1.

Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
. , Negative Feedback
, gain
.

5 , ( ) open loop ,
4 Negative Feedback .
Transistor Negative Feedback
.
2. OP amps : Golden Rules

 OP amp , 2
.
(-) Inverting Input(2), (+) Non-inverting Input(3)
, Output(6) .
Golden Rules
OP amp Inverting Input Non-inverting Input 0 . ,
Input .
Input out .
3. Amplifier
Inverting & Non-inverting Amplifier

, Inverting amplifier, Non-inverting amplifier

. , (+) ground (-) ground
0 . (-) Ground Ground
Virtual Ground . ,

 , . OP amp

, gain . (-)

(+) , . ,

. ,

. gain .

AC amplifier

AC Amplifier DC .

, (-) out 1/10

. (+) out 1/10 . , gain

, 88 .

(-) out 1/10
DC Ground

. , .

4. Followers

4 Follower , Open-ioop version,

Active version, High-current active, Push-pull active.

. , OP
amp Impedance . buffer .
5. Current Source

Current
Source .
(+) (-) .

R .

6. Summing Curcuit

, ,
.
.
OP amp Summing Circuit, , ,
.

7. Current-to Voltage Converter

OP amp .
(Photometer), Transistor
. . OP amp
.
(Active Current Meter) , (-) R
V
.
8. Strange things can be put into Feedback Loop

, (+) (-) output

Negative Feedback , (-) .

, diode squarer .
(-) out diode
, 0 saturation .
out (+) .
.

 1 : Open-loop Test Circuit

: OP amp

OP amp . LF411 E F, J
A . 2,3,4,6,7 1~8 .
0V .
: , 2 3 , gain 200
.
2 : Inverting Amplifier
: Inverting input gain, output swing,
linearity

Inverting Amplifier . 1 sine wave .

gain, output swing, linearity triangle wave , sine wave
.
1 input Impedance
.
output Impedance (). blocking capacitor .

: Gain ,

 3:Non-inverting Amplifier
: Non-inverting input gain

Non-inverting input
voltage gain
.
1 , 1
input Impedance
.
10 , AC
Amplifier
. .

: gain

.

4 : Follower
: Follower gain, ,

Follower ,
.
: gain 1 , Impedance .
5 : Current Source
: OP amp Current Source

 OP amp Current Source .

10 load DVM .
output current load impedance ,
. 10 load .
2N3906 PNP Transistor , MOSFET VP0104 .
: load

, , .

6 : Current to Voltage Converter

:

(a) Photodiode

 Photodiode . Transistor LPT-100 ,

Transistor .
100 10 .
(b) Phototransistor

. base .
modulation(%) .
: .
7 : Summing Amplifier
: Summing Amplifier

: .

8 : Push-pull Buffer
: Push-pull Buffer ,

 Push-pull Buffer . sine wave 100~500 .

OP amp push-pull stage .
OP amp (-) push-pull output push-pull output
.
: , distortion .