinite line charge.
(4)
Ans:The generalization of Faradays experiment lead to the following statement known as
Gausss Law The electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the total
charge enclosed by that surface. For a given fig if the total charge is , then of electric
flux pass through the enclosing surface. Let at point P, an is a unit vector normal to
differential area s located at point P. Then s = s an
= flux crossing s
= Ds noun s = Ds cos s
And the total flux is given by
d =
Ds .ds
68
AE14
= Ds.ds =
s
spn
Dsds = Ds r 2 sin dd
0 0
= 4 r Ds.
Hence
Q
Q
Ds =
. & E=
ar
2
4r
4 0 r 2
For infinite line charge:
Q=
Ds.ds = Ds ds + 0 ds + 0
ds
cyc
sides
top
bottom
L 2
= Ds ddz = Ds 2L
0 0
Ds =
2L
Hence
Q
L
E=
= L
2 0 L
2 0 L
=
Q.83
L
.
2 0
Ans:
(i)
For r 3
r 2
r 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
= v dv = 2r 2 sin d d
69
(8)
AE14
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
2r 3
4
3
2r 3
4
2r
3
Dr =
=
= ar
2
area
4r
3
For 3 r 5
Will be same as (i)
2r
Dr = ar
3
For 5 r 6
r 2
2r 3
=
4 + r 2 sin d d
3
0 0 0
2r 3
r3
4 + 4
=
3
3
3
4r
D=
=
ar = r ar
area 4r 2
For r >> 6 it will same as for r = 5 r 6
Thus Dr = r.ar .
Q.84
(4)
Ans:CARTESIAN
2V 2V 2V
2V = 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
CYLINDRICAL
1 V 1 2V 2V
2V =
+
+
2 2 z 2
SPHERICAL
1 2 V
1
V
1
2V
2
V= 2
.
r
+
sin
+
r r r r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2
Q.85
Define Biot Savert law. Calculate the magnetic field of line current along a thin straight
wire of infinite length.
(6)
I dL a12
4 .d 2
Where
d = distance of point where it is to be find out from element dl.
a12 = unit vector from point 1 to point 2.
I = current in the filamentary conductor.
FOR WIRE OF INFINITE LENGTH:
dH =
70
AE14
d = R12 = 2 + (Z z )
dH =
H=
Idz a z + ( Z z )a z
2
4 2 + (Z z ) 3 2
Idz ( a )
4 [ + (Z z ) ]
2 3
I a 1
Zz
2
=
2
4
+
(
Z
z
)
I
=
a
2
In general the magnetic field intensity due to infinitely long filamentary conductor is given
I
by H =
a1 a12
2d
Where a1 , is a unit vector in the direction of current, point 2 is that point at which magnetic
field intensity is derived, point 1 is the foot of perpendicular
from point 2 on the
filamentary conductor and d is the distance between the joints 1 & 2.
Q.86
Find the magnetic flux density and field intensity at a point P due to a straight conductor
carrying a current I as
(10)
I dL ar
4R 2
I dL sin( )a
=
4R 2
Where Rd = dl sin
And R = h
sin
IR d
sin a
Id
sin
dH =
=
a
2
4R
4R
Id
=
a
4 h
sin
dH =
71
AE14
4h 1
I
sin d a
[ cos ]
a
4h
I
[cos 1 cos 2 ]a
=
4h
Q.87
(8)
109
= 10
3
3 108
Now
r 1 r r
E = Hdt Q = 0
v r
H = 2 H y ax + az
Hy
x
= H m e j (t z ) a x
r 1
E = H m e j (t z )dt a x
H m j (t z )
=
e
ax
50
3
10
= 15 109 8.854 10 12
= 416.3 10 3
= 0.4163 A/m.
Hm =
Q.88
50
Show that E and H fields constitute a wave travelling in Z-direction. Verify that the wave
(8)
speed and E/H depend only on the properties of free space.
H y ( z, t ) = E X 0
0
cos(t k0 z )
0
--------------------- (2)
72
AE14
v =
v=
and = 2
k0
= 0 0
0 0
From above relation we find that wave speed and E/H depends only on the properties of
free space,
Q.89
Ans:Polarization refers to time varying behaviour of electric field strength vector at some
fixed point in space.
LINEAR POLARIZATION:
For a wave to have linear polarization, the time phase difference between two component
must be
= y y = n
Where n = 0,1,2,3,4---------A linearly polarized wave can be resolved into a light hand circularly polarized wave and
left hand circularly polarized wave of equal amplitude.
ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION:
E0 = a x A + j a y B & E (o, t ) = A cos t a x B sin t a y
E x = A cos t
2
E y = B sin t
E
Ex
+ y2 = 1 END points E (o, t ) traces out an Ellipse.
2
A
B
CIRCULAR POLARIZATION:
If y component leads x by 90 0 Ea = amplitude
E x = Ea cos t 2
2
2
E x + E y = Ea
E y = Ea sin t
End points of E (o, t ) traces out a circle of radius Ea .
Q.90
73
an
AE14
(ii)
25
(4+4)
Ans:
(i)
For a Hertzian dipole
I dl sin
H s = 0
4r
Where
dl = 25
2 2
dl =
=
25 25
I . 2 25(1) I 0
5 10 6 = 0
= 5
4 2 103
10
I 0 = 0 .5 A
(ii)
Q.91
2
2
dl 2 40 (0.5)
Prad = 40 2 I 0 =
(25) 2
= 158 mw.
For a /2 dipole
I 0 cos . cos
2
H s =
2r sin
I 0 .1
5 10 6 =
2 (2 103 )(1)
I 0 = 20 mA
1 2
1
Pav = I 0 Rrad = (20 ) 2 10 6
2
2
= 144 mw.
Find the characteristic impedance of lossless transmission line having R=5, L=40H and
C=10F having frequency of 10Hz.
(4)
Ans:A transmission line is said to be lossless if both its conductor & dielectric loss are zero,
R = 0 and G = 0
L
Characteristic impedance =
C
40
=
= 4
10
= 2 .
Q.92
What is standing wave ratio? Calculate reflection coefficient having SWR of 1.5.
(4)
Ans:Standing Wave ratio: The ratio of maximum to minimum voltages along a finite
terminated line is called standing wave ratio.
74
AE14
SWR =
Vmax
V min
1 + L
1 L
L = reflection coefficient is
SWR 1
=
SWR + 1
1 .5 1 .5 1
=
=
=
.
3
1.5 + 1 1.5
Q.93
Define cut-off wavelength for a rectangular wave guide. A rectangular wave guide
measures 3 x 4.5 cm internally and has a 10GHz signal propagated in it. Calculate the cutoff wavelength, the guide wavelength and characteristic wave impedance for TE10 mode. (8)
c
3 108
=
100
f 10 109
= 3 cm.
0=
g
= 1 + g
0
c
= 1+ (0.8757) 2
= 1.767
g
= 1.329 & g = 1.329 0 = 4.00 cm
0
g
4
=
= 4.571 cm
c =
0.8757
TE10
Q.94
0.8757
4
= 120 = 160 .
3
Explain Hertizan dipole. Show time variation of current and charge in Hertizan dipole.
(8)
[ I ] = I 0 cos wt
= I 0 cos(wt r )
75
AE14
j 1
j
I 0 dl
sin + 2 3 e jr
4
r
r r
Ezs = 0
Power dissipated in fictitions Resistance Rrad .
1 2
Prad = I 0 Rrad
2
2
Where Rrad
Q.95
dl
= 80 .
2
Define radiation resistance and directivity. Calculate the radiation resistance of an antenna
having wavelength = 5 and length 25cm.
(8)
Ans: Rrad
dl
= 80
25
= 80 2
5
= 2000 2
Directivity
The directivity D of an antenna is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity to the average
radiation intensity.
Q.96
(16)
Ans:
(i)
SPACE (DIRECT) WAVE PROPAGATION
Space Waves, also known as direct waves, are radio waves that travel directly from the
transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. In order for this to occur, the two
antennas must be able to see each other; that is there must be a line of sight path
between them. The diagram on the next page shows a typical line of sight. The
maximum line of sight distance between two antennas depends on the height of each
antenna. If the heights are measured in feet, the maximum line of sight, in miles, is
given by;
d = 2 ht + 2 h r
Because a typical transmission path is filled with buildings, hills and other obstacles, it
is possible for radio waves to be reflected by these obstacles, resulting in radio waves
that arrive at the receive antenna from several different directions. Because the length of
76
AE14
(ii)
(iii)
each path is different, the waves will not arrive in phase. They may reinforce each other
or cancel each other, depending on the phase differences. This situation is known as
multipath propagation. It can cause major distortion to certain types of signals. Ghost
images seen on broadcast TV signals are the result of multipath-one picture arrives
slightly later than the other and is shifted in position on the screen. Multipath is very
troublesome for mobile communications. When the transmitter and/or receiver are in
motion, the path lengths are continuously changing and the signal fluctuates wildly in
amplitude. For this reason, NBFM is used almost exclusively for mobile
communications. Amplitude variations caused by multipath that make AM unreadable
are eliminated by the limiter stage in an NBFM receiver. An interesting example of
direct communications is satellite communications. If a satellite is placed in an orbit
22,000 miles above the equator, it appears to stand still in the sky, as viewed from the
ground. A high gain antenna can be pointed at the satellite to transmit signals to it. The
satellite is used as a relay station, from which approximately of the earths surface is
visible. The satellite receives signals from the ground at one frequency, known as the
uplink frequency, translates this frequency to a different frequency, known as the
downlink frequency, and retransmits the signal. Because two frequencies are used, the
reception and transmission can happen simultaneously. A satellite operating in this way
is known as a transponder. The satellite has a tremendous line of sight from its vantage
point in space and many ground stations can communicate through a single satellite.
SKIP DISTANCE/SKIP ZONE
The SKIP DISTANCE is the distance from the transmitter to the point where the sky
wave is first returned to Earth. The size of the skip distance depends on the frequency of
the wave, the angle of incidence, and the degree of ionization present.
The SKIP ZONE is a zone of silence between the point where the ground wave
becomes too weak for reception and the point where the sky wave is first returned to
Earth. The size of the skip zone depends on the extent of the ground wave coverage and
the skip distance. When the ground wave coverage is great enough or the skip distance
is short enough that no zone of silence occurs, there is no skip zone.
Occasionally, the first sky wave will return to Earth within the range of the ground
wave. If the sky wave and ground wave are nearly of equal intensity, the sky wave
alternately reinforces and cancels the ground wave, causing severe fading. This is
caused by the phase difference between the two waves, a result of the longer path
travelled by the sky wave.
PROPAGATION PATH: The path that a refracted wave follows to the receiver
depends on the angle at which the wave strikes the ionosphere. You should remember,
however, that the rf energy radiated by a transmitting antenna spreads out with distance.
The energy therefore strikes the ionosphere at many different angles rather than a single
angle. After the rf energy of a given frequency enters an ionospheric region, the paths
that this energy might follow are many. It may reach the receiving antenna via two or
more paths through a single layer.
GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION
Ground Waves are radio waves that follow the curvature of the earth. Ground waves are
always vertically polarized, because a horizontally polarized ground wave would be
shorted out by the conductivity of the ground. Because ground waves are actually in
contact with the ground, they are greatly affected by the grounds properties. Because
ground is not a perfect electrical conductor, ground waves are attenuated as they follow
the earths surface. This effect is more pronounced at higher frequencies, limiting the
77
AE14
(iv)
78
AE14
Q.97
Q.98
A circular ring of radius 'a' carries a uniform charge C m and is placed on xy-plane with
L
Ans:
(i)
Consider the figure:
dl = ad
R = a ( a P ) + ha z
1
R
R =| R |= a 2 + h 2 2 , a R =
R
aR
R
aa P + ha z
=
=
3
2
3
R
|R|
a 2 + h2 2
79
(8)
AE14
E=
aa P + ha z
PL
ad
4 0 = 0 a 2 + h 2 3 2
E (0,0, h) =
(ii)
dE
dh
+ a2
] [h
1
dE
dh
+ a2
2 3
v/m.
2
=0
+ a 2 3h 2 = 0
a
a 2 2h 2 = 0 or h =
m
2
PL aha z
d =
] 2 [h
[h + a ] (1) 32 (h)(2h)[h + a ]
Pa
=
2E
[h + a ]
4 0 h 2 + a 2
For maximum E ,
[h
PL aha z
(iii) Since the charge is uniformly distributed, the line charge density is PL =
E=
Q
2a
Qh
3 az
4 0 h 2 + a 2 2
Q
a z v/m
As a 0 , E =
4 0 h 2
Q.99
Derive an expression for the magnetic field due to an infinite plane sheet of uniform urface
current density.
(8)
80
AE14
Idl R
4R 3
dl = da , R = (0,0, h) ( x, y,0) = a p + ha z
dH =
az
dl R = 0 d 0 = hda + P 2 da z
0 h
I
( hda + P 2 da z ) = dH a + dH z a z
2 32
4 [ + h ]
By symmetry, the contributions along a add up to zero
dH =
H = 0
H = dH z a z =
I 2 da z
4 [
0
H=
I 2 a z
+ h2
=
2
I 2 2a z
4 2 + h 2
2 2 + h2 2
I = 10A, = 3, h = 4
10(3) 2 a z
H (0,0,4) =
= 0.36a z A/m
3
2[9 + 16] 2
For H(0,0,4), h is released by h
81
AE14
Q.101 State and explain Maxwells equation in their Integral and differential forms. Derive the
corresponding equations for fields varying harmonically with time.
(8)
Ans: Refer text Book 1, Section 10.4, 10.5 (Page No. 334 - 337)
Q.102 A conducting bar P can slide freely over two conducting rails as shown in Fig.1. Calculate
the induced voltage in the bar
(i) If the bar is stationed at y = 8 cm and B = 4 cos 10 6 t a mWb/m 2 .
z
(8)
Vemf = (u + B ).dl =
(ua
Ba z ).dxa x
x =l
82
mWb
m2
AE14
B
.ds + (u B ).dl
t
0.06 y
(4)(10
x =0 0
0
[20a
0.06
y
Q.103 State and prove Poynting theorem. Explain the physical interpretation of each terms in it.
(8)
Ans: Refer text Book 1, Section 11.3 (Page No. 365 - 369)
Q.104 Given a uniform plane wave in air as
E i = 40 cos(t z ) a x + 30 sin (t z ) a y V m
a. Find H i .
b. If the wave encounters a perfectly conducting plate normal to the z-axis at z
= 0, find the reflected wave E r and H r .
c. What are the total E and H fields for z 0 ?
d. Calculate the time-average Poynting vectors for z 0 and z 0 .
m
(i) we may treat the wave as consisting of two waves,
Ei1 = 40 cos(t z )a x , Ei 2 = 30 sin (t z )a y
At atmospheric pressure, air has r = 1.0006 ~ 1.
Thus air may be regarded as free space.
Let H i = H i1 + H i 2
H i10 =
a H1
Ei10
H i1 =
1
cos(t z )a y
3
83
(8)
AE14
aH z
E i 20
30
1
=
0 120 4
= ak a E = a z a y = a x
H iz 0 =
1
sin(t z )a x
4
1
1
sin(t z )a x +
H = H i1 + H i 2 =
cos(t z )a y
4
3
(ii) Since the medium 2 is perfectly conducting
Hi2 =
2
>> 1 2 << 1
2
= 1 , = 0
Showing that incident E and H fields are totally reflected.
Ero = Eio = Eio
Er = 40 cos(t + z )a x 30 sin (t + z )a y V m
H r can be found from Er just as in part (i)
1
1
Hr =
cos(t + z )a y
sin (t + z )a x A m
3
4
(iii) The total fields in air
E1 = Ei + Er and H1 = H i + H r
The total fields in the conductor are
E 2 = Et = 0 , H 2 = H t = 0
(iv) z 0
P1arc =
E1s
ak =
1
Ei20 a z Er20 a z
2 0
21
1
=
40 2 + 30 2 a z 40 2 + 30 2 a z
240
P1arc = 0
For z 0
2
E 2s
E t20
P2 arc =
ak =
a2 = 0
2 2
2 2
Because the whole incident power is reflected.
[(
) ]
Q.105 Discuss the derivation of the transmission-line equations from field equations by
considering a parallel-plate line. Also model the line as a distributed circuit.
(8)
Ans: Refer text Book 1, Section 13.1 (Page No. 436)
Q.106 A distortionless line has z o = 60, = 20 mNp m , v = 0.6 c, where c is the speed of light
in vacuum. Find R, L, G, C and at 100 MHz frequency.
(8)
84
AE14
RC
L
L
C
R
, = RG = R
=
C
L Z0
R = Z 0
1
But u = =
LC
R = Z 0 = (20 10 3 )(60) = 1.2 m
Z
60
L= 0 =
= 333 H m
u 0.6 3 108
2 400 10 6
G=
=
= 333 mho/m
R
1 .2
1
uZ 0 =
C
1
1
C=
=
= 92.59 F m
4 Z 0 0.6(3 108 )(60 )
Z0 =
u 0.6 3 108
=
= 1 .8 m .
f
108
Q.107 Explain the Terms-dominant mode, cut-off frequency, guide wavelength and characteristic
Impedance. Discuss them for both TE and TM modes.
(8)
Ans: Refer text Book 1, Section 9.1.4 (Page No. 721)
Q.108 Consider a parallel-plate waveguide as shown in Fig.2. Find the power reflection
coefficients for TE1,0 and TM1,0 waves at frequency f = 5000 MHz incident on the
junction from free space side.
(8)
1 =
3 108
= 6 cm
5 109
85
AE14
3 108
6
= = 2 cm
9
3
9 5 10
Since & c in both sections, TE1, 0 and TM 1, 0 modes propagate in both sections.
2 =
9 =
1
9 =
2
1 1
c
2
1 2
c
120
( )
1 6
10
=
120 / 9
( )
1 2
10
= 471.24
40
1 0.04
= 128.25
9 2 91
2
TE
=
1, 0
9 + 9
2
1
2
2
TE1, 0 = (0.572) = 0.327
For TM 1, 0 mode
2
91 = 1 1 1 = 301.59
c
9 = 2 1 2 = 123.12
2
2
TM
1, 0
2
TM
1, 0
9 91
= 2
9 + 9
2
1
2
= (0.42) = 0.176 .
Q.109 Discuss the concept of unit and group patterns and their multiplications to obtain the
resultant pattern of an array.
(8)
Ans: Refer text Book 1, Section 10.30, 10.30.1 (Page No. 826 - 827)
Q.110 The radiation intensity of an antenna is given by,
2 sin sin 3 , 0 ,
0 ,
U(, ) =
0,
otherwise.
Determine the directivity of the antenna.
(8)
AE14
2 sin sin 3 0 ,0
U ( , ) =
elsewhere
0
U
Directivity D = max
U arc
U max = 2
1
Varc =
U d(= Prad / 4 )
4
1
=
2 sin sin 3 sin d d
4 =0 =0
1
=
sin 2 d sin 3 d
2 0
0
=
1
2
1
2
0 2 (1 cos 2 ) d 0 (1 cos ) d (1 cos )
1 1
sin 2 cos 3
cos
=
2 2
2 0 3
0
1 4 1
Varc =
=
2 2 3 3
U
2
D = max =
= 6.
1
Varc
3
( )
Q.111 State the different layers of Ionosphere. Which layer disappears at night, also explain why
the ground wave propagation called medium wave propagation?
(4+2)
Ans: Refer text Book 1, Section 11.5.2 and 11.4.1 (Page No. 946 and 938)
Q.112 Determine the electric potential energy of a uniformly charged sphere of radius R.
Ans:Electric potential energy is given by
We =
2
2
E dv
D
1
2 0
dv
dv
Q
ar , R = radius of sphere.
4R 2
And dv = R 2 sin d d dR
Where D =
1
We =
2 0
R 0 0
Q
R 2 sin dR d d
2
4R
87
(8)
AE14
1
2 0
Q2
2
0 0 16 2 R 2 R sin dR d d
Q 1
1
=
[ cos ]0 [ ]02
2 0 16 2 R R
Q 1
1
=
[2][2 ]
2 0 16 2 R
Q
1
=
.
8 0 R
Q.113 Find the electric field at a point P on the perpendicular bisector of a uniformly charged rod.
The length of the rod is L, the charge on it is Q and the distance of P from the centre of the
(8)
rod is a.
Ans: dE =
L dz
ar
4l 2
l 2 = z2 + a2
L = Q L
dEr = dE cos
= dE. a
l
L/2
L/2
dz a
a
dEr = L/ 2 dE. l = L/ 2 4L l 2 . l
=
L a L / 2 dz L a L / 2
=
4 L/ 2 l 3 4 L/ 2
Er =
dz
(a
+ z2
L L 2
( 2) + a
2
2a L
( 2) + a
2
Q L = Q
2
Q
4 0 a L
88
AE14
( )
E
H
(12)
2 E xs 2 E xs 2 E xs
2
Or
+
+
= K 0 E xs --------------------- (2)
2
2
2
x
y
z
The solution of (2) which does not vary with x and y, so that corresponding two derivatives
are zero, leads to
d 2 E xs
2
= K 0 E xs
--------------------- (3)
2
dz
Thus solution of (3) can be written as
E xs = E xo e jK o z
--------------------- (4)
Next, we insert the e jt factor and take the real part
E x ( z , t ) = E xo cos(t K o z )
--------------------- (5)
Now from Maxwells equations E s & H s is most easily obtained from
Es = j o H s
dE xs
= j o H ys
dz
From (4) for E xs , we have
1
H ys =
( jK o ) E xo e jK o z
j o
= E xo
0 jK
e
0
oz
H y ( z , t ) = E xo
0
cos(t K o z )
0
---------------------- (6)
We therefore find the x-directed E field that propagates in the +ve z direction is
accompanied by a y directed H field. Moreover, the ratio of the electric and magnetic field
intensities, given by the rates of (5) to (6)
0
Ex
=
Hy
0
89
AE14
( )
()
for lossless
(4)
Where
Z = R + jwL
Y = (G + jwC )
Hence substituting in (1)
Y = (R + jwL )(G + jwC )
Since Y = + j
Where = attenuation constant
= Phase Constant
+ j = (R + jwL )(G + jwC )
Since for a lossless transmission line R = 0 & G = 0
+ j = ( jwL)( jwC )
+ j = jw LC
=0
= w LC .
Q.116 Explain critical frequency and maximum usable frequency. Determine the value of
frequency at which an Electromagnetic wave must be propagated for D-region having
refractive index of 0.5. (given N=400 electrons/cc for D-region).
(8)
Ans:Critical Frequency: The critical frequency (fc) for a given layer is the highest
frequency that will be returned down to each by that layer after having been beamed
straight up at it.
Maximum Usable frequency (MUF): It is also a limiting frequency, but this time for some
specific angle of incidence other than normal. If the angle of incidence (between incidence
say and the normal) is , it follows that,
critical frequency
MUF =
cos
= fc sec .
Given = 0.5 and N = 400 electrons / cc
90
AE14
= 1
80.6 N
f2
80.6 400
f2
f = 207.33 kc / s .
0 .5 = 1
Q.117 Derive the wave equations from Maxwells equation for free space, lossless charge free
region.
(8)
Ans:Maxwells equation in phasor form can be written as
Es = jH s
----------------- (1)
H s = ( + j ) Es
----------------- (2)
.Ds =
----------------- (3)
.Bs = 0
Using vector identity
E s = ( .E s ) 2 E s
LHS
Es = ( jH s )
----------------- (4)
= j H s
= j ( + j ) Es
RHS
D
( .Es ) 2 .E s = . s 2 Es
1
= ( v ) 2 Es
Q.118 Find the magnetic field at a distance r from a long straight wire carrying a steady current I.
(5)
Ans:Figure shows a long straight wise on z axis carrying a current I.
91
AE14
Consider any point 1(o,o,z) on the z axis at which a differential length d L = d z a z is located.
The point at which H has to be calculated is z(r,,z`)
R12 = r2 r1
= (a p + Z a z ) Za z
= a p + ( Z Z ) a z )
d = R12
=
dH =
2 + (Z Z )2
Id z a z [ + (Z Z )a z ]
4 2 + (Z Z )
H=
4 [
Id z [a ]
2
+ (Z Z )
Ia 1
=
4 2
I
H=
a .
2r
2 + (Z Z )2
Z Z
Q.119 Find the magnetic field due to an infinite uniform surface current ki covering the x y
plane.
(5)
Ans:Let us assume K = K 0 a x A m in x-y plane.
Note: as current is in a x direction x component of H is absent.
92
AE14
Q.120 Evaluate
y = 1, z = 0 & z =
r
1 and the magnetic field is given by B = (x + 2 ) a x + (1 3y ) a y + 2za z .
(6)
AE14
B .ds
B.ds
B.ds
B.ds
B.ds
x = 0 + x = 1+ y = 0 + y = 1+ z = 0 + z = 1
1 1
( x + 2)dydz 1 1 ( x + 2)dydz
+
+
0 0 ( x = 0)
(
x
1
)
=
0 0
1 1
(1 3 y )dxdz 1 1 (1 3 y )dxdz
+
+
0 0 ( y = 0)
( y = 1)
0 0
1 1
2 zdxdy 1 1 2 zdxdy
0 0 ( z = 0) + 0 0 ( z = 1)
= 2[ y ]10 [ z ]10 + 3[ y ]10 [ z ]10 +
1[ x]10 [ z ]10 + (2)[ x]10 [ z ]10 +
0
+ 2[ x]10 [ y ]10
= -2 +3 + (-1) + (-2) +2
= 0.
Q.121 An
electromagnetic
wave
travel
in
free
space
with
the
electric
component
and
the magnetic field component.
time average power in wave.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Ans:
(i)
(3+3+4)
rr
( )
k = 3 + 1
2
2
=1
= kc = 1 3 10 rad/sec
(ii)
= 3 108 rad/sec.
2
=
Q k =1
k
= 2 = 6.28 m.
1 r r
Hs =
k Es
rr
=
=
4 10 7 3 108
(0.5a y 0.866az )100e j (.866 y +0.5 z )
120
= (0.1327a y 0.229a z )e j ( 0.866 y + 0.5 z )
94
AE14
Pav =
(iii)
E0
k
2
(100) 2
(0.866 y + 0.5 z )
2 120
= 13.26(0.866 y + 0.5 z )
= 11.5 y + 6.63 z w m 2 .
Q.122 In a loss less medium for which = 60 , 0 = 1 and H = 0.1 Cos (t z ) a x +0.5 Sin
(t z )a y . Calculate electric field intensity.
(6)
Ans:Let H = H x a x + H y a y + H z a z
= 0.1 cos(t z )a x + 0.5 sin(t z )a y
Where H x = 0.1 cos(t z )
H y = 0.5 sin(t z )
Hz = 0
Now
D
t
r 1
Q = 0 E = H dt
H = E +
H y
H x
ay
z
z
= 0.5 cos(t z )a x + 0.1sin(t z )a y
H =
ax +
r 1
E = ( H )dt
0 .5
0 .1
=
sin(t z )a x
cos(t z )a y
=
Where
=
120 1
=
r
120
60 =
r = 2
r
r = 4
95
AE14
3 108 1
c
=
r r
1 4
Q.123 What is stub matching? Outline the solution for the single stub matching problem.
(8)
Ans:Stub Matching : when sections of open circuited or short circuited line known as stub
is connected in shunt with the main line at a certain point or points to effect the
matching, the matching is known as stub matching.
SINGLE STUB MATCHING: The principal element of the transformer shown in fig. is a
short circuit section of line where open and connected to the main line at a particular
distance from the load and, where the input conductance at that point is equal to the
characteristic conductance of the line, and the stub length is adjusted to provide a
susceptance which is equal in value but opposite in sign, to the input susceptance of the
main line at that point of attachment is zero. The combination of stub which is equal to the
characteristic conductance of the line i.e. main length of H.F. transmission line will be
matched.
Q.124 A 30m long loss less transmission line with Z o = 50 operating at 2 MHz is terminated
with a load Z L = 60 + j40 . If v = 0.6 c on the line, find
a.
the reflection coefficient, (K).
b.
the voltage standing wave ratio, (S).
(4+4)
Ans:
a.
The reflection coefficient (K)
Z Z0
K= L
Z L + Z0
96
AE14
b.
VSWR(S)
1+ K
S=
1 K
= 2.088
Q.125 Discuss the propagation characteristics of a rectangular wave guide propagating under TM
mode and hence explain propagation constant, guide wavelength and cut off frequency. (10)
Ans:The propagation constant for TM mn mode can be written as
m n
2
+
a b
At low frequencies, 2 is small as is comparatively low. As such will be a real no.
= + j
Thus = attenuation constant is real
So = phase constant = 0.
This ( = 0) represents that there is no phase shift along the rectangular wave guide. It
means there can be no wave motion along the rectangular wave guides at low frequencies, a
stage is reached when becomes zero. This particular value of is critical frequency c
and is known as cut off frequency. This is given by
v
f c = m 2b 2 + h 2 a 2
2ab
1
v =
= phase velocity
The corresponding cut off wave length below which wave propagation does occur
2
c =
2
2
m n
+
a b
The rectangular wave guide behaves as a high pass filter because it allows to work only
after a higher critical frequency.
Q.126 A rectangular wave guide has the following characteristics: b = 1.5 cm, a = 3 cm, r = 1 ,
r = 2.25
a.
Calculate the cutoff frequency for TE10 , TE 20 and TM11 modes.
b.
Calculate the guide wavelength and characteristic impedance, Zo at 4.0 GHz for
TE10 modes.
(6)
97
AE14
c
=
=
2a 2 a
a
1
2
3 10 8
=
= 0.5 10 10 Hz
2
2 3 10
T20 Mode:
fc =
=
1
2
c
2
=
a
a
(2 ) 2
= 1010 Hz
2 2
(3 10 )
2
TM 11 Mode:
fc =
1
2
2
2
3 10 1.5 10
= 2.02 10 10
b. TE10 :
2
c =
1
2
3 10
Hz
= 2 3 10 2 = 6 10 2 m = 6cm
8
3 10 10 2 300
=
=
=
cm
4 109
40
X
TE10 = 120 . g
g = 0.8757 6
= 5.2542 cm.
5.25
TE10 = 120
40
300
= 94.10 .
Q.127 Establish the expression for normalised E-field and H-field pattern for a half wave dipole.
(4+4)
Ans:THE HALF WAVE DIPOLE (HERTZ ANTENNA)
The dipole antenna dates back to the early RF experiments of Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th
century. It consists of a conductor that is broken in the centre so that RF power can be
applied to it. one can think of the half wave dipole as an open circuited transmission line
that has been spread out, so that the transmission line can radiate a signal into space.
98
AE14
A dipole can be any length, but it most commonly is just under wavelength log. A dipole
with this length, known as a resonant or half wave dipole, has an input impedance that is
purely resistive and lies between 30 and 80 ohms, which provides a good match to
commercially available 50 ohms coaxial cables as well as commercial transmitters and
receivers, most of which have 50 ohms output and input impedances. The length of a dipole
can be approximately determined from the following formula:
l = 468/f
Where:
l is the length in feet and
f is the frequency in MHz.
The radiation pattern of a /2 dipole in free space is shown below
(2)
99