Dep. of PHYSICS, YONSEI Univ.

PHYSICS LAB(B) (PHY3107)

EXPERIMENTAL HANDBOOK
Hdbk#7-Rev#3-2012/03/21

7. Franck-Hertz Experiment
with Neon

Preface

,
(B) (PHY3107) ,
Franck-Hertz Experiment ,

Contents

,
. ,
.
,
,

Preface

Equipments

Equipment Setup

Experimental Procedure

Objective
Introduction
Safety & Caution

.
James Franck
Gustav Ludwig Hertz
Bohr model of the atom & quantum hypothesis
Electron energy level & spectrum
Franck & Hertzs historical experiment
Electron elastic and inelastic collision
Etc.

(130, #2561)
.

7. Franck-Hertz Experiment
Objective

Cathode C , hot electrode electron

James Franck Gustav Hertz ,

charge cloud . electron cathode grid G1

energy level .

potential U1 G1 .
punch-through ( electric field
drift current ) , grid
G1 G2 acceleration voltage U2 emission current
.

Introduction

1914 James Franck Gustav Hertz, mercury vapor

electron energy loss ,
energy loss mercury atom ultraviolet ray
.
Ultraviolet ray ,
,
mercury visible ray neon gas
Franck Hertz .
G1 electron U2 A

Neon atom electron , neon atom

G2

electron

grid

G2

ground state(2s-state) 18.4~19.0eV 3p-state

collector A braking voltage U3

. ( 3s-state (16.6~16.9eV) .)

.
, kinetic energy

, 3p-state 3s-state 2s-state

photon . , 3p-state 3s-state

photon visible range red green

electrode , collector current IA .

electron

U3

collector

.
, driving potential U1 braking voltage U3

evacuated glass tube neon

Tube

, acceleration voltage U2 0V

electrode

80V , collector current IA

. Grid-type control electrode G1 cathode C ,

, 10hPa.

acceleration grid G2 G1 , collector

electrode A C .
cathode C C potential
.

7. Franck-Hertz Experiment
U2 braking voltage U3

Safety & Caution

kinetic energy
electron collector current IA
. current, grid G2 electron kinetic
energy, neon atom atom

Franck-Hertz tube supply

unit .
Franck-Hertz tube 10hPa ,

U2 , electron grid G2

neon atom velocity

. U2
collector electrode A , G2

electrostatic discharge

braking voltage U3 A

. collector current IA

Acceleration voltage U2 , electron grid G2

neon atom
energy . electron
, acceleration voltage G2 U3
collector electrode collector
current .

Collector current IA, electron neon atom

energy
( ) ,
.

, voltage U2 collector current

IA .

7. Franck-Hertz Experiment
Equipments

Franck-Hertz tube (Neon)

(2) Socket holder

Socket holder
Franck-Hertz supply unit
7-pin connecting cable
Pairs of leads, 100 cm, red/black (2)
Sensor-CASSY & USB cable
CASSY LAB 2 software
PC with Windows XP/7

(1) Franck-Hertz tube (Neon)

Cathode heater
Cathode (C)
Protective cylinder
Grid-type control electrode (G1)
Acceleration grid (G2)
Collector electrode (A)
Low-pressure tube with Neon filling : approx. 10 hPa

Tube socket

Heating Voltage UH : 6.3V (approx. 260 mA)

Franck-Hertz tube

Driving potential U1 between C and G1 : 5 V

Protective guide

Acceleration voltage U2 between G1 and G2 : 0 ~ 80 V

Connection for the collector electrode

Braking voltage U3 between G2 and A : 0 ~ 10 V

Principle circuit diagram

Excitation level of the Ne-atoms : 16-18 eV

DIN socket

7. Franck-Hertz Experiment
(4) Sensor-CASSY

(3) Franck-Hertz supply unit

Main power connection / switch

U3 controller (braking voltage) : 0 ~ 10V
Selector switch for parameters / values
U1 : Driving potential
U3 : Braking voltage
U2 : Acceleration voltage
I : Collector current (measured value)
U1 controller (driving potential) : 1 ~ 5V
Digital display (, V, nA)
Main power connection (12V adaptor) & Power lamp
USB port

U2 operating mode switch

: fast sawteeth signal

Voltage input A (+)

: slow ramp signal

Voltage input A (-)

RESET : resets accelerating voltage U2 to 0V

Voltage input B (+)

MAN. : manual setting with for point-by-point recording

Voltage input B (-)

CASSY : measurement with CASSY (not used)

U2 controller (acceleration voltage) : Ne - 0 ~ 80V
Schematic circuit diagram of the experiment setup
LED for indication the type of tube connected : Ne green
Output sockets (accelerating voltage U2) = 10*U
Output sockets (UA proportional to the collector current IA)
Female 7-pin DIN connector (for the neon FH connecting cable)

7. Franck-Hertz Experiment
Equipment Setup

(1) Sensor-CASSY PC . (USB cable)

(4) Socket holder DIN socket Franck-Hertz supply unit

( 12V .)

DIN socket . (7-pin connection cable)

(2) Franck-Hertz tube holder socket . (

(5) Sensor-CASSY voltage input A supply unit output UA

tube socket .)

(collector voltage) .

(3) Franck-Hertz supply unit operating-mode switch [RESET]

(6) Sensor-CASSY voltage input B supply unit output

. (Reset acceleration voltage to 0V)

U2/10 (accelerating voltage) .

, . (
.)

7. Franck-Hertz Experiment
(3) [Settings] ,

Experimental Procedure

[Voltage UA1] [Voltage UB1] .

Step 1. CASSY Lab Program

(1) PC CASSY Lab 2 program .

.

(4) [Voltage UA1] , [Origin] [Left] ,

[Range] [0V .. 30V] . [Meas. Time]
[30s] .
,
[Show CASSY Modules] .

(2) Sensor-CASSY UA1 , UB1

.

7. Franck-Hertz Experiment
(5) [Voltage UA1] , [Origin]

(7) [x-axis] [UB1] . [y-axis] [UA1]

[Left] , [Range] [0V .. 10V] .

(6) [X-axis], [Y-axis] .

(8) [UB1(t)]

Acceleration voltage U2/10(Sensor UB1) ,

[Delete] .

collector voltage UA(Sensor UA1)

.
[Settings] [Displays] [Standard] [UA1(t)] .

7. Franck-Hertz Experiment
(9) .

(10)
graph .
(Collector voltage 12.5V,
graph .)
(x U2 1/10 .)

7. Franck-Hertz Experiment
d) Franck-Hertz curve minima ,

Step 2. Main Experiment

e) curve , braking voltage

U3 (Max.18V) , driving potential U1
(1) Franck-Hertz supply unit driving potential U1=1.5V

. ( .)

, braking voltage U3=5V .

(2) Supply unit operating mode switch auto ramp up [

. ( 30 acceleration voltage U2 0V
80V .)
(3)
.

(4) .
(
.)
(5) supply unit operating mode switch
[RESET] . ( U2 80V
F-H tube
.)

Step 3. Optimizing the Franck-Hertz curve

Step4. Light emission

(1) Optimizing U1

(1) U1 , U3
.

Driving potential U1 electron emission current

.

(2) Supply unit operating mode switch [MAN.][(Manual)

.

a) Franck-Hertz curve
, c) curve

(3) Grid G2 red-yellow luminance zone

U1 .

acceleration voltage U2
.

b) Franck-Hertz curve ,
(4) Grid G2 luminance zone

c) curve U1 .

acceleration voltage U2
.
(2) Optimizing U3
(5) PC .
Braking voltage U3 Franck-Hertz curve maxima
minima . , collector current
.
IMPORTANT:
c) Franck-Hertz curve maxima minima

, e) curve

, braking voltage U3(Max.18V) ,

driving potential U1 . ( .)
10